Khitan names
On the father-son joint name system of the Khitan people - Liu Pujiang is centered on the Khitan stone carvings unearthed in recent years
15 And the Khitan small character "Yelu Zhixian Epitaph" in line 13 has a name, and the Chinese epitaph unearthed at the same time is translated as "Asari", 16 This is the Liao Dynasty Chinese translation of Yeluqi's nickname. The last two words of the above quotation refer to the second name of Yeluqi, and the "Epitaph of Xiao Yi" has the person "the northern privy envoy Jelu Sabanin",17 which refers to Yeluqi, and "Sabanin" is a different translation of Saban. This name is also found in the Chigai and the first line of the Chronicle, and this second place ends with a finish. Another example is found in line 12 of the Epitaph of Jereqi: Wo Du Yu โก Li
This man was the brother of Jeruqi. In 1996, the Khitan small character "Yelu Countersigned Epitaph" unearthed in the tomb group of Yeluqi family in Chaoketu Mountain, Alu Korqin Banner, Inner Mongolia, the owner of the tomb is this person. According to the third line of the epitaph, the small name of the tomb owner is that the Khitan big character is equivalent to the Khitan small character. In the Khitan small character stone carvings, this word is often used for the phrase (first year), and in the past, the Khitan script research group used to regard it as a Chinese loanword, so the word was pronounced as ju-uan.18 Later, Mr. Shi (Batu) saw (control bone) according to the "Yelu Religious Epitaph", and it was redrafted as [ur]. 19 However, the phonetic value of the original character is still unknown, so for the time being, its nickname is translated as "โก li", and this issue will be discussed in more detail below. The second name of this person is found in the first line of the epitaph of "Yelu Countersigned Epitaph", writing, which is the same word as the Khitan big character. According to the word is often used in Khitan small character stone carvings for the era name "Da'an", Mr. Qing Getai pronounces it as uduwon, and believes that it is related to the word "wo duwon" in the "Liao Shi Chinese Interpretation". 20 The author thinks that this conclusion is admissible, and therefore the second name of this person should also be translated as wo duk or ่ฎน้ฝๆค. 21 This second place also ended with a finish.
15 According to the Khitan big characters and Khitan small characters, they are all idiomatic words before the era name, and the translation with the Qingning era name is and. 16 See Zhao Zhiwei and Bao Ruijun, "Appendix to the Interpretation of the Khitan Small Character 'Yelu Zhixian's Epitaph'", Minzu Linguistics, No. 3, 2001, pp. 39, 41. 17 Xiang Nan: Liao Dynasty Stone Inscriptions, Hebei Education Press, 1995, p. 623. 18 See Qing Getai, Liu Fengzhuo et al., A Study of Khitan Small Characters, China Social Sciences Press, 1985, pp. 115-117. The idea that it is a loanword in Chinese was first proposed by the Japanese scholar Hiroaki Yamaji. 19 See Jishi, "The Mystery of the Forest Asks the Path: A New Journey of Khitan Small Character Interpretation" (hereinafter referred to as the "Mystery Forest Asks the Path"), Liaoning Nationalities Publishing House, 1996, postscript, pp. 657-658. 20 Qing Getai, "Overview of Khitan Small Character Research", Journal of Inner Mongolia University (Mongolian Edition), No. 4, 1999. According to the "Liao Shi Chinese Interpretation": "Wo Du Xuan, fruits also." According to the records of "Yingwei Zhi", Xingzong Hulu Duo is known as Wo Du Xuan, and the Han name is Yanqing Palace. 21 "History of Liao", volume 111, "Xiao Yuli also Biography", volume 114, "Xiao Triol's Biography", are all said to be the main character of the biography.
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To sum up, the above two second noun endings of Khitan characters, plus the words at the end of the words revealed by the author in the article "Initial Interpretation", have found three second noun endings in the stone carvings of Khitan characters. Since the Khitan small characters have five kinds of second noun endings with additional components, I believe that there should also be five corresponding endings in the Khitan characters, with the increasing number of Khitan large characters unearthed documents and the deepening of interpretation, it is expected that this legacy problem will be solved more satisfactorily in the near future. In the article "Initial Interpretation", the author pointed out that the second noun ending of Khitan big characters and the second noun ending of Khitan small characters can be connected. So, what is the correspondence between the sum of the second noun endings of the above two Khitan big characters and the additional components of the Khitan small word endings? Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the components of these two endings in combination with the Khitan small-character stone inscriptions. (1) There is a lot of evidence that the second noun ending component of the Khitan big character can be used to communicate with the second noun ending additional component of the Khitan small character.
As mentioned above, the Khitan big character "Yelu Xi Ne Epitaph" in the first line, that is, the second name of the tomb owner, Xi Ni (Xi Pu), the Khitan small character of this name is found in the second line of the "Yelu Xi Li Epitaph", writing. 22 That is to say, in the name "Xi Pu", the Khitan big word ending is equivalent to the Khitan small word ending. We can also provide some circumstantial evidence for this. The 11th line of the Epitaph of Yelu Xi Ne, which means "deceased", and the word is written in small Khitan print (see line 20 of the Epitaph of Yelu Zhixian); The 30th line of the Khitan big character "Yeluqi Epitaph" means "to marry", and the word is written in Khitan small characters. 23 From the above examples, a conclusion can be drawn, that is, the Khitan characters are connected with the Khitan small characters, and the Khitan characters are connected with the Khitan small characters. The second line of the Khitan big-character "Epitaph of Doroli Bulangjun" is the second place of the tomb owner "Special Exemption". The Khitan small characters of this name are found in the second line of "Xiao Zhonggong's Epitaph". Let's give another circumstantial evidence. The 12th line of the Khitan large-character "Yelu Xine's Epitaph" means "seal (number)", and the Khitan small-character "Xu Wang Epitaph" in the second line of the "seal", try to compare the two, and we can also conclude that the Khitan big word ending of the word "special exemption" is equivalent to the Khitan small word ending.
Another example is the word that appears three times in the 4th, 7th, and 8th lines of the Khitan large-character "Yeluqi Epitaph", which is the second name commonly used by the Khitan people.
22 This epitaph photograph was originally published in Tang Cailan's Liaoshangjing Cultural Relics (*: Yuanfang Publishing House, 2005, p. 148), but it was mistakenly called Yelugui Yexi's Epitaph. The question of the name of the epitaph will be left to be explained later.
23 There are several slightly different ways to write the word "marry" in Khitan small characters, and this way of writing is the most common, see "Yah
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The endings of the Khitan characters correspond to the endings of the Khitan characters. Another example is the Khitan big character "Epitaph of Doroli Bulangjun" in the second line and the third line of "Yeluqi Epitaph" both have a word, which is synonymous with the Khitan small character, referring to "the second (name)", which can be known to be equivalent to, equivalent to.
The above examples illustrate the fact that when used as an add-on component of the second noun ending in Khitan characters, its pronunciation and grammatical meaning are exactly the same as those of Khitan characters. The author pointed out in the article "Initial Interpretation" that the range of the phonetic value of the second noun ending component of Khitan small characters can be measured as *in~ian, which mostly appears after ษ vowels; 24 The range of the second noun endings (Khitan small characters) and (Khitan large characters) can be measured as *in~ษn, which only adheres to the consonant or vowel u.
Let's try an example to verify the difference between the sum of additional components at the end of Khitan words. As mentioned above, the Khitan big-character "Epitaph of Yelu Xi Ne" writes its second name Xi Ni (Xi Pu), and the second line of the epitaph is famous, that is, Xi Ning, the sixth ancestor of Xi Ni. According to the Chinese "Epitaph of Yelu Xine" unearthed at the same time, it is recorded: "The generalissimo of the soldiers and horses of the king of Yue is Xi Ning, and the small character Lu Bugu is the sixth ancestor of the Gongzhi." 25 There is a legend in volume 76 of this person's "History of Liao", which is said to be "Yelu is not ancient, and the word is Xinning". This "Lu Bugu" is a different translation of "Lu Bugu", and "Xinning" is a different translation of "Xi Ning". Look at the Khitan small print again. The Khitan small character of "Xi Ni (Xi Pu)" is made in the second line of the "Epitaph of Yelu Qili"; The Khitan small character of "Xi Ning (Xinning)" is made in line 6 of "Yelunu's Epitaph". 26 As mentioned earlier, the second noun ending component and only sticking to the consonant or vowel u, the original word foley un, 27 Therefore, the ending component of the word / is and; The second noun endings and most of them appear after the ษ vowel and just have a ษ vowel, 28 so the ending of the word / is and respectively.
Lines 7, 8, and 63 of the Epitaph of the Rilu Prophet, lines 21 and 22 of the Epitaph of the Jeruh Religion, etc. 24 Mr. Chingeltai proposed a correction to the author's foley sound, and he believed that from the perspective of vowel harmony, the range of sound values could be adjusted to ษn~en. See Shi, "Research on the Pronunciation of Several Commonly Used Original Characters in Khitan Small Characters", Journal of Inner Mongolia University, No. 4, 2007, pp. 7-9. 25 Gai Zhiyong, Research on Stone Inscriptions of the Liao Dynasty in Inner Mongolia, p. 357. 26 "History of Liao", Volume 83, "The Biography of Yelu Huge", refers to the word Xunning, that is, a different translation of Xi Ning, this name is written in line 6 of the Khitan small character "Yelunu Epitaph", see Shi Jinmin and Yu Ze/Min, "Khitan Small Character 'Yelunu Epitaph' Interpretation", Ethnic Languages, No. 2, 2001, p. 65. 27 Qing Getai, "The Problem of Khitan Small Character Interpretation", published by the Institute of Asian and African Languages and Cultures, Tokyo University of Foreign Chinese, March 2002, pp. 80-81.
28 See Qing Getai, "The Problem of Khitan Small Character Interpretation", p. 94.
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(2) From the information currently available, this character can be connected with the second noun ending additional component of Khitan small characters.
The third line of the Khitan large-character "Yeluqi Epitaph", that is, the second name of the tomb owner, Saban, is written in the 7th line of the Khitan small-character "Yelurenxian Epitaph". 29 and the 12th line of the "Epitaph of Yeluqi", that is, the second name of the tomb owner, Wo Duxuan, this name is written in the first line of the Khitan small character "Yelu Countersigned Epitaph". This shows that when used as an additional component of the second noun ending in Khitan characters, its pronunciation, continuity characteristics and grammatical meaning can be equivalent to those of Khitan characters. According to the inference of the article "Initial Interpretation", the range of the phonetic value of the additional component of the second noun ending of Khitan small characters can be tentatively proposed as *n~in, which mostly adheres to the vowel o. 30 The above analysis results show that the three additional components of the second noun suffix of the Khitan small characters that have been discovered so far can correspond to the previously discovered additional components of the second noun suffix of the Khitan small characters: the communication between the Khitan large characters and the Khitan small characters, the communication between the Khitan large characters and the Khitan small characters, and the communication between the Khitan large characters and the Khitan small characters. The other two Khitan small characters have no corresponding endings in the Khitan large character data, and further research is needed in the future. Based on the research results of the Initial Interpretation and this paper, the distribution of the additional components of the second noun suffix of Khitan characters is summarized as follows. Table 1: Distribution of additional components at the end of the second noun of Khitan characters
The type of ending
Continuity features
use case
derivation
Khitan small print
Sticks only after consonants or vowels u (Xi Ning, Xin Ning, Sun Ning)
The Epitaph of Jerunus
Khitan big characters
Same as above (Xi Ning, Xinning, Sunning)
The Epitaph of Jerushine
Khitan small print
It mostly appears after ษ vowels (Xi Ni, Xi Yu)
Epitaph of Jeruqili
Khitan big characters
Same as above (Xi Ni, Xi Pu)
The Epitaph of Jerushine
Khitan small print
Mostly sticks after the vowel o (saban, sapan, saben, etc.)
Epitaph of Jerodensen
Khitan big characters
Same as above (Saban, Sabanin)
The Epitaph of Jereqi
29 Mr. Jishi's translation of this name as "Sa Bu Chun" (see "Interpretation of the Epitaph of the Neighbors", p. 210 of "The Mystery of the Forest"), which is inconsistent with the Liao Dynasty translation. In the "History of Liao", Khitan names such as Saban, Saban, Saban, Saban, and Saben are common, which is the Chinese translation of this word. 30 Mr. Qing Getai disputed this inference, which he considered to be readable as on, see Research on the Pronunciation of Several Commonly Used Original Characters in Khitan Small Characters, p. 9.
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Khitan small print
Mostly appears after the ๏ vowel (lazy)
Epitaph of Jerodileh
Khitan big characters?
ditto
To be examined
Khitan small print
Can be adhered to the vowel u (Brunn)
"Epitaph of Xiao Tu Ancient Words"
Khitan big characters?
ditto
To be examined
Second, the phenomenon of father-son joint names seen in Khitan large and small character stone carvings, the author previously revealed a total of ten examples of Khitan father-son joint names in the article "First Interpretation", of which four cases are from Khitan small character stone carvings, two cases are from Khitan large-character stone carvings, and four cases are from Chinese literature. In recent years, from the newly published materials of several Khitan large and small stone inscriptions, the author has found several examples of father and son joint names, which are described below. (1) Jelu Ma Kui and Jelu Puru
In July 2002, the Inner Mongolia Bahrain Left Banner Museum collected a Khitan small-character epitaph, and there is still a lot of controversy about the name of the epitaph due to disagreements over the foley of the tomb owner's name. Mr. Liu Fengzhu originally named the epitaph "Yelugui Yexi Epitaph", 31 and later renamed it "Yelugui Epitaph", "Yeludiligu Epitaph" or "Yelugui Diligu Epitaph"; 32 Professor Wula Xichun called it the "Epitaph of the Yelu Yi Liyan Taibao" or the "Chronicle of the Position of the Yelu Yi Liyan Taibao". 33 According to the preliminary interpretation of the epitaph, the full name of the tomb owner is known, the so-called "Di Ligu" is a transliteration of the tomb owner's nickname, and "Gui Ye Xi", "Gui" and "Yi Liyan" are all different translations of the second name of the tomb owner. In the author's opinion, these translations are not credible. In fact, the pronunciation of the word tomb owner's nickname should be relatively clear. According to the "Epitaph of Yelu Renxian", the tomb owner is commonly referred to, that is, the word of Renxian (second place) "Qi Lin" in the "Biography of Liao Shi Yelu Renxian", 34 The epitaph is made
31 See Tang Cailan, "Liao Shangjing Cultural Relics", p. 148. The title of the epitaph rubbings published in the book is based on the opinion of Mr. Liu Fengzhu. 32 See Liu Fengzhuo et al., "Liao Dynasty 'Yelu Longyou's Epitaph' and 'Yelugui' Epitaph' Interpretation", Wenshi, vol. 4, 2006, pp. 116-142. 33 Aisin Jueluo Wula Xichun, "้ผๆใฎ็็กโโ้ๅๅญฎๅ ็ไบๅนด่ซ้ใใฆ" (hereinafter referred to as "้ผๆใฎ็ๆ"), Ritsumeikan Literature, No. 594, March 2006, pp. 98-101; Khitan Tomb ่ชใใ่ฆใ้ผๅฒ, p. 264. 34 See Liu Pujiang, ""The King of the Neighbors" and "A Baojin"โTwo Titles of the Khitan Small Character 'Yelu Renxian's Epitaph'", Literature and History, vol. 4, 2006.