In Handan City, Zhao Jun relaxed his vigilance when he saw the Qin army retreating, and opened the city gate every time. At this time, the minister Guo Kai and others repaired a secret book, and sent his henchmen to Wang Qian's camp, and the book said: "I have been waiting for a long time to dedicate the city, but there is no way for a while." Now Zhao Qian, the king of Zhao, has already surrendered, but his son Zhao Jia does not obey. Now the Qin army can storm the three gates of the north, south and east, so that the army of the king of Qin can be stationed at the west gate. I can say that King Zhao is looking for an opportunity to open the city and surrender. The west gate is broken, and the other three gates cannot be guarded. ”

Wang Jian received the letter, his heart was overjoyed, and he quickly sent Qin Wang Yingzheng in person.

After everyone discussed, King Yingzheng of Qin moved his troops to the West Gate, and the banner of 'King of Qin' was planted all over the army. After that, Wang Jian and Yang Duan and Han Teng waved their troops to attack the three gates of Handan, north, south and east, and they did not stop at night.

Seeing this, Gongzi Zhao Jia hurriedly dispatched troops and guarded the three gates with all his might, and temporarily neglected the monitoring of King Zhao, Guo Kai and others.

And taking this opportunity, Guo Kai and others secretly entered the palace and said to Zhao Qian, the king of Zhao: "If Qin doesn't harm King Han, how can he harm you, the king?" If it is presented with the map of Heshi and Handan, the king of Qin will be happy and will be crowned the throne of the great king. ”

Zhao Qian, the king of Zhao, had long been fed up with the precarious and fearful life in front of him, and immediately responded and left the dignity and responsibility of his ancestors behind.

So Guo Kai hurriedly sent a book, and after asking King Zhao to look at it, he continued: "Although the book is written, the son Zhao Jia must stop this. Now the king of Qin camped at the west gate, if the king in the name of patrolling the city, he drove to the other side, and personally opened the door to offer a book of surrender, would the king of Qin not be happy"

Zhao Qian, the king of Zhao, was overjoyed, so according to this plan, he avoided the eyes and ears of his son Zhao Jia and others, and opened the west gate to surrender to the king of Qin. King Qin was overjoyed and gladly accepted it!

At that time, Gongzi Zhao Jia and others were fighting bloody battles with the Qin army at the eastern, northern, and southern three gates, and suddenly heard that King Zhao had descended to Qin, and was shocked, and led the soldiers in the city to break through the north gate and flee back to Dai County. After arriving in Daijun, the son Zhao Jia set himself up as the acting king, expressed Li Mu's merits, restored his official title, personally set up sacrifices, and then sent Dong and Yanhe to station troops in Shanggu to prevent Qin soldiers.

On the one hand, the Qin army sent a large army to guard the remnants of the resistance in Handan City, and on the other hand, it sent Wang Jian to lead an army of 200,000 to Zhongshan in the north of Zhao State to confront the remnants of the Zhao army in Daijun!

In 228 BC, the desperate Zhao king Zhao Qian led his people out of Handan City and surrendered to the Qin army, and the Zhao state was declared extinct. Zhao Jia, the son of Zhao State, fled to claim the throne. Until 222 BC, the Qin Dynasty was destroyed, the son Zhao Jia was captured, and the Zhao State, which had been founded for more than 250 years, finally perished.

After Zhao Wang Zhao moved to Qin, he was exiled to the mountains and forests of Fangling, and after suffering all the humiliation, he wrote a ballad called "Shanshui", which has "The husband who makes Yu and this Xi, is the hole of slander, and the good minister is drowned." Sheji fell, Yu didn't listen to Congxi, dare to complain about King Qin? ".

It can be seen from this that Zhao Qian, the king of Zhao, finally "woke up" and realized the reason for the ruin of his country, and he began to regret it, and understood how stupid it was to self-destruct the Great Wall and dig his own grave by listening to Guo Kai's slander and killing the good minister Li Mu and others!

It's a pity that Zhao Wang Zhao Qian regretted it too late at this time. Soon, Zhao Qian, the king of Zhao, starved to death in a thatched hut, and was later called King Zhao Youmiao.

There were three battles in the Warring States Period, and the first two were victorious, but the third time was cut off by the mediocre Zhao Qian, the king of Zhao, before it officially started. This is also the origin of the nickname "King Zhao Youmiao" given to this person in later generations.

Guo Kai has been an official in Zhao for more than 20 years, and has served as the prime minister of the two dynasties of Zhao State, and during his reign, he used his power to loot a large number of gold, silver and jewelry, and buried them in the underground of Xiangguo's mansion. After he became an official in the Qin State, he has been thinking about this wealth. Later, with the approval of the King of Qin, he took more than 100 family members to the old house in Handan to dig up treasures, loaded four carts, and he planned to transport these treasures back to Xianyang, part of which was dedicated to the King of Qin, and then used part to bribe the high-ranking officials of the Qin Dynasty, and the rest was used to build mansions, support domestic slaves, and of course leave some for future generations. But unfortunately, on the way back to Xianyang, he encountered a group of vicious robbers, and more than 100 of his family members were killed. These people stripped Guo Kai's clothes naked, and then tied him to a big tree, and thousands of people took turns cutting a knife on him, while shouting "Avenge General Li!" In the end, Guo Kai was cut to only bones and a pool of blood. It is said that this group of people are all Li Mu's subordinates, and in order to avenge Li Mu, they specially sent people into Guo Kai's mansion to act as eyes and ears. After grasping the accurate information, they set up an ambush on the way back, killed people and seized treasures, avenged General Li Mu, and then set off with four carts of treasure.

If the villain gains power, he will inevitably end up heroically. The death of Zhao Guo is certainly the current situation, but the mourning of King Xiang's father and son, the villain, and the far virtuous ability, accelerated the demise of Zi, which can be said to be self-inflicted.

There are always many coincidences in history, and the ministers who have brought disaster to the country and the people since ancient times often do not end well!

In the autumn period, Wu Guochen Bo Yao harmed the virtuous and the country, and finally the country was broken.

Bo Yao, a native of the late Autumn Period, was born into a noble family in the Chu State. Because he fled to Wu because of his father's difficulty, he served as the Dazai of Wu under the recommendation of Wu Zixu, and worked with Wu Zixu to plan state affairs.

At first, because he had not yet gained a firm foothold in Wu State, he and Wu Zixu were in the same boat, giving advice and making a lot of efforts for Wu State. But after he won his will, he was distracted and did the work of bringing disaster to the country and the people.

The time dates back to 494 B.C., Wu and Yue were at war, and the Yue Kingdom was about to perish. After accepting the bribe from the Yue Kingdom, Bo Yao tried his best to instigate Wu Wangfu to agree to the peace request of the Yue Kingdom, so that the Yue Kingdom had a chance to breathe. After the king of Yue arrived in Wu, Wu Zixu persuaded the king of Wu to kill Gou Jian, so as to prevent future troubles, Bo Yao tried his best to protect Gou Jian, so that the king of Wu dispelled the idea of killing the king of Yue. The fledgling Bo Yao Wang's gratitude began to kill Wu Zixu. Especially after King Wu got the beautiful Xi Shi, he made a big move to build Gusu Terrace, and enjoyed himself with beauties such as Xi Shi at night. Wu Zixu saw Yue Guo's intentions and persuaded him bitterly, which made King Wu very disgusted.

In the blink of an eye, in 484 BC, King Wu wanted to send troops to attack the State of Qi, but Wu Zixu disagreed and stated the benefits, but King Wu not only did not listen, but had the idea of killing Wu Zixu. Bo Yao fell into the well and resorted to the plan of borrowing a knife to kill people, trying to get rid of Wu Zixu, but he did not succeed. Bo Yao was not reconciled, and made up lies to frame Wu Zixu, and finally caused Wu Zixu to commit suicide and die. In 482 BC, the third year after Wu Zixu's death, the Yue Kingdom took the opportunity to attack the Wu State, almost destroying the Wu State. In 478 BC, the Yue Kingdom attacked the Wu State again, and the Wu army was defeated. In the winter of 473 BC, the Yue army broke through the Wu capital Gusu, and Wu Wangfu committed suicide. Bo Yao thought that he had made a meritorious contribution to the Vietnamese country, and he shamelessly asked Gou Jian for credit.

Unexpectedly, Gou Jian had long hated him, so he ordered the warrior to behead Bo Yao and destroy his entire family. The ministers who brought disaster to the country and the people finally came to a shameful end.

Zhao was originally the most promising country to unify the world, but why did it lose to Qin in the end?

Zhao can be said to be the country that is most likely to unify the six countries among the seven heroes of the Warring States period in the later period, except for Qin. Because of the reform of the military system, they had a powerful cavalry and the most advanced tactical methods of play at that time. Moreover, they have Lin Xiangru, Zhao Sheng, Wu Lian Po, Li Mu, it can be said that there are many talents for a while, and it is difficult for other countries to match them. At the same time, after they reformed the military system, they did quickly play a very good effect, breaking Loufu and Linhu in the west, destroying Zhongshan in the north, and opening up thousands of miles of land. Moreover, there is also a process of eliminating one and the other, Wei and Chu have declined one after another, Qi has not thought of making progress, and Korea and Yan are on the verge of extinction.

In such a good situation, it stands to reason that Zhao should fight very hard to the end, defeat the other vassal states, and unify the six kingdoms. Why did it end up being a wedding dress for the Qin State and allowing the Qin State to achieve unification?

Regarding this issue, I think it can be divided into two aspects: subjective factors and objective factors.

1. Objective factors.

First, Zhao's national strength is insufficient. In war, although in local wars, there are losses and wins. However, when it comes to the national war, the competition is actually national strength. Those with strong national strength and profound heritage will have more impact. If you don't have enough foundation, even if you can win one or two battles, you will still lose in the end. In terms of national strength, Zhao is obviously inferior to Qin. The Qin State has the land of "one hundred and two" Qinchuan and the land of Bashu, these two places provide rich material resources for the Qin State. Although the Qin State has waged so many wars, it has never been impoverished. The land of Yan and Zhao in Zhao also has a certain amount of production, but the production is simply not enough to supply the long-term war output. In the Battle of Changping, why did King Zhao Xiaocheng have to attack quickly. When Lian Po did not attack, King Zhao Xiaocheng did not hesitate to replace Zhao Kuo, who was inexperienced but willing to attack, but Zhao Guo's materials were not enough. In the end, the Zhao army was also defeated by the Qin army because of the obvious lack of food.

Second, Zhao's strategic depth is insufficient. The location of Zhao is very unfavorable for its growth. It is bordered by the Xiongnu to the north, Qi to the east, Yan to the northeast, Wei and Chu to the south, and Qin to the west. That is, it is in the midst of the vassal states. Although it can break the building, Lin Hu, and destroy Zhongshan, but these are actually small countries or minority countries, when Zhao State and the big country fight, it will be hit from all directions, and it will not be given a chance to continue to grow.

When King Zhao Wuling had just succeeded to the throne, he was threatened by a flanking attack from the Five Kingdoms, which is a practical example. The reason why Zhao was in the reign of King Huiwen of Zhao and King Xiaocheng of Zhao, and the countries of Wei, Chu, and Qi did not jointly fight it was because it was fighting against Qin. Once it succeeds in fighting against Qin and defeats Qin, the surrounding countries will inevitably unite to encircle it. The Qin State is different, its strategic depth is very good. It is protected by natural hazards such as Hangu Pass, and at the same time, it has a large and vast area behind it as a backing, and the rear of the Qin State is very stable and will not cause any trouble to the Qin State. In fact, the six countries had no chance of breaking into the Hangu Pass at all. In fact, even if the six countries entered the Hangu Pass, they still couldn't have any chance.

2. Subjective factors.

First, Zhao did not carry out institutional reforms. The state of Zhao implemented the "Hufu Cavalry" and carried out military reforms. But they did not carry out institutional reforms, and they did not match them with military reforms. In the later years of King Zhao Wuling, due to the problem of succession, the descendants fought and he himself was starved to death. The fundamental reason for this situation is that King Zhao Wuling did not carry out political reforms. At that time, the Warring States was transitioning from slavery to feudalism, and the strengthening of imperial power was the core of this political reform. However, King Wuling of Zhao implemented a system of separation of powers, wanting to give the throne to his son, let his son guard the country, and fight the war wholeheartedly. In doing so, it caused a struggle for power among the sons. And in the end, King Zhao Wuling wanted to take back the lost power. Therefore, such a fuss ended up in a mess. There is no decent political reform, and there are no other institutional reforms. The state of Zhao is still the same, and it can't support its southern and northern wars at all. The Qin State began with the "Shang Dynasty Reform Law", which was a series of national reforms, involving military, political, and social levels. The reform has been done very thoroughly, which is incomparable to Zhao.

Second, King Zhao Xiaocheng was in a hurry to succeed and failed. The biggest node of Zhao's defeat was undoubtedly the "Battle of Changping". The Battle of Changping caused Zhao to lose 450,000 people, so that it was greatly damaged. Since then, he has lost the capital to compete with the Qin State. The failure of this battle was due to the factor of Zhao Kuo's "talking on paper". However, the fundamental reason is that King Zhao Xiaocheng is in a hurry. At that time, he didn't have the ability to compete with the Qin State for hegemony at all, and he should have been obscure at that time. When Shangdang County proposed to belong to Zhao State, he should not have hastily agreed. If he didn't agree, he wouldn't have been forced to fight against Qin, and he would have been forced to bet all his army and national strength to fight this battle, and finally there would be a cliff-like weakening.

In short, the inability of Zhao to achieve the reunification of the whole country is a historical necessity, and no matter what if, it cannot change this fact.

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