Therefore, before the Houjin, there was no effective system and method for the management of the various scattered tribes outside the Guan.

Wei Bao has discussed with Zhang Meiyuan, Wu Xuexia, Fan Xiaolin, and Princess Zhenming many times on how to intervene in Mongolia.

This time, Wei Bao returned to Shanhaiguan and went directly to Weijiazhuang.

also called Sister Fang, the stationmaster of Jiliao Station of the Tiandihui Statistics Bureau.

Wu Xuexia, Princess Zhenming and Sister Fang are all familiar with foreign affairs.

Fan Xiaolin is also quite familiar, because several of them are either in the president's secretariat or in the General Administration Department, and often deal with Mongolian affairs.

Wei Bao specially asked Zhang Meiyuan to discuss it together, because Zhang Meiyuan often came up with some divergent ideas to provide new ideas for Lord Wei.

Wei Bao attaches more and more importance to Zhang Meiyuan's different angles of looking at things.

Zhang Meiyuan is a pure theorist, because only Zhang Meiyuan is not outside the Guan, and several other women have either lived in Liaoxi for a long time, or like Princess Zhenming, who often have to deal with Jiannu and the Mongols.

"The Ming Dynasty is really useless, it has been strong for so long, even the Han and Tang dynasties can't catch up, during the Han and Tang dynasties, at least Mongolia, which had been fighting, didn't dare to raise its head and obediently obey the words of the Han people." Wu Xuexia couldn't help but complain.

"It's not fair to say that." Wei Bao said: "The Han and Tang dynasties can't catch up with the Ming Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty is not without hard work, nor is it that the military strength is not strong, it is that it does not take the customs and outsiders seriously, and does not regard the Mongols as vassals at all, let alone think about them in depth." ”

The Han Dynasty maintained a high lower limit on the use of force against ethnic minorities, but the Tang Dynasty was not very good.

Comparing Yonghui with Jiajing, Tianqi, and Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty in those years, of course, it seems that the Ming Dynasty was a failure.

However, except for the northwest, the territory and radiation area in other directions were larger than those of the Tang Dynasty in more than 90% of the time.

In addition to the capital of the northwest and the north of the Hetao Mobei, Langshan Prefecture, at the end of the Tang Gaozong period, was basically pushed back, and the Tang army, which was once fought by the Turks, watched the Turkic soldiers loot men and women in Hebei.

As far as the entire northern territory is concerned, the northeast, the largest territory of the Han regime in the northeast is none other than the Ming Dynasty.

During the Han Dynasty, it basically retracted to the Liao River Basin.

During the Tang Dynasty, it once occupied North Korea and Baekje, but in the middle and late Tang Dynasty, all the south of the Taedong River was taken by the Silla.

To the north of the Datong River, the Liaodong region gradually became the sphere of influence of the Bohai State in a short time.

For more than half of the Tang Dynasty, the territory in the northeast was only to the central part of Liaoning, and later it shrank a little outside Hebei.

The Ming Dynasty firmly ruled the eastern Liaodong region for most of the time, and controlled the Jurchens in northeastern Liaoning and southern Jilin through the Xuanwei Division, which was stricter than that of the Xuanfu Prefecture.

It wasn't until decades before it was almost out of control that it was completely out of control.

During the period of Li Chengliang, the Ming Empire once expanded its radiation range in the periphery of Liaodong, and the Tang Empire of the same age could not even pass Liaozhong.

During the period of Ming Taizu and Ming Chengzu, the Ming Empire's war against the north was not inferior to the Han Empire at the lower limit, and it was not inferior to the Tang Empire.

The Warat people can only be regarded as Mongolian franchisees, not real Mongolians at all, and the Mongolian headquarters also treats them in this way.

As time passed, their relationship with the Eastern Mongol headquarters deteriorated, and one of the major military achievements of Dayan Khan and Altan Khan was to drive the Warats further and further west.

Another example is that the real cause of the Tumubao Incident was the result of the indulgence of the Doves and Ming Xuanzong after Zhu Di's death.

It's not that Zhu Di didn't beat the Vara to pieces.

In fact, Warat itself had been divided into three at the end of the Yongle period, and both the Tatar headquarters and the Uliangha were beaten to the brink, and the territory that the Tatar headquarters could grasp a little was basically the Hulunbuir area.

The Uliangha was swept away in the western part of the Songnen Plain and suffered heavy losses.

When Uliangha went south to annex the interior, Zhu Di had already completed the grand strategic arrangements for the Mongolian region, with Nuergandusi and Ulianghan's internal annex and the Ming Dynasty's own army as an encirclement, forcing the Tatar headquarters to retreat in the Hulunbuir area and be attacked at any time.

The most belligerent of the Warats, the Tuhuan Division, was isolated by the Taipings and the Balpola in the far northwest, while the south and west were allies of the Ming court.

The two huge ring-shaped encirclements of Beshbali and the Timurid Khanate were Zhu Di's strategic arrangements.

In later generations, some people criticized Zhu Yuanzhang and Zhu Di for not knowing political strategy and not completing their control of Mongolia when the Ming Dynasty was at its strongest.

In fact, it is really ridiculous that Zhu Zhanji abolished the Songhuajiang Shipyard, stopped the northeast inland river cruise, reduced the funds of the Nuer Gandu Division, and at the same time turned a blind eye to the assassination of Taiping and the Bald Polo, and indulged in the attack on Arutai, which led to the expansion of Warat.

The fact that Warat became bigger was definitely not the reason why Zhu Di did not have a long-term plan, and in the end, Zhu Di spent his life preventing the integration of various Mongolian forces, carefully maintaining the balance and continuing to encroach on Eastern Mongolia.

Zhu Zhanji's black cauldron, Zhu Di doesn't carry it, Zhu Di's only fault is that he chose the wrong prince.

In fact, the decisive battles between the Tang and the Eastern Turks and Xue Yantuo were fought in the southern part of the country, not in the northern part of the country.

At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, there was no national strength to support the army to penetrate deep into Mobei, unlike the Han Wu period and the Ming Hongwu Yongle period, which could cross the south to attack.

In Mobei, it was more of an enemy who relied on various tribes to besiege Tang.

Both the Tang and Ming dynasties had glorious victories and humiliating defeats in the north.

The Tang Dynasty was able to effectively confine Mobei for only about one-tenth of the life span of the Tang Empire, and at the same time, it also captured figures at the level of the Great Khan of Mongolia.

But the Ming court was not nothing, Zhu Di's first northern expedition, Benjamin Khan fled to Wara and was captured, and the head was sent to the Ming Dynasty.

In the battle of Warat, the Ming army and the Tatar army attacked Warat successively, and the Great Khan of Tariba, who was supported by Warat, was also killed, and Mahamu also died.

In addition, there is also Ming Taizu's fishing victory.

After Hong Yongxixuan, another emperor who attacked the Mongols on a large scale was Emperor Zhu Jianshen of Chenghua.

Whether it was in the south of the desert or in the north of the desert, the number of battles and the scale of the Ming army were no less than those of the Tang army.

Although there were no more than 100,000 or 200,000 people attacking Mobei like Erzu in the middle and late periods, there were quite a lot of battles in which tens of thousands of horses attacked Monan.

Among them, the great victory of Weining Haizi, the great victory of Xianning Haizi, and the burning of Fengzhou Beach are all examples of successful operations out of the fortress.

Moreover, the achievement of killing the Great Khan-level figure is still once after Hongwu Yongle, that is, Weining Haizi's victory in killing the first heroine in Mongolian history, Manduhai.

Emperor Ming Xianzong of Chenghua was an out-and-out hawkish emperor, and during his reign, he took bloody measures against both the Mongols and the Jurchens.

The Song Dynasty was not as incompetent as many people in later generations remembered, and the Song army's attack on the Qingtang and Tibetan regimes was not only bloody, but also had many acts such as slaughtering cities and plundering.

Besides, I answered the tribute, and I answered the tribute, which was definitely not exchanged for the ostrich policy.

The great victory of Xianning Haizi and the burning of Fengzhou Beach were fierce attacks on Altan Khan, and Altan Khan's grandson Pullik wanted to instigate the Mongols and Qinghai Mongols to oppose the Ming, and triggered a five-year war against the Qinghai Mongols and the Mongols in the middle of the Wanli Dynasty.

After the three victories in Huangzhong were over, Pullik was forced to return to Naturalization City.

Monan Mongolia was basically subjugated throughout the Ming Dynasty.

Compared with the period of the strong Han and Tang Dynasty, of course, it is not a great achievement, that is, it crippled the left and right wings of Mongolia, making Mo Nan basically submit to the Ming Dynasty.

The Ming Dynasty controlled the periphery of Liaodong for a long time, and the Jurchens included garrisons, sent governors, slaughtered, suppressed, assigned hereditary official positions, paid tribute, interfered with the cultivation and harvesting of the Jurchen feudal lords, and mediated disputes.

Although the Ming Dynasty used many measures, it did not do anything to restrain Mongolia.

The Ming Dynasty's attitude towards the Mongols and Jurchens, and their attitude towards the Ming Dynasty. In fact, in the records of Xuanzong and Yingzong, there are cases where the Jurchens are not convinced, or they are bullied by the local military guards and rise up to retaliate.

Sometimes the Ming army is to the Jurchen, just like the Mongol army is to the Ming army, and the roles of smashing and robbing and being smashed and robbed are not immutable.

Fourteen years after orthodoxy, the Ming Dynasty completely changed its national strategy, and the way from attack to acceptance has become a foregone conclusion.

As soon as this kind of foregone conclusion took shape, it meant that the defense of the northern side was also slowly changing, from the original slight elasticity to change.

And the so-called fetters have not existed for a long time or even did not exist for the Ming and Mongolians.

Even, in some periods, when the casualties in the conflict between the two sides were embarrassing, it could be seen that the Mongols were entangled in the south.

Although the Mongols ruled the Central Plains for nearly a hundred years, their distribution in the Chinese Empire was not widespread, except for some nobles who moved south in major cities across the country for war, garrison defense, or serving as officials and feudal lords, most of them still lived mainly in the north.

During the rise of the Ming Dynasty, the Mongol aristocracy was the greatest threat to the Ming Empire, so Zhu Yuanzhang and his son Zhu Di both intensified their crackdown on the Mongols and weakened their ruling power at all costs.

One of the most important measures was to relocate the Mongols into the interior and settle them in the guards, and all the Tatar officers and soldiers were ordered to live in the interior, and they were still under the ranks of the guards, and they were given one stone of rice for every month of men.

In this way, it will not only facilitate the strengthening of monitoring of them, but also allow the implementation of the policy of "razing against razing" and "ethnic assimilation".

Not all of the northern ethnic minorities who belonged to the garrison were all included in the guards, and the early common practice was to "subordinate the young and strong to the guards, so that they could be guarded; The old and weak are subordinate to Beiping for the people, and from there.

The subjects are basically the guardians of the people, while those who move to the Central Plains and the southern interior of the health centers are basically the military of the guards.

The Ming government took different measures to deal with the different situations of the Mongolian nobles, some were resettled on the spot, some moved to Beijing, and some migrated to various parts of the country in the process of conquest with the army.

Nearby resettlement was Zhu Yuanzhang's first consideration, and the northwest Shaanxi Prefecture and Xingdu Division, Shanxi Prefecture and Xingdu Division, Daning Metropolitan Division, Wanquan Prefecture and Liaodong Metropolitan Division were all high-ranking official settlements.

In Liaodong, in June of the twentieth year of Hongwu, after Naha led more than 200,000 of his subordinates to join the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang decided that "his own soldiers should be ordered to live in their original places, and the water and grass should be used for grazing, and the land should be selected for planting."

For example, the people of Beiping, Chaohechuan, Daning, Quanningkou, Nankou and North Former Residences set up a guard, mixed with the Han army, and if Shenyang Yatou Lushan, the residents are also allowed to live with the Liaodong Army, so as to cultivate and graze, so that people can be happy and not lose their place.

This group of ethnic minority generals later moved and spread very widely, and they were distributed in all the southern provinces, but most of them were still in the north.

In the twenty-second year of Hongwu, "Zhitai, Shuyan, and Fuyu Sanwei commanded the envoys to live in the land of Wuliangha, and to live in Hu".

Later in the first year of Yongle, "Sanwei came to the dynasty to seek to be attached, because of the change of the king of Ning in Nanchang, the transfer of the capital to Baoding, and the whole of Daning with it." Grant the governor the command of the capital, command thousands of households, and suppress officials".

Since the entire Northeast region of the Ming Dynasty had no administrative institutions, the inhabitants, mainly Mongols, Jurchens and Han Chinese, naturally became part of the Weisu system.

In the northwestern Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningbo region, there are many cases where the original local establishment has been abolished and earth guards have been established.

The original officials were appointed as the officials of the health station, called "Tuda officials", and the original soldiers were called "Tuda", such as Yuan Wanhu put Dan according to Pingliang, Hongwu Chu attached, awarded Pingliang Wei Zheng Qianhu.

The tribes are scattered in Kaesong and other counties, and they are still called Tuda.

According to the "Huangming Nine Border Examination", "Daguan Dasheduo settled Zhenbao Hejian and other mansions", which became a residential area for Daguan and Jun, and there were more than 1,897 Daqi soldiers in Dingzhouwei.

In the second year of Longqing, Baoding Wei combined the official troops from all parts into the Zhongshun battalion to strengthen their management.

The North and South Zhili was the earliest and most important area where the Mongol officers and troops moved in.

It is a tradition to raise Mongolian Yiding in the nine border towns of the Ming Dynasty, roughly from the Jiajing period when the Ming generals widely began to raise their families, and the border generals began to use the Mongols for their own use.

The Mongolian Yiding is good at archery and horse riding and archery, and is a very good source of soldiers, with the armament and training of the Ming Dynasty, it is organized to be a fine cavalry.

The subordinates of Li Chengliang, a famous general in Wanli Liaodong, had Mongols as his family, and not only that, but even Nurhachi has some historical sources that he once served as Li Chengliang's family as a proton.

Generally speaking, the main source of Yiding is the attached Mongols, such as the attached Sanangbu during the Tianqi period of Liaodong was organized into the left and right battalions of the Yi, which was active until the Songjin War, and of course there were also Mongols who were captured by the Ming army.

These Yiding are often personally led by the generals of each town and battalion, and are used as elite cavalry on the battlefield.

For example, Wanli General Magui brought 200 Yiding into the court, and the Japanese army who fought was so frightened that they fled before they could even release the birds.

Hou Shilu, the chief soldier of Xuanfu, brought Yi Ding to aid Beijing, Zu Dashou must bring Yi to surrender in every battle, on the eve of the death of the Ming Dynasty, Wu Sangui also had thousands of Yi Ding with outstanding combat power, and was once regarded as a life-saving straw by Chongzhen's ministers.

During the Chongzhen period, the Mongolian Yiding also played a great role in the peasant uprising war, such as Zu Kuan, who was transferred from Shanhaiguan to fight the peasant army in the interior, that is, "raising the Luohe River to destroy the front", Zu Kuan himself was a Mongolian, and his combat ability was praised by Lu Xiangsheng.

When Yang Sichang himself was the governor of Shanyong and the governor of Xuanda, he also recruited many Mongolian Yiding, and the town of Shanhaiguan alone reached 10,000 people.

On the other hand, with the loss of control of the Nine Sides at the end of the Ming Dynasty, a large number of Yi Ding in the original Nine Sides Ming Army also entered the ranks of Li Zicheng and other peasant rebel armies with the surrendered Ming army, which strengthened Li Zicheng's strength.

At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the Mongols not only joined the Ming army and the peasant army, but also directly became the force of the Eight Banners of the Qing army.

During the Tiancong period, with the conquest of Mongolia by Huang Taiji, the Eight Banners of Mongolia fought with the Qing army, and in fact, together with the Eight Banners of the Han Dynasty, they had become the main force of the Qing army.

In each battle, the Han Eight Banners used firearms to fight mainly on foot as the forward, and the Mongolian Eight Banners mainly used cavalry to stand behind the Han Eight Banners and clash on the two flanks, and the Manchus often hid at the end and did not take the initiative.

In the melee of the various parties at the end of the Ming Dynasty, the Mongols were used to kill each other by belonging to different forces for various reasons.

It is no accident that after the 17th century, not only the Mongols, but also the nomadic peoples of the whole world collapsed.

Since the 17th century, the inventions and ideas of Western Europeans have begun to spread in East Asia, which is the farthest distance from Western Europe, in other words, they have been spread all over the world.

There were at least two things in the inventions of Western Europeans that forever changed the history of East Asia.

The maturity of new firearms, muskets and artillery, the main ethnic groups in the agricultural areas have gained unprecedented combat effectiveness, and the era of the surrounding barbarians is gone forever.

If the barbarians fight with cold weapons, they are not opponents of firearms.

If the barbarians also used firearms, the war would have turned into a queue to be shot, a contest of population and resources, and the victory or defeat would be self-evident.

So after the 17th century, the nomadic peoples of the world collapsed.

High-yielding cropsHigh-yielding crops include, but are not limited to, corn, potatoes, sunflowers, sweet potatoes, and other substances from the Americas.

These crops may not be really high-yielding, but they are adaptable.

The introduction of these crops made it possible for farming peoples to cultivate and live in the surrounding remote areas such as grasslands, mountains, and desert islands, and the farming peoples began to further squeeze the living space of the surrounding barbarians, and the surrounding barbarians lost their former independence and began to be assimilated by the main ethnic groups.

Weijiazhuang and southern Liaoning have been cultivating these high-yield crops on a large scale since last year, otherwise Weibao would not be able to feed six or seven million people.

In fact, the Manchu so-called Ten Perfection martial arts were not unique to the Manchus, but due to the progress of the times, the whole of Asia was doing it.

Because of this, the Manchus were able to defeat the nomadic peoples of Dzungar and Mongol with firearms when facing them.

Wei Bao has always believed that the Qing Dynasty's conquest of Mongolia and the Western Regions had a personal struggle, but more importantly, it was the short-term of history. And, it is even more important to admit the price behind this, and the price of fate that has long been secretly marked.

The Manchu conquest of Mongolia and the Western Regions was based on the consideration of the Manchu-Mongolian alliance, which was a political interest that transcended economic value, and it was also the identity of a minority in itself, which played a great role.

But Wei Bao didn't think it was a big deal, because Wei Bao took the time to study the situation in Mongolia, unlike before the Ming Dynasty, when he was reluctant to have an in-depth understanding of Mongolia.

Wei Bao believes that the most important thing to learn from the Mongols is definitely the management idea of Jiannu.

Jiannu's determination and motivation to manage the Mongols were not comparable to those of the Han dynasty.

Because the Han dynasty did not have such a key policy as the "Manchu-Mongolian Alliance".

is as powerful as the Ming Dynasty, and he can't look down on these forces outside the border at all.

However, there is something to be gained, and something is to be lost.

Foreign rule has brought a lot of benefits and disadvantages to China, but in fact, there are also many disadvantages.

To some extent, China's stagnation since the 17th century stems from this.

Kangxi fought to Qianlong, and the Qing court's problems outside the customs were really solved, and it took several generations.

Moreover, the Qing Dynasty played cards according to routines, and the Han and Tang dynasties were the same before, dealing with Mobei has always been a faction to fight a faction, and what are many times just a delaying tactic, after differentiation, one by one, weakening for a long time is the real wisdom.

The kind of all-brained barbarians in the Ming Dynasty, in Wei Bao's opinion, this is really not a smart approach.

The result of this routine in the Ming Dynasty was to chase the nomadic in the heyday, and as soon as it declined slightly, it was blocked by the nomadic and could not get out. Here is another example, Liao and Jin, who also started from the Northeast tribe, have a relatively moderate attitude towards the nomadic attitude of Mobei.

The stick and the radish, while ruling also giving some help, the Liao was destroyed, and the defeated Yelu Dashi could still be respected and gifted by the Mongols.

And the later Jin is completely sticky policy, reducing the nomadic herding in Mobei and slaughtering them regularly, what is the final result? Jin declined, and after the rise of the Mongols, a complete massacre of the Jurchens was carried out.

In fact, the Qing Dynasty did not spend a lot of energy on Mongolia, as for why the effect is better than that of the Ming Dynasty government, Wei Bao summed up, there are about several reasons.

The Qing Dynasty was established by inheriting the political legacy of the Ming Dynasty, which included a Mongolia that had been crippled and decayed by the Ming government.

In the Ming Dynasty, after years of internal strife and a series of wars with the Ming Dynasty, Mongolia could no longer pose a mortal threat to the Central Plains Dynasty in the last years of the Ming Dynasty.

Before the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, Nurhachi and Huang Taiji attached great importance to the conquest and control of the Mongol tribes in Monan, and the Manchu Qing Dynasty continued to use troops against Mongol in Monan at that time, defeating Mongol hostile forces such as Lin Dan Khan and deterring the Mongol tribes; Through the Huairou means of marriage and the construction of the Mongolian Eight Banners, he established an alliance of interests with the Mongolian tribes.

It can be said that as early as before the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, Manqing controlled Monan Mongolia through the means of suppression and appeasement.

After the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, it abandoned the previous dynasty's policy of paying tribute to the Mongolian tribes, but put Monan Mongolia like the Central Plains provinces, directly under the management and control of the central government, so that the central government's control over the Mongolian tribes was strengthened, and at the same time, the economic, cultural and demographic exchanges between the Mongolian tribes, especially the Monan Mongols, and the Central Plains Dynasty were strengthened.

As a result, the Mongol tribes fell into a state of fragmentation, and their economic and political dependence on the Central Plains Dynasty deepened.

The development and spread of firearms led to a severe decline in the military power of the Mongol tribes, who were known for their cavalry.

The steppe peoples, who relied on field warfare and cavalry archery, were no longer able to shake the rule of the Central Plains Dynasty with the superiority of cavalry, which was very obvious in the Qing Dynasty's conquest of Mobei Mongolia.

During the Kang Yongqian period, he was obsessed with opening up the territory and expanding the territory, and did not adopt a passive defensive strategy against the invasion of the Mongols in the northern Mongols such as the Dzungars, but took the initiative to attack and organize the army to carry out expeditions against the Mongol tribes in Qinghai, Xinjiang and other regions, preventing the Mongol tribes from becoming more likely to become larger, and effectively preventing the Dzungar and other Mongol tribes from gaining ground.