Since the Qin and Han dynasties, Guangzhou has been the political, economic, and cultural center of Lingnan. In 214 B.C., Qin Shi Huang unified Lingnan, Ren Huan and Zhao Tuo began to build the city wall of Panyu (Guangzhou), and the urban construction of Guangzhou has a history of more than 2,200 years. In addition to constantly improving the city wall buildings in ancient times, Guangzhou also carried out considerable scale construction in palace buildings, temple buildings, residential buildings, landscaping, urban drainage, etc., which built the early skeleton of today's Guangzhou City and laid a solid foundation for the future development of Guangzhou. There are eight towns with both military and commercial natures in the surrounding area: Fuxu, Liede, Dashui, Ruishi, Pingshi, Baitian, Datong and Shimen.

Since the Qin and Han dynasties, Guangzhou has been the political, economic, and cultural center of Lingnan. In 214 B.C., Qin Shi Huang unified Lingnan, Ren Huan and Zhao Tuo began to build the city wall of Panyu (Guangzhou), and the urban construction of Guangzhou has a history of more than 2,200 years. In addition to constantly improving the city wall buildings in ancient times, Guangzhou also carried out considerable scale construction in palace buildings, temple buildings, residential buildings, landscaping, urban drainage, etc., which built the early skeleton of today's Guangzhou City and laid a solid foundation for the future development of Guangzhou.

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According to the "Guangzhou City Chronicle", in 214 BC, after Qin Shi Huang unified Lingnan, he appointed Ren Huan as the governor of Nanhai County. Ren Huan built Panyu City on the ancient Panshan Mountain and Yu Mountain (west of Cangbian Road today), commonly known as Ren Huan City. At that time, the Pearl River Delta was far from developing to the scale it is today, and the sea tide could reach the city of Panyu. It was built by the mountains and rivers to defend against foreign invasion. After the death of Ren Huan, Zhao Tuo established the Nanyue Kingdom, set the capital of Panyu City, and expanded the urban area to ten miles in circumference for the first time, commonly known as "Yuecheng" or "Zhao Tuo City", its location is about the vicinity of Fangcao Street in the east today, Huaningli in the west, Xihu Road in the south, and Yuehua Road in the north.

2. Three Kingdoms and Southern Dynasties: Expansion to the North

In the period of the Three Kingdoms, Jiaozhou Thorn Shi Buqi moved the Jiaozhou administrative office from Guangxin (now Wuzhou, Guangxi) to Panyu (now Guangzhou), rebuilt the western half of Yuecheng, and expanded the urban area to the north on a large scale for the second time.

3. Tang: The commercial port of the Maritime Silk Road

By the Tang Dynasty, Guangzhou had developed into a prominent commercial port on the Maritime Silk Road, with a prosperous economy and an expanded city. Its shape has continued for a long time and has become a representative of the ancient houses in Guangzhou. In the fifth dynasty, Liu Yan of the Southern Han Dynasty set the capital of Guangzhou, expanded the city wall for the third time, shoveled, and leveled the Guyu Mountain in order to expand to the south.

Fourth, Song and Yuan: The three cities of the east and west are still the core areas

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In the Song Dynasty, due to the development of economy and foreign trade, the population of Guangzhou increased rapidly, and the construction of city walls became extremely frequent. According to statistics, during the 300 years of the Song Dynasty, the expansion and repair of Guangzhou City reached more than 10 times. Among them, the largest one was the fourth year of the Qingli period of the Northern Song Dynasty (1045), when the middle city, the east city and the west city were built one after another. Zhongcheng is based on the old city of the Southern Han Dynasty; The eastern city is based on the old city of Zhao Tuocheng; Xicheng was expanded to protect the newly developed business district, and was the largest, with a circumference of more than 13 miles. The three cities are connected from east to west, with the east near the present-day Dezheng Road, the west to the present-day Huifu West Road, the south to Wenming Road, Da Nan Road and Dade Road, and the north to the area of the present Haoxian Road, Yuehua Road and Bailing Road. This area is still one of the core areas of Guangzhou today.

Fifth, the Ming and Qing dynasties: add new cities to the old city

The fifth great development of the city wall of Guangzhou in the Ming Dynasty. In the thirty-first year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1380), the three cities of Song City were combined into one and expanded to the east and west. Its range starts from today's Yuexiu Road in the east, to today's Renmin Road in the west, to today's Wenming Road, Da Nan Road and Dade Road in the south, and crosses Xiushan Mountain in the north, and builds a magnificent Zhenhai Tower on the mountain. The circumference of the city is twenty-one miles, and it is called the "old city". In 1563, the outer city was built in the south of the city, and the south is now Wanfu Road, Taikang Road and Yide Road, with a circumference of more than six miles, called "New Town".

Guangzhou City has been designed for a long time

The Pearl River was once known as the "Little Sea"

Unlike many of the world's most famous metropolises, which were chaotic in the early days due to lack of planning and natural development, the city of Guangzhou had a rigorous design at an early age. Taking the streets of Songcheng as an example, the central and eastern cities are centered on the palace office and are T-shaped, while the western city is a foreign trade business area and is in the shape of a tic-tac-toe. There are also Nanhao, Qingshuihao and Neihao dug in the city, which can not only collect the benefits of the boat, but also be conducive to fire prevention and drainage in the city.

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Moreover, what future generations do not know is that Guangzhou in history was not just an isolated city for a long time. For example, in the Song Dynasty, there were eight towns with both military and commercial nature, namely Fuxu, Liede, Dashui, Ruishi, Pingshi, Baitian, Datong and Shimen, which were built near the city of Guangzhou, that is, the famous "Eight Towns of the Song Dynasty". These "satellite cities", together with the state towns, form a spectacular cluster of towns in the Pearl River Delta.

At that time, the water surface of the Pearl River was vast, known as "Xiaohai", the Xi'ao (now Nanhao Street area) in the south of the city was an important inner harbor, with merchant ships coming and going, and department stores were full, which was the "city of the five capitals", and there were also streets and alleys such as Dashi Street (now Huifu West Road), Ivory Street, Agate Lane, etc., and the people of the time were Meng Shiyun: "Thousand Doors Rizhao Pearl City, 10,000 Watts of Yansheng Jasper City." ”

"Fanfang" is full of exoticism

Among the "Fan Studies" are Arab high school scholars

On the streets of Guangzhou today, foreigners can be seen everywhere. In fact, as early as the period of the Nanyue Kingdom, Guangzhou has become a distribution center for ivory, jadeite, pearls and other rare treasures, and Hu merchants are constantly coming and going; In the three dynasties of the Tang, Song and Yuan dynasties, the "Fanfang" formed in the area of Guangta Road in Yuexiu District has reached 120,000~200,000 people, presenting the "treasures of Tibetan medicine" and accumulating like a mountain.

Guangzhou's "Fanfang" was established in the 29th year of Tang Kaiyuan (741) and was located in the area of today's Guangta Street. The main responsibility of the chief is to manage the daily affairs of the "Fan Fang" and to be responsible for soliciting merchants. In administering the visit, the governor shall act in accordance with the laws and regulations of the country of residence and the customs of his country. Overseas Chinese have the freedom to believe in religion and maintain their own customs and habits, and they can purchase land and houses in Guangzhou.

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"Fanfang" is a unique landscape in the city of Guangzhou. According to expert research, when Fanfang was at its peak in the Song Dynasty, its scope roughly started from Chaotian Road in the east, Fengning Road (Renmin North Road) in the west, Huifu West Road in the south, and Zhongshan Sixth Road in the north. Their folk customs have injected a peculiar exoticism into Guangzhou. There are Persian women with more than 20 earrings pierced around their ears, Europeans in "suits and leather shoes", and Southeast Asians who chew betel nut and "spit like blood" – a custom that continued among the affected inhabitants of Guangzhou until before liberation. Since the main force of the population was Persians and Arabs, the first mosque in China, the Huaisheng Temple, was built. In addition, there are Europeans, Jews and Indians who believe in Judaism.

In the Song Dynasty, there was a "Fan School" in Fanfang. This is a school set up by the local government at the request of the Tibetan people. All the children of the "Fan" can enter the school and learn Chinese culture. Among the generations of foreigners in Fanfang, there are many scholars and Confucians. Their children went to school in Guangzhou, where they learned about Han culture and integrated into the upper echelons of society. It is rumored that Li Yansheng, an Arab, once went to Chang'an, the capital of the Tang Dynasty, to take the imperial examination, and was appointed to an official position. Some foreign businessmen were also appointed to official positions by the Chinese imperial court, such as the Southern Song Dynasty, when the foreign businessman Haida was appointed as the Guangdong Salt Division, and the Quanzhou foreign businessman Pu Shougeng was appointed as the Quanzhou City Bo Division. His brother Pu Shouchen served as the governor of Meizhou for 7 years, and he was a fair and honest official, and won the hearts of the people. Because he built a pavilion to protect the people's wells and solve the draft problem during his tenure, his descendants once gave a joint eulogy: "Zeng's well spring is eternal, and Puhou's heart is generally clear." "During the Northern Song Dynasty, Chinese and foreign countries were allowed to intermarry, but there were certain restrictions, such as stipulating that only one of the three generations of foreigners who were officials was eligible to intermarry with Chinese women. Some "foreigners" must also have "local daughters-in-law".

The drainage of the six veins is still in use today

Su Shi "ten thousand poles and big bamboos" built Baiyun Mountain Waterway

In the municipal administration of ancient Guangzhou City, one of the most classic designs is the urban drainage system represented by the "Liumai Canal" and the urban water supply system represented by the "Baiyun Mountain Waterway".

The Liumai Canal is a large square canal covered with stone slabs made of bricks and stones, and it is difficult to find out when it was built. But at the latest, in the Southern Han Dynasty, its predecessor was formed. This set of channels, named "Six Pulses" after the meridians of the human body, is not only artificially constructed, but also cleverly meanders through the ups and downs of natural topography. These canals, together with the city's own rivers and moats, form a tight drainage network in and around Guangzhou. The water flows through the Liumai Canal to the east and west of Haoyong, and then enters the Yudai River, and finally returns to the sea, which plays the role of drainage, flood storage, tidal storage, drought and flood prevention. To this day, these culverts are still important drainage channels in Guangzhou.

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As for the "Baiyun Mountain Waterway", it is a major innovation in urban water supply in the history of urban construction in Guangzhou. In ancient times, there was little rain in autumn and winter in Guangzhou, and the Pearl River was salty and bitter due to the backflow of the sea tide, so although it was close to the river, the fresh water of the residents in the city was insufficient. During the Three Kingdoms of Eastern Wu, Lu Yin, the assassin of Guangzhou, built a water diversion project to divert spring water from Baiyun Mountain into the city to solve the draft problem of the city's residents. The spring water of Baiyun Mountain is cool and sweet, so it is called "Ganxi". This spring water passes through the upper pond and the lower pond, and diverts two branches near the Xiaobei wreath, one enters Qingshuihao through the present Cangbian Road, and the other enters the ancient West Lake of the present-day West Lake Road through Huaningli, Dashi Street. In the Song Dynasty, Ganxi gradually dried up due to a lack of water. During the Northern Song Dynasty, the government diverted and channeled Ganxi, so that in addition to drinking, it could also carry ships and goods, drain water, and irrigate farmland.

During the Northern Song Dynasty, Su Dongpo, who had served in Guangdong, received a letter from his friend Wang Minzhong, the Taishou of Guangzhou, saying that there was a plague in Guangzhou and the corpses were resting. Su Dongpo believes that this is directly related to the unclean drinking water. Therefore, he suggested using the "10,000 poles of bamboo" as a water pipe to bring water from Baiyun Mountain into the city. At the same time, he suggested setting up a special "craftsman" to inspect the pipeline every day, check and fill in the gaps in time, and drill a small hole in each bamboo pipe and seal it with bamboo nails. If the bamboo pipe is blocked, it is easy to detect and facilitate daily maintenance.