Ma Tan set up a village in the dangerous Nanshan and did not go down the mountain to occupy the city.

Zhang He cut off his access to water, and then launched an attack, defeating Ma Tan. This is the famous "Lost Street Pavilion", "Zhuge Liang Tears and Horses", many local dramas will perform this play.

The counties of Nan'an, Tianshui, and Anding rebelled against Wei in response to Zhuge Liang, and Zhang He led his troops to pacify these places.

CAO Ei(

ui) issued an edict saying: "The thief Kou Zhuge Liang led the rabble of Ba and Shu and met the soldiers of our army like a tiger. General, thou shalt be clothed in armor and wielded with sharp weapons, and thou shalt conquer all thou shalt conquer it, and I will reward thee for thy great deeds, and increase thy food and gown by one thousand, and give a thousand rewards, for a total of four thousand and three hundred. ”

Zhuge Liang cut the horse on his side, and Cao Rong rewarded Zhang He here.

In fact, there is a reward in the history books that is not recorded, that is, the girls taken from three places were rewarded to Zhang He's subordinate generals, and the officials chose the most beautiful ones and gave them back to Zhang He.

Zhang He smiled at three close attendants, one of whom gave birth to a boy for him, which is not recorded in the official history.

…… ……

At that time, Sima Yi was in charge of the naval army in Jingzhou, and planned to enter the Yangtze River along the river to attack Eastern Wu, and Cao Rong issued an edict ordering Zhang He to command the troops in Guanzhong to accept Sima Yi's command.

When Zhang He arrived in Jingzhou, it was just in time for the shallow water in winter, and the big ships could not travel, so he returned to Shifang City and stationed there. In 229 A.D. (the third year of Taihe), Zhuge Liang once again went out of Qishan and launched a fierce attack on Chen Cang.

Cao Rong sent a stagecoach to summon Zhang He to Beijing, and also personally went to the county seat of Henan to set up a banquet to see Zhang He off.

Cao Rong sent 30,000 soldiers and two battalions of warriors from Wuwei and Huben to guard Zhang He, and asked Zhang He: "When the general arrives at the front line, will Zhuge Liang already occupy Chencang?" ”

Zhang He knew that Zhuge Liang's lone army was deep and would not carry too much grain and grass, so he could not attack for a long time, so he replied: "It is estimated that Zhuge Liang has already withdrawn before the minister arrives at the front line." Chen Qu calculated that Zhuge Liang's grain and grass could not support ten days. ”

Zhang He is here to create an idiom that has been handed down to this day, "only a handful". There is a special record of this in the "Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms".

Zhang He marched day and night to reach Nanzheng, and Zhuge Liang really retreated. Cao Heng ordered Zhang He to return to the capital and appointed him as the general of the western chariot cavalry.

Zhang He used military aircraft to become unparalleled, understood tactical changes, was good at setting up camps, and arranged strategies and tactics according to the terrain, there was no situation that he could not expect, and the generals of Shu from Zhuge Liang were very jealous of him.

Although Zhang He was a military general, he liked to associate with Confucian scholars, and once recommended his fellow villager Beizhan, saying that he was well-versed in scriptures and had noble morals.

Cao Rong issued an edict and said: "In the past, when the priest was a general, he asked to set up a doctor of the Five Classics, and even in the military camp, he also played a game of singing hymns and throwing pots with Confucian scholars. Now the general is in charge of the army, and you are still paying attention to maintaining the etiquette of the imperial court inside. I greatly appreciated the general's kindness and allowed Bei Zhan to be promoted to doctor. ”

At that time, the "doctor" was an official title.

In the fifth year of Taihe (231), Zhuge Liang's fourth northern expedition, ordered Zhang He to lead the generals to Luoyang to meet the attack, Zhuge Liang retreated to Qishan, Zhang He chased to Mumen Valley, and fought with the Shu army, and the flying arrows hit Zhang He's right knee (arrows were poisonous. Don't say that Zhuge Liang didn't have a trick), Zhang He died. According to the record of "Wei Luo", it was Sima Yi who forcibly ordered Zhang He to pursue.

The imperial court gave him the nickname of Marquis Zhuang, and his son Zhang Xiong succeeded him to the title.

Zhang He fought for many years, repeatedly made military exploits, Emperor Ming gave him food, named his four sons as liehous, and gave his youngest son (estimated to be born to the maid) the title of Marquis of Guannei.

…… ……

The historical significance of Zhang He's surrender to Cao:

Zhang He's surrender and then Yuan's army collapsed, which can be further understood as Zhang He's surrender was an important reason for the collapse of Yuan's army.

Wuchao was burned, although Yuan Shao's defeat was successful, but it should also be after "the surplus food is exhausted and the army's heart is scattered", in fact, it was at the moment when Wuchao was burned, such a huge army suddenly collapsed, and Zhang He played an almost crucial role at this time.

When Cao Cao burned the black nest, "The Biography of He" said, "(Yuan) Shao Dan sent light cavalry to save Qiong, and attacked the Taizu (Cao Cao) camp with heavy troops, but he could not go down." ”

The sudden surrender of the two made Yuan Shao's "heavy army" either surrender or flee, and disappeared at once. Otherwise, if Yuan Shao's whole army fought to the death before the food was exhausted, Cao Cao's side would have to pay considerable casualties even if he won.

…… ……

Some people say that Zhang He's death was Sima Yi's conspiracy:

In the past, Zhang He and Sima Yi had differences in strategy and tactics, and this time it was Sima Yi who wanted to reinforce the Qishan front with all the main forces, and Zhang He suggested that the front and rear armies should be divided in case Zhuge Liang attacked. As a result, although the Shu army won a tactical victory at this time, in the end, Zhuge Liang was forced to retreat because he ran out of food and could not continue to fight.

"Romance of the Three Kingdoms: The Biography of Zhang He": "(Zhang) He chased to the wooden gate, engaged the Liang army, and flew to the (Zhang) Hao knee, 薨 (hō

g), said Zhuang Hou. ”

This is a more formal statement, but it conceals part of the truth for Sima Yi.

"Wei Luo" recorded: "The Liang army retreated, Sima Xuan Wang (Sima Yi) made (Zhang) He (pursue), (Zhang) He said: 'Military law, the siege of the city will open a way out, and the army will not pursue.'" (Didn't Sima Yi know this art of war?) Or do you know that you did it deliberately in order to trap Zhang He to death? King Xuan didn't listen. (Zhang) He had no choice but to advance. The Shu army rode high and ambushed, the bow and crossbow were messy, and the arrow was in the middle of the hair. ”

In other words, Zhang He had a last dispute with Sima Yi, which eventually led to Zhang He's loss of life.

Zhuge Liang was known for his cautious personality, and it was hard to imagine that he would show flaws in his retreat, or not set up an ambush and let his enemy pursue. It is completely reasonable for Zhang Jaw to advocate not to pursue. But Sima Yi didn't listen and forced Zhang Jaw to pursue.

Could it be that Sima Yi doesn't know Zhuge Liang's personality? Or was you carried away by the defeat and ended up looking a little hysterical stubbornness in front of the open jaw? Such a pursuit actually put Zhang He in a certain position, or even a place of death.

Zhang He must have realized this, but the Lord will have a strong order, although he has "last resort", he still has to obey the order, and this time the situation was expected by himself. So many disputes with the same person are rare in Sima Yi's life, and almost every time they are expected by Zhang He.

Since Zhang He's death, Quan Wei has never appeared in the wisdom of the person who put Sima Yi at a disadvantage.

Chen Shou's evaluation of Zhang He is: "(Zhang) He knows variables, is good at camping Chen, and expects the battle situation and terrain, all of which are as good as they are, and Zhuge Liang is afraid of them." ”

Such a wise general has a high reputation inside and outside the government and the opposition, and is even deeply feared by Zhuge Liang. But at the same time, it is inevitable that Sima Yi will be jealous of suspicion.

What's more obvious is that in this battle, Zhang He was expected to be successful, and Sima Yi first had the loss of Shangqi and then the defeat of Qishan, once it was publicized to the imperial court, it was bound to shake his future status. Therefore, when Zhuge Liang withdrew and the victory of Wei was decided, the pursuit battle at Mumen was likely to be Sima Yi's plan to kill people with a knife.

Due to the final victory, it was inconvenient for Emperor Wei Ming to hold the general accountable for his death. Sima Yi made so many mistakes in this battle, and also lost the general Zhang He, but he was still rewarded.

However, Zhang He's death caused Emperor Wei Ming great grief. "The emperor cherished (Zhang) He, and sighed when he came to the court: 'Shu is not peaceful and (Zhang) He is dead, what will it be!' Sikong Chen Qun said: "(Zhang) He is a good general, and the country depends on it. ’”。

From this dialogue, it can be seen that Zhang He was regarded as the pillar of the country by Emperor Ming and his important ministers, and his death was a major loss for Wei.

Zhang He was buried in Mumen Canyon. To this day, there are still Zhang Heping and Zhang He's tomb in the Mumen Canyon.

Zhangjiaping (formerly known as Zhang Heping) is located on the east side of the Mumendao Canyon, which is the ambush place of Zhuge Liang and Wei general Zhang He when he fights. The west side of the canyon is ten quiet beams, and there is the tethered horse bay where Zhuge Liang tied the horse under it. There is a small mountain stone in the lower part of the canyon, which is oval-shaped, and is called "stone drum". In addition, there is a mound of mound mounds not far from the stone drum, which is shaped like a giant bell, so it is called "earth bell".