Sir Isaac's "Optics", needless to say, is one of the physics Bibles, and it is widely circulated, and the one that Naoxiu got is in Lan.

Among the nine books in English are Optics, the Anglo-Dictionary, and the Flemish Dictionary, and the other English languages are the most, including The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, The Foundations of Chemistry, The Wealth of Nations, The Population Theory, The Encyclopedia Britannica, and the Confessions in Francian. Naoxiu estimated that "Optics", "Yinglan Dictionary", and "Fran Dictionary" were purchased by the Languo Merchant House in Batavia, and the other books may have been purchased by Xiangjiang or someone who knows where to find a merchant.

Although books are very popular among Asian and Western people, in fact, the audience is limited to Western officials, ordinary people are adventurers who come to make a fortune, and it is difficult to say how many words they can read.

Zhixiu took out "Optics", firstly because this is a properly good book, secondly because the version is in Lan, and thirdly because this book is profitable, it is better to say to the head of the family Qi Zhi that you might as well say "This can make money and make a lot of money", simple and rude, Qi Zhi is such a hearty person.

Of course, there were already people in Fuso who could make telescopes at this time, and the two great bulls were Iwahashi Zenbei (1756-1811) and Kunitomo Shosai (1778-1840).

The common name of Kunitomo Tsusayai is Kunitomo Fujibei, and "Fujibei" and "Sai" are the hereditary names of the head of the family, and he made the first practical air gun in Fuso, and he made a good quality reflecting telescope that could be used to roughly observe the stars (the moon), and made jade lamps (lamps with oil on the upper layer of the lower water), boori pens (simple water brushes), powerful crossbows, magic mirrors (mirrors with patterns on the back of the bronze mirror), and "Machima Mijito glasses" (rangefinders).

Iwahashi Yoshibei, who is known as Kunitomo and Sai, is an optical filmmaker in Izumi Province, and he specializes in making all kinds of lenses and teleglasses (telescopes).

But now the craftsmanship is all family heirloom, high-end products do not have the concept of full competition at all, the town saw Jiyuan glasses two gold Xiaopan one, reflecting telescope seventy taels of gold one, at this price, as long as it can be sold, much faster than robbery.

I've heard that there are people who can make microscopes, but what are they used for? That's a good question. Others don't know, Zhixiu understands, miniature carving, get a shell, gold leaf, porcelain or something to engrave a few books, carve a few villains, carve a painting, can also be used to do medical research, as long as the market is opened, properly big business, buy a big balcony to make money.

Besides, you can fool Qi Zheng to make transparent glass, and now the famous glass products Edo Kiriko in Edo and Bidoro in Nagasaki make money, that is, Nagasaki is the Shogunate's Heavenly Domain, otherwise Qi Zheng will definitely engage in a domestic monopoly or something.

Although "Optics" does not mention how to make glass, but Zhixiu understands, a group of netizens in later generations K each other, and the manufacturing details of glass are very detailed.

The temperature of glass production is 1200-1600 degrees Celsius, which is not a problem, the molten belt of the iron-making blast furnace of later generations can reach this temperature, and it is terrible for Qi Zheng to make a decision: From 1850 to 1852, Saga is said to have failed after revising the design eighteen times in a row, and then building five more in a row before succeeding. It's normal, keep doing it, I'm optimistic about you".

Using a reverberatory furnace to make glass, the picture is too beautiful to think, or honestly adding various additives to reduce the temperature requirements is the right way.

Since the ancient Egyptians, sodium, potassium or calcium have been included in the recipe for firing glass, which can be softened at 1000°C. The bivalent lead ion introduced by the British in the seventeenth century has a larger radius, and the weakening effect is of course stronger, and the lead glass becomes softer at 600°C.

In the Middle Ages, important innovations began to occur in glass technology in Germany: potassium carbonate in plant ash was used instead of sodium carbonate in trona, which led to a significant reduction in the cost of glass.

In 1674, the English glass magnate George Ravenscroft (1632–1683) added 24% lead oxide to the glass raw material to make it easier to melt. Later, he used potassium, lead oxide and calcinite to create lead glass with better light transmission and almost transparent colorlessness, so England replaced the traditional Venice after the 18th century and became the new center of gravity of the world's glass industry.

The British invented two most important technologies: one is the production of lead glass; The second is the innovation of melting technology, the fuel is changed from wood to coal, and the use of closed crucibles. In addition, the Swiss Dinan also invented the stirring method to make optical glass, which opened up a new way to melt glass with high uniformity.

In the 18th century, Yingji used coke instead of charcoal to greatly increase the temperature of the blast furnace, and in the middle of the 19th century, the blast furnace was changed from cold air to hot air, so it was not difficult to build a qualified glass kiln.

So the first problem, the problem of temperature, can be solved. The second problem in glass making is the problem of raw materials.

Thanks to the Internet, Naohide knows a formula: quartz sand, limestone, feldspar, dolomite, soda ash.

The main component of limestone introduced into glass is calcium oxide, which enhances the chemical stability and mechanical strength of the glass, but the excessive content makes the glass fold and reduce the heat resistance.

Feldspar is used as a raw material for the introduction of alumina, which can control the melting temperature while also improving durability. In addition, feldspar can provide potassium oxide to improve the thermal expansion properties of glass.

Dolomite, as a raw material for the introduction of magnesium oxide, can improve the transparency of glass, reduce thermal expansion and improve water resistance.

Limestone is usually common and best obtained, as for feldspar and dolomite, Fuso's non-metallic minerals are relatively rich, and feldspar and dolomite reserves are very large.

The main ingredient of soda ash introduced into glass is sodium oxide, which can form fusible double salts with acidic oxides such as silica sand in calcination, which plays a role in fluxing and makes the glass easy to form. However, if the content is too much, the thermal expansion rate of the glass will increase and the tensile strength will decrease.

Fuso does not have natural soda ash minerals. In 1791, the French doctor Rubran invented the Rubran alkali production method, which used salt as raw material to make soda ash - sodium carbonate. If you can't buy it from the Languo Commercial Hall, you can use the grass ash potassium carbonate to top it first.

The last main raw material is quartz sand, which introduces the main component of glass is silicon oxide, which can be melted into the main body of glass separately in combustion, which determines the main properties of glass, and is silicate glass fired with quartz sand. There is also a kind of borate glass fired with borax as the main raw material.

The purity of quartz sand, the main raw material, is more than 99%, and this high-purity quartz can basically only be found in a stable marine sedimentary environment. What do you say? Stabilize the marine sedimentary environment, Saga used to be the bottom of the sea, and even some places are now called this island and that island, have you heard of Oshima, Hirashima, and Aikei Island? Just on my Saga land, Europe.

As for fuel, I have a mine at home, have you heard of Takashima Coal Mine? Therefore, Saga has an absolute geographical advantage to fire glass.

"Optics" can be taken out, telescopes, astronomical telescopes, microscopes, and Machima Mitsuki glasses can help, but the benefits of firing glass are too great, and the cost and risk are also high, which depends on the situation and timing. "If you don't keep it secret, you will lose your minister, if you don't keep it secret, you will lose your body, and if you don't keep it secret, you will be harmful", Naohide believes this, in this era, the Saga clan sees that the interests are too big and the possibility of cutting himself is definitely not small.

Naohide took "Optics" and dedicated it to Mr. Ito Genpo, who looked at it through the oil lamp and asked Naohide to introduce the content of the book.

Nao Xiuxin said that this is the matter of "Optics", this is a book written by Sir Isaac, Sir Isaac! Naoxiu asked the two students to change a cup of green tea for everyone, and only after stabilizing their emotions did they begin to introduce Sir Isaac's life.

At night, the temperature in the room was also low, the charcoal in the brazier flickered on and off, and the light of the oil lamp pulled the figures into a huge darkness, and the five of them quietly listened to Naoxiu talk about this Western saint.

Thanks to the curiosity of Lan scholars about all things Western in this era, Naoxiu can slowly start from Sir Isaac's childhood.

From the premature birth of the thin and the mother's remarriage, it seems to indicate that he has been unhappy in life. And the odd quirks of his youth reveal a certain extraordinary talent for him. Because the story reveals some details of life in England in the mid-17th century, people sometimes ask questions when they hear the names of new things, and Naohide patiently answers them one by one.

Everyone expressed their emotion at the twists and turns of his life in the middle school, and Mr. Hyun Pu agreed with the principal, Henry Stokes, for his sense of responsibility.

Finally, the story reaches its climax, and Sir Isaac's scientific discoveries are not explained thoroughly by Naoxiu, but everyone still listens to them with relish.

In 1665, at the age of twenty-two, Newton discovered the binomial theorem, which was an essential step for the full development of calculus. The binomial theorem is widely used in combinatorial theory, open higher power, summation of higher order equal difference sequences, and difference method.

In 1666, he used a prism to study sunlight and explain the phenomenon of dispersion, an important discovery that became the basis for spectral analysis, revealing the secret of light color. Newton also discovered the "Newtonian ring" and founded the "particle theory" of light.

His 1666 On the Numbers of Flows, 1669 The Use of Infinite Multinomial Equations, 1671 The Numbers of Flows and Infinite Series, and 1676 The Quadrature of Curves are all masterpieces of mathematics.

In 1671, he presented his reflecting telescope (now known as the Newtonian Telescope) at the Royal Society.

The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy were published on July 5, 1687.

In 1704 he gave a complete account of calculus. Most modern historians believe that Newton and Leibniz independently developed calculus, and that Newton published almost nothing until 1693, and that he did not give a complete account until 1704. In the meantime, Leibniz had published a complete account of his method in 1684.

In 1704, Newton wrote Optics.

In 1707, Newton's lecture notes on algebra were collated and published under the title Universal Arithmetic.

Mathematically, he and Leibniz co-invented calculus; In mechanics, he discovered the law of gravitation and created a complete system of Newtonian mechanics; In optics, he discovered the phenomenon of dispersion and gave scientific explanations, creating the particle theory of light; Thermodynamically, he established the law of cooling; In astronomy, he invented the reflecting telescope, scientifically explained various phenomena of tides, predicted that the earth was not a positive sphere; Philosophically, the rules of reasoning he created have been fundamental principles followed in scientific research until modern times; In economics, Newton proposed the gold standard.

Calculus, which he co-founded with others, is one of the hallmarks of modern mathematics, he laid the foundation of physics for the next three centuries, laid the foundation of modern engineering, and he dispelled the last doubts about the center of the sun, thus promoting the astronomical revolution, and later satellites are still moving along the trajectories described by the theory of gravity and the three laws of motion.

Sir Isaac was the first to explain extensively the mysteries of our world in the language of science, the mathematical system, "Nature and the laws of nature, all hidden in darkness, God said, "Let Newton come!" And so everything became light."

Jazz's words: "I am just a little kid picking up rocks and shells by the sea. The truth is as vast as the ocean, far from being able to see it all" inspires everyone to pursue the truth, to pursue the truth.

Isaac Newton was the first man in England to receive a knighthood as a scientist and the first natural scientist in the world to receive a state funeral. In Westminster Abbey, the coffin of the Lord is in the middle of the church, which divides the whole church in two, more than many kings. The glory of Sir represents that Sir Brother's efforts have made science the apex of honor in the consensus of human society and the crown of the value system.