Chapter 379 complements each other

"The theory of Shu Studies, the difference between it and the various factions, lies in the importance of affection. Those who are reasonable and not close to human affection are like the full moon and bright, and the beauty is beautiful, but there is no practicality. Those who desire and are in harmony with each other are like the mud of an oxen, but they are also full of fertile fields. ”

"It is the reason why he is not close to human feelings, not the reason of heaven; Those who do not hurt people's feelings are not evil desires. ”

"As for what you said about husband and wife being the principle of heaven and taking a concubine as a desire, from Su You's understanding, it is a different understanding."

"As the Master said, do not do unto others as you would have them do unto you. This is the principle of being close to human feelings. ”

From this point of view, the wife loves the husband alone, but the husband and the concubine share the favor, which is to live up to the favor. As for the lustful and insatiable, it is even more inferior. ”

"It is a natural principle that people have a heart for beauty; But because of the love of beauty, you have to do everything possible to possess it, even at the expense of causing harm to others, this is human desire. ”

"When it comes to food, Su oil has more to say. The pursuit of good food, I don't think it's an evil desire. ”

"After the promotion of soy sauce, bean paste, tempeh, and sauerkraut in Shuzhong, many things that everyone avoided before were turned into delicacies. The output of a pig is almost twice as much as before, how can it be said that it is useless? ”

"The real human desire is not whether the food is exquisite or whether the clothes are gorgeous, but the owner's contribution and dedication to the world, which does not match the exquisiteness and gorgeousness!"

"Tang Taizong likes horses and goshawks, and can hunt; The same is true of the princes of the Liao Dynasty. But maybe the two are on a par? ”

Zhang Zai pondered for a while: "This theory is reasonable, but in this way, everyone pursues fresh clothes and delicacies, and treasures beautiful utensils, which is not the source of strife?" Isn't it a long way from the rule of antiquity? ”

Su You said: "When Yao's world, the grass house is Ge Yi. ”

"When the world of Shun, ploughing the mountains, fishing Leize, Tao Riverside."

"In the world of Yu, there was a golden tripod."

"Three generations ago, there were few people and many beasts, and the people were outnumbered by birds, beasts, insects and snakes. There are saints who make wood as a nest to avoid the harm of the masses, and the people are pleasing to it, so that the king of the world. It is said that there is a nest. ”

"Minru Mao drinks blood, weak and sick. There are saints who make wood, drill wood to make fire, get cooked food to make health, and make nets to fish, and the people are pleasing to it, so that the king of the world. The name is Suiren's. ”

"The people lack grain food, and there are saints to make plows, sow grains, and taste herbs. Hunger and food, sickness and healing. And the people are pleased, so that the king of the world. The name is Shennong's. ”

"It is the world of three generations, the prosperous virtue, the king to the world with virtue. It is not known for its industrial and technical products. ”

"The person whom the Master calls is political clarity, harmony among people, the ruler regards the world as the public, and the governed person is loyal and diligent in his own duties."

"If you don't recognize it, you still want to eat roughly, live in a nest house, and pick grass to get by, but you are buying and returning pearls, and the mud is no longer good."

"The difficulty of governing the government is to make the people abundant, and virtue is close to antiquity?"

Zhang Zai muttered: "Love is the beginning of reason, but also the beginning of desire; Establish heavenly principles, remove human desires, and make them ruthless; And love is inexorable, so we can only be close to human feelings, that is, close to heaven ......"

Su You added: "Taking his heart as his own heart is the way of being close to human feelings and heavenly principles. The predicate of the Mandate of Heaven is sexuality, the predicate of recklessness is the Tao, and the predicate of cultivation is teaching. It is the meanness to let the greatest number of people finish their lives without feeling defects, to keep their nature without feeling restrained, and to be taught without being bored. ”

Zhang Zai sighed with emotion: "Although Ming Run is young, he thinks deeply about righteousness, and they all say that Shu Chinese Shi has many words and little righteousness, and now it seems that what he said is not true. I have one more question for you. ”

Su You bowed down and said, "Don't dare, please come to Mr." ”

Zhang Zai said: "Gentlemen and villains, can they stand together in the court? ”

If someone else asked this, Su You would definitely suspect his intentions, but Zhang Zai asked it, it was a sincere pursuit of learning.

Su You is not shy about it, which in itself is his way of living in the world in the future.

So he said bluntly: "Mr. Yuan Qi said, can it be completed?" ”

This is the core content of Guanxue.

Whether the universe and the world are based on matter or spirit is the most basic question of philosophy, and it is also the question that every philosopher must answer.

Zhang Zai believes that Qi can be used to express the basic form of material existence and the basic state of material movement, whether it is gathered into an image of "being" or scattered into an invisible "nothing", in essence, it is "existence".

"Nothingness" is a theoretical concept, which does not exist in practice. ”

This is the theory of Qi Ben.

From this, the theory of material eternity was developed - Zhang Zai believes that the ontology of the universe and the foundation of all things are Qi, so all things are transformed from Qi, and all things in thousands of forms are different manifestations of Qi.

Qi, as the ontology of the universe, exists eternal, but the form of existence is constantly changing and manifesting itself in different forms.

In the annihilation, generation and transformation of matter itself, there is no such thing as the disappearance of Qi - this is "Qi is the ontology", "Qi transforms all things", and "Qi has no birth and destruction".

This idea of the material unity of the world and the eternity of matter is quite advanced today.

With the foundation of Qi ontology, according to philosophical ideas, it is time to explain the laws of its movement, development and change.

Zhang Zai believes that the natural state of Qi is formless and void, and the basic characteristics of Qi are movement and stillness, and Qi is constantly "steaming and condensing, and moving smoothly".

The changes in the life and death of all things are the embodiment and result of the changes of Qi.

The reason why this is the case, Zhang Zai believes, is because the Qi of Taixu is the combination of the two Qi of Yin and Yang.

The chaotic state of yin and yang, that is, the void, is also called the yuan pole.

The latter theory is familiar to everyone: Wuji and Taiji, Taiji gives birth to Liangyi. Yin and Yang interact and change to give birth to all things.

Yin and Yang are in the same unity, which are not only opposed, struggled and agitated with each other, but also interconnected, interdependent, interpenetrated and mutually generated.

The so-called "solitary yang does not grow, and solitary yin does not grow". The movement and change of this relationship between the two qi is the fundamental cause and driving force of the movement and change of all things.

This is actually dialectics, and Zhang Zai summed it up in incisive words - one thing and two bodies, and movement must be organic.

This is the philosophical foundation of Guan Xue, and there is also the epistemology and human nature theory developed from it, which forms a relatively rigorous philosophical logic.

Among them, epistemology broadly expounds the relationship between thinking and being, consciousness and matter.

Therefore, those cattle who claim that there is no philosophy in China, Su You does not know whether they are not knowledgeable enough, or have ulterior motives.

Zhang Zai didn't know that Su You still had a lot of research on his own theory, and he was a little surprised: "Foolish thoughts, Mingrun has also heard of it?" ”

Su You said with a smile: "Regarding this, Shu Xue also has its own set of explanations, which are based on the research on chemistry from the Heavenly Master Dao. ”

"The word Qi is universal, but we can't. Qi has been used by us to describe a state of an object. It is used to refer to those fluids that are shapeless, volumetric, compressible, and expandable. ”

"A gas, like a liquid, is a fluid: it can flow, it can be deformed. But unlike liquids, gases can be compressed and expanded. If there is no limit, the gas can expand indefinitely, and its volume is not limited. ”

Yuanqi is a concept that existed in ancient China, referring to the primordial material that produces and constitutes all things in heaven and earth. There is a Tao in "Shuowen": Yuan, through 'Yuan', Shiye, refers to the origin of all things in heaven and earth. ”

Zhang Zai couldn't help but be a little curious: "What are the material states of Shuxue?" ”

Su You smiled: "Solid, liquid and gaseous. ”

There is still an ionic state in my heart, but I can't talk to Zhang Zai now.

Zhang Zai asked again: "What is the material origin that Shu Xue thinks?" ”

"It is the smallest unit that is inseparable in a chemical reaction, and we call it an atom. A substance made up of a single atom is called an element. After the continuous research of the Heavenly Master Dao, there are about thirty or forty known elements now. ”

After speaking, he moved out the set of Shu Xue and discussed it with Zhang Zai.

Zhang Zai listened attentively, and finally asked: "You have studied physics to such a detailed point?" ”

Su You smiled to himself: "I'm ashamed, it is precisely because of the excessive emphasis on things that Shuxue lacks in righteousness and philosophy." For Guan Xue's thinking in this regard, Su You admires it very much. ”

"Guan Xue, it seems more reasonable to use Qi to express the origin of the universe than to use atoms to express the origin of matter. Because in the study of chemistry, we have found some laws, that is, the mass of the elements, which is different. ”

"We suspect that elements should be subdivided into more basic units, and the difference in the mass and nature of the elements may be the difference in the number of basic units that make up the elements. This basic unit, or as Mr. said, is Qi. ”

"However, it is still the same sentence, which is not empirically proven, just conjecture."