Huang Taiji "resigned repeatedly, and it was promised for a long time", and was embraced as the Great Khan. On September 1, Huang Taiji was the Khan, burned incense to the sky, and declared the following year as the first year of Tiancong. [26] When Huang Taiji ascended the throne, the Ming Dynasty was hardening because of Ning Yuan's victory. As soon as Huang Taiji came to power, he sent a letter to Yuan Chonghuan, the governor of Ningyuan, expressing his hope to "reconcile with each other". [27] The Ming Dynasty did not sit back and wait for the Later Jin to retreat, but while building Tashan, Linghe City and Jinzhou City to step up preparations for war.

In May of the first year of Tiancong (the seventh year of the Ming Dynasty, 1627), following the conquest of the Joseon Dynasty, the imperial princess

Huang Taiji waist knife

Huang Taiji waist knife

Extremely close to lead a large army to conquer Ming. At this time, Yuan Chonghuan, a cadre of the Ming Dynasty, was implementing the "recovery plan", that is, "guarding the Liao land with the Liao people and raising the Liao people with the Liao land". He repaired the city and tuntian, and used the tun to raise the war, and "the defense is the right thing, and the war is the strange work". [28] Huang Taiji wanted to launch an attack as soon as possible and launched the Battle of Ningjin, but he suffered heavy casualties, but Ningyuan City remained standstill. continued to attack for more than ten days, but still to no avail. It was Yuan Chonghuan who guarded Ningyuan, and he ordered Man Gui, You Shilu, and Zu Dashou to go out of the city to resist the battle. Huang Taiji Governor Daishan, Amin, Mang Gurtai, Azig and others attacked. The Ming army shouted resistance. Yuan Chonghuan took command and magnified the artillery, and the Houjin soldiers fell in rows, the guerrilla Jue Luo Bai Shan and Beiyu Bashi were shot dead, and Belezir Harang, Saharan, and Wakda were all wounded. [29] The Ming general Man Gui was also seriously wounded, and most of the soldiers were killed and wounded. Ning was far away, and Huang Taiji returned to Jinzhou on June 4. The soldiers suffered a lot of heat stroke, and Huang Taiji knew that he could not stay for a long time, so he ordered to withdraw the army the next day. In this battle, the Ming army successfully defended, and it was called "Ningjin Great Victory". [28] If Liaoxi could not be captured, it could not enter Shanhaiguan, and if it was to capture Beijing, it had to find another way. Huang Taiji knew something about Mongolia, and at that time he had already participated in the alliance with the Khalkha, Horqin and other departments, and had also led troops to aid Horqin. [30]

In February of the second year of Tiancong (the first year of Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty, 1628), Huang Taiji first led his two younger brothers, Dolgon and the army of Duoduo, to personally investigate the Dorote Department to which Har belonged, and entered the place of Aomulun, capturing 11,200 people. Because of the great victory of Aomulun, Dolgon was given the name Murgen Daiqing, and Duoduo was given the name Erke Chuhuer. [31] In August, peace was negotiated with Karaqin, and in September, troops from Korqin, Karaqin, Aohan, Naiman and Khalkha were transferred to the meeting. On September 6, the Houjin army set out for Chahar. On the 20th, they attacked Silha, Sibertu, Ying, and Tong, all of them. The next day, they chased to the Xing'an Mountains and obtained countless people and animals. Victorious in mid-October. [31] With this expedition, the Later Jin not only dealt a blow to the great enemy Chahar tribes, but also further consolidated their rule over the subjugated Mongol tribes. Soon after, the Emperor Taiji sent Ashdarhan to these places to proclaim the edict, and in the future, if he surveyed Har, all those who were in charge of the banner were under the age of seventy and thirteen, and all were to be levied, and those who did not go to the place of rendezvous were also punished with horses[32].

Revolution and innovation

Main article: The change of self, the new deal of Huang Taiji

From October of the third year of Tiancong (the second year of Ming Chongzhen, 1629) to the first month of the fourth year of Tiancong (the third year of Ming Chongzhen, 1630), Huang Taiji led the army from Mongolia to break into the interior of the Ming Dynasty when the Guanningjin defense line was difficult to overcome, and failed to attack Beijing. But he counter-planned to get rid of Yuan Chonghuan, the Liao Governor of Ming Ji. After Huang Taiji succeeded to the throne, he conformed to the trend of historical development and promoted the feudalization process of the Later Jin regime. Huang Taiji himself had a good cultural literacy, and at this time he implemented measures to revitalize culture and education. In the third year of Tiancong (the second year of Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty, 1629), he first proposed to "fight chaos with martial arts, and promote peace with literature and education", changed the policy of his father Nurhachi to massacre literati, and conducted an examination that year, and selected 200 Manchu, Han and Mongolian students. [32] He had recognized the importance of the development of culture and education in the governance of the country, and said that it should not be assumed that it would be impossible not to study. It was stipulated that from the sixth year of Tiancong (the fifth year of Ming Chongzhen, 1632), the children of ministers of Fan Beile were under the age of fifteen and over eight years old, and they were all ordered to study. [33] He sent people to measure the land, returned "all the margins" to the public, and distributed them to the people to cultivate, and did not allow the banner owners and nobles to build farms. The original 13 Zhuang Ding was changed to a village for every 8 Zhuang Ding, and "the rest of the Han people were divided into separate residences and classified as private households." He also ordered the compilation of Zhuang Ding and the liberation of some slaves and maids as compilers. These measures have restricted the privileges of the Manchu aristocracy to a certain extent, which is conducive to the development of agricultural production. He tried his best to learn Han culture and ordered Confucian ministers to translate Chinese character books.

In the New Year's Day on the first day of the first month of the sixth year of Tiancong (the fifth year of Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty, 1632), Huang Taiji accepted the suggestion of Li Bolong, a member of the Ministry of Rites, to abolish the "south of the three major Baylors."

The Emperor Taiji of the Eight Regiments of Dragon Dynasty Robes

The Emperor Taiji of the Eight Regiments of Dragon Dynasty Robes

sitting" and the old system of managing the government was changed to "sitting alone in the south", highlighting the exclusive status of the Khan. [34-35] He then sought an opportunity to eliminate the dissidents, eradicating the three major Beyler forces that threatened the Khan's throne, and consolidating the Khan's power. Imitation of the Ming system, set up three courtyards, six departments, "stop the king Baylor consulate and the courtyard", and take charge of government affairs. In addition, the Metropolitan Procuratorate and the Imperial Court were set up to establish a relatively complete set of state institutions.

On the second day of the sixth month of the seventh year of Tiancong (the sixth year of Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty, 1633), Huang Taiji ordered the soldiers in a speech to "do not disturb everything" to the newly attached people. [36] Under the influence of Huang Taiji, the Ming generals Kong Youde, Geng Zhongming, and Shang Kexi surrendered to Houjin. Huang Taiji led Zhubeile out to welcome him to the Hunhe River and greeted him with a hug to show Youlong[37]. Kong and Geng not only brought more than 12,000 elite officers and soldiers and Hongyi cannons, but also accelerated the collapse of the Ming Dynasty's Liaodong coastal defense. [38] Less than four months later, Shang Kexi, the deputy general of the Ming Dynasty guarding Guangludao, followed in the footsteps of Kong and Geng, and Huang Taiji praised him for "knowing the direction of the times" and "breaking the coastal defense, which is really my merit". [39] In the seventh year of Tiancong (the sixth year of Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty, 1633), when Ma Guangyuan led the Han soldiers, a Han army flag was actually formed, which was called Wuzhen Chaoha in Manchu. [40] The troops led by Kong, Geng, and Shang were also Han troops. Prior to this, the Mongol banner soldiers had also been formed. On March 13, the eighth year of Tiancong (the seventh year of Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty, 1634), Huang Taiji paraded in the suburbs of Shenyang, and participated in the eight banners of Manchuria, the two banners of Mongolia, and the one flag of the old Han soldiers, a total of 11 flags. [41]

Called the emperor to change the yuan

After Li Zicheng retreated into Shanxi, the former Ming Dynasty officials and generals rebelled, but he still actively prepared for a counterattack in June of the first year of Shunzhi (the seventeenth year of Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty, 1644). Another peasant army, led by Zhang Xianzhong, had established the Great Western Kingdom in Chengdu and unified the whole of Sichuan, which Dolgon did not know about[42]. In mid-May, the remnant Ming forces had already supported Zhu Yousong, the king of Fu, as the emperor, set the capital in Nanjing, changed the name to Hongguang, and still owned half of the rich rivers and mountains in southern China, with plenty of soldiers and food, which constituted an obstacle to the Qing Dynasty's unification of China.