In order to run a new type of education on a large scale, Yuan Shikai set up the School Department, an administrative leadership body for the management of education, as early as 1902, to supervise the education of the whole province.

There are three divisions: specialized education, general education, and compilation.

The School Division has set up a research institute to study school establishment, teaching methods, etc.

In order to raise funds for running a school, under the very difficult conditions of Zhili's finance, Yuan Shikai tried to allocate public funds.

At the same time, he mobilized local and individual funds to run schools, and he personally donated 20,000 yuan to set an example for the gentry.

In terms of cultivating teachers, Yuan Shikai recruited teachers who are proficient in Western studies in many ways; Set up a normal school to solve the difficulties of teachers; Students are selected to study teacher training in Japan, and the teaching staff will be enriched after returning to Japan.

By 1906, Zhili had set up the Beiyang University Hall, the Higher School, the Beiyang Medical School, the Higher Industrial School, the Higher Agricultural School, the Worry-level Normal School, the Women's Normal School, the Primary Agricultural Industry School and the Apprenticeship School attached to the General Administration of Crafts 21 schools, the Junior Normal School and the Missionary School, the 27 Middle School Halls, the 4,344 Primary School Halls, the Girls' School 40, and the Officials School 18.

More than 86,000 students have been enrolled, and the number of students enrolled in the armed forces and patrol schools is more than 100,000.

The education of Zhili was not only at the forefront of the country at that time. For a long time afterward, it also occupied a dominant position in the country, which was inseparable from the foundation laid by Yuan Shikai as the governor of Zhili.

It is often said that serving as an official benefits one party. To be fair, whether it is the governor of Shandong or the governor of Zhili, Yuan Shikai should have done it. If we compare what Yuan Shikai did when he was the governor of Zhili with the ideas put forward by the reformers in the Wuxu Reform, it can be said that in many respects we have gone further.

On the one hand, this benefited from the "new policy" that Cixi had to implement under pressure from all sides during her flight.

Now, we should get to know the "New Deal" of Cixi in the Gengzi National Disaster, and this page should be remembered by history.

The New Deal of the late Qing Dynasty, known as the late Qing reform, was a top-down economic and political system reform movement in the last years of the Qing Dynasty.

In 1900, when the Gengzi Incident broke out and the Eight-Nation Coalition invaded Beijing, the Empress Dowager Cixi ordered peace talks and accepted the request of the Eight-Nation Coalition to take the blame, almost sweeping away the stubborn old-fashioned faction within the imperial court.

Since 1901, under the auspices of the Empress Dowager Cixi, the Qing Dynasty. The government calmly carried out reforms, implementing most of the reforms proposed by the 1898 Wuxu Reform Law, which became an important part of China's modernization movement.

On January 29, 1901, the Empress Dowager Cixi issued an edict in the name of Emperor Guangxu, ordering the ministers above to discuss in detail the affairs of the court, the administration of the people's livelihood, the imperial examinations in schools, and the military system and finance.

On April 21, it was also ordered to set up a "Supervision and Administration Office" headed by Prince Qing Yixuan, as a special agency for planning and implementing the "New Deal", with Li Hongzhang, Rong Lu, Kungang, Wang Wenshao, and Lu Chuanlin as Ministers of Supervising and Handling, and Liu Kunyi and Zhang Zhidong (later added Yuan Shikai) as Ministers of State to take charge of all matters related to the "New Deal."

From 1901 to 1905, the Qing Dynasty successively promulgated a series of "New Deal" edicts, the main contents of which were:

First, raise salaries and train troops. Organizing and training the "new army" is one of the main contents of the "new policy" of the Qing Dynasty. Qing ** has invested a lot of financial resources and spent a lot of effort on this.

On August 29, 1901, the Qing Dynasty issued an order to stop the martial arts imperial examination nationwide; On September 11, all provinces were ordered to imitate Beiyang and Liangjiang to prepare for the construction of martial arts schools; On 12 September, an order was issued to all provinces across the country to eliminate the old army and train a "standing army."

The work of organizing and training the "new army" has been rolled out throughout the country.

As we mentioned earlier, in order to implement the "new army" plan for the formation and training of the whole country, the Qing Dynasty set up a training office on December 4, 1903. In charge of military training affairs, Yuan Shikai is the minister of military training, and Tie Liangxiang handles it. The Qing Dynasty also ordered all provinces to set up supervision and training offices to organize and train the "new army" for the leaders of the provinces.

In September 1904, the Military Training Department and the Military Department approved the formation and training of the "New Army" in 36 towns across the country, and promulgated the "Army Academy Measures." On November 7, 1906, the Qing Dynasty. The Ministry of War was reorganized into the Ministry of the Army, and the Military Training Department was incorporated into it, with Tie Liang as the secretary of the book, and unified command of the "new army" throughout the country. In August 1907, the War Department formulated a huge plan for the nationwide training of 36 towns of the "New Army," which planned to train 1-2 towns in each province within 2-5 years, except for 4 towns in and 3 towns in Sichuan.

However, until the fall of the Qing Dynasty, it was only organized into 14 towns and 18 mixed associations and 4 standards and 1 town of the Praetorian Guard, with about 160,000 people.

Second, revitalize business and reward industry. On September 7, 1903, the Qing Dynasty established the Ministry of Commerce, advocating the establishment of industrial and commercial enterprises by officials and businessmen.

Subsequently, a series of industrial and commercial regulations and incentives for industry were promulgated, such as: the Qing Dynasty Commercial Law, the Articles of Association of the Chamber of Commerce, the Concise Articles of Association of the Railway, the Articles of Association for Rewarding Chinese Merchants, the Articles of Association for Mining Affairs, the Articles of Association for Company Registration, and the Articles of Association for the Trial Establishment of Banks.

These charters allow the free development of industry, encourage the establishment of industrial and commercial enterprises, and encourage the formation of chambers of commerce. These regulations and practices are conducive to the development of national industry and commerce and to the prosperity of the social economy.

Third, Qing Zheng. Another important part of the government's implementation of the "New Deal" is to run schools and send students to study abroad.

On September 4, 1901, the Qing Dynasty. The government ordered the provincial academies to be converted into university halls, the prefectures and Zhili prefectures to be converted into middle school halls, the counties to be converted into primary school halls, and more Mengyang schools to be established. On December 5, the regulations for the imperial examination of the academy were promulgated, stipulating that the graduates of the academy could be obtained after the examination, such as jinshi, juren, and gongsheng.

On February 13, 1902, the method for the promotion of the school was announced. On August 15, the "Statutes of the King James Academy" was promulgated. On January 13, 1904, the "Revised School Statutes" was promulgated, which stipulated in detail the statutes and management systems of the schools at all levels, and required them to be implemented throughout the country in the form of a decree. In parallel with the general school, there is also professional education, including the normal school and various industrial schools, which are self-contained in the school system, and a complete school system has been established.

Qing Zheng. In the process of implementing the "New Deal," the government put forward the idea of "scholarship study tours" and "changing the school hall and suspending the imperial examination," and asked the provinces to raise funds to select students to study abroad and pay attention to specialized studies. For graduating international students, they will be rewarded with Jinshi, Juren and other backgrounds. Those who bring their own travel expenses to study abroad will be treated the same as those who send students. In order to unify the management of the work of international students, clean government. On October 31, 1902 and October 2, 1906, the government sent a superintendent to the East and Europe respectively.

Fourth, reform the official system and rectify the rule of officials. Reforming the bureaucratic system is a clean government. An important part of the government's "new policy," including "cutting redundant officials," "cutting officials," and "suspending contributions," made some changes to the ruling apparatus. On July 24, 1901, Qing Zheng. Government revoked total. The Yamen of various countries was reorganized, and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was reorganized, "the head of the six departments of the train".

On February 24, 1902, the governor of Hedong River was dismissed, and his affairs were changed to the governor of Henan.

On March 6, the Zhan Shifu and the General Division were cut. On September 7, 1903, the Ministry of Commerce was established.

On December 12, 1904, the governors of Yunnan and Hubei provinces were abolished, and the governors of Yunnan and Guizhou and Huguang were also in charge. On September 4, 1905, he was appointed to Tianfu Yin, and was concurrently managed by the governor; It was cut to Tianfu Cheng and changed to the three eastern provinces to learn and administer. On October 8, the Patrol Police Department was established. On December 6, the school department was established, and the national sub-supervisor was cut.

In addition to the reduction and establishment of administrative agencies, the Qing government. The government also ordered "the suspension of donations", "the reduction of bad regulations", and the "fixation of public funds".

On September 19, 1901, the Qing Dynasty. The government announced that it would stop reporting to the actual officials.

On July 18, 1905, it was announced that he would cease to donate to the military service.

The "New Deal" added a number of institutions adapted to modernization, revised the "Criminal Law of the Qing Dynasty", abolished the torture law, and injected some bourgeois humanist principles.

Economically, the free development of private capitalism is allowed and rewarded, the responsibility for the protection of capitalist industry and commerce is assumed, and the political and social status of the national bourgeoisie is raised.

In terms of culture and education, Western studies were given a legal status, allowing the study and dissemination of capitalist natural sciences and bourgeois social and political doctrines; Militarily, the adoption of Western capitalist theories and principles on army building has brought about some changes in the ancient feudal autocracy system and promoted the process of modernization of Chinese society.

On the whole, the "New Deal" at the end of the Qing Dynasty was semi-colonial and semi-feudal, when the democratic revolution had arrived, and some measures of the "New Deal" at the end of the Qing Dynasty were objectively conducive to the spread of democratic revolutionary ideas and culture (such as the establishment of schools), or objectively conducive to the development of national capital (such as rewarding industry and commerce), and thus also conducive to the arrival of the Xinhai Revolution, which accelerated the final fall of the Qing Dynasty.

How could Cixi suddenly think of a New Deal? There is research in historiography, and she is actually not a very conservative person. For example, can the Wuxu change be carried out without her acquiescence? If the reformers had maintained their relationship with Cixi, things might have been a different outcome. But the reformers wanted her life, could Cixi do it?

Why the "New Deal"? After the coup d'état, there was a feeling at home and abroad that the old-fashioned faction had stifled the reformists. Perhaps, Cixi wanted to use the "New Deal" to set things right. Tell the world that she Cixi is not old-fashioned.

Why the "New Deal"? Gengzi was in a national disaster, the country was a mess, and there was a voice of condemnation at home and abroad; Perhaps Cixi wanted to divert attention from home and abroad.

Why the "New Deal"? Perhaps Cixi also wanted to find a new path......