A preliminary study on the urban layout of Ezhou in the Song Dynasty

Since the Wei and Jin dynasties, Ezhou City is one of the important towns in the Yangtze River Basin, [Ezhou in the Song Dynasty, known as Wuchang in the Ming and Qing dynasties, and is located in the area of the old city of Wuchang District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province. After development, it became the largest city in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River in the Song Dynasty and a regional political, economic and cultural center. This paper attempts to explore the development and changes of Ezhou city in the Song Dynasty from the perspective of the internal layout of the city, and on the basis of restoring the urban layout of Ezhou, analyzes its characteristics, and examines its relationship with geographical environment, economic development, cultural and psychological factors, so as to provide an empirical case for the study of urban history in the Song Dynasty.

First, the scale of the city and the layout of the city gate

From the Three Kingdoms to the Song and Yuan dynasties, the construction of Ezhou City went through two major periods, and the general trend was that the scale of the city gradually increased, expanding from west to east.

In the first period, "Wu Sunquan built the old fortress in the second year of Chiwu, which was called Xiakou City." [(Ming) Xue Gang compiled, Wu Tingju continued: Jiajing Lake Guangtu Jingzhi (hereinafter abbreviated as "Hu Guangtu Jingzhishu"), vol. 1 "Ben Si Zhi • Chengchi", Japan Tibetan Chinese Rare Local Chronicles Series, Beijing: Bibliography Literature Publishing House, 1990, according to the Japanese Zun Jing Pavilion Library, the first year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty. Xiakou City, "by the mountains and rivers, open the momentum of Mingyuan, rely on the blockage, the high view of the pillow flow, the opposite bank is into the Jin, so the city is named after Xiakou." [Yongzheng's "Huguang Tongzhi" volume 77 "Monuments • Wuchang Mansion • Jiangxia County", engraved in the eleventh year of Yongzheng. The city is twelve miles around, and it is two feet and one foot high. Later, because of the state rule, the mountain was added to the left and right, for the heavy city, set up two gates, the east is called the state gate, and the west is called the Bilan gate. Song, Qi, Liang, and Chen are all because of it". ["Huguangtu Jingshu", vol. 1, "Ben Si Zhi • Chengchi."] In the Tang Bao calendar, Niu monks and children "inspected the school of the Ministry of Rites, Tongzhong Shumenxia Pingzhangshi, Ezhou Thorn History, Wuchang Military Festival, Eyue Qihuang Observation and other envoys." Jiangxia City's climate is scattered and evil, it is difficult to stand on the wall, and the board is built every year, and the essence is covered with it. The fate of the officials is treacherous, and the beetle is long-lasting. Monks and children to, counting the cost of building the board, more than 100,000 years old, that is, to give it bricks, in order to be the price of the building. In all five years, all the beetles will be gone, and the evils will be eliminated forever. [Old Tang Book, vol. 172, The Biography of Niu Monks and Ru, Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1975 edition, p. 4470.] The construction of the castle by cows and monks improved the quality of the city walls, but the size of the castle did not change significantly.

The second period was the Song Dynasty, and the city of Ezhou was expanded on a large scale. Emperor Yu of the Northern Song Dynasty in three years (1051 AD), Zhizhou Li Yaoyu increased the repair of the city, and then the Ezhou city is twice the original Xiakou City, "around twenty-four miles, two zhang and one foot high, there are three doors, the east is called Qingyuan, the south is called Wangze, and the west is called Pinghu." Yuan because of it. ["Huguangtu Jingshu", vol. 1, "Ben Si Zhi • Chengchi."] Limited to the topography, the expansion of the castle spread to the east, and the Xiakou Castle in the time of Sun Wu became a sub-castle at the west end of the castle.

In addition to the three gates of Qingyuan, Wangze and Pinghu, the Ezhou city gates recorded by the Song people also include Zhuyan Gate, Wuchang Gate and Hanyang Gate.

Bamboo Gate: "Jisheng of the Land" Volume 66 "Ezhou • Scenery" "Mijie Pavilion" article: "Outside the Bamboo Gate, near the river." ”

Wuchang Gate: "Xitang Collection" Volume 5 "Seven Words Quatrain": "The willows outside Wuchang Gate are like smoke, I want to see Pan Hou pillow Qu Mian, and I want to borrow a sail of spring water to go, and the riverside is full of Chuzhou boats." ""Jisheng of the Land", Volume 66, "Ezhou • The History of the Military Marshal of the Supervision Division", "Huguang Consulate General...... The company is in Wuchang Gate. ”

Hanyang Gate: "Into Shu" Volume 3: "To Ezhou...... and (chapter) crown out of Hanyang Gate, Youxian Cave ......" "Shiping Poetry Collection" Volume 1 "Ezhu Zhang Tangqing Zhou Jiazhong Farewell": "Wuchang Jiangtou people farewell, Yang Liu Qiu dare not fold. Looking at the South Building outside the Hanyang Gate, I don't know yesterday and today. ”

The above three gates, the bamboo gate should be the west gate. The west of Ezhou City is bordered by the Yangtze River, and since the bamboo gate is "near the river", it should be the west gate. For the lighting of the Qing Fangzhi, it can be known that the bamboo gate is indeed the west gate of Ezhou. "Huguang Tongzhi" volume 15 "City Chronicles • Wuchang Mansion" "Fucheng" article: "In the fourth year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty, Jiangxia Hou Zhou Dexing expanded and built,...... For the door nine, the east is called Dadong, the east is called Xiaodong, the west is called Zhuyan, it is said that Hanyang, it is said that Pinghu ......"

Hanyangmon Gate is also the West Gate. According to Lu You's records, he first "climbed the Stone Mirror Pavilion and visited the site of the Yellow Crane Tower" in Ezhou and Zhang Guan, and then "went out of Hanyang Gate with Guanzhi". Shijing Pavilion is in the corner of "Shicheng Mountain, is pillowing the river, its west is opposite to Hanyang, stopping at a water, and the characters and plants can be counted. [Lu You: "Entering Shu" fifth, "Lu You Ji Weinan Anthology" (hereinafter abbreviated as "Weinan Anthology"), vol. 47, Zhonghua Book Co., 1976 edition, p. 2443.] The "Shiping Poems" quoted above is also known as "the farewell of the people of Wuchang Jiangtou,...... Hanyang Gate looks at the South Tower", it can be seen that Hanyang Gate is in the west of the city, opposite to the west of Hanyang across the river, the distance is very close, this geographical location can only be in the west of Ezhou City. After the Song Dynasty, Hanyangmen was frequently seen in historical books, such as the Yuan Dynasty Cao Boqi's "Cao Wenzhen Gong Poetry Collection" volume 9 "Liangyue Wangyi Zhongtong Zai Gong and Jijun Ping Chatui": "Idle on the old rock head of the yellow crane, thousands of acres of smoke and waves of twilight. Imagine that the old man's heart is like me, and look at the south building outside the Hanyang Gate. "Huguang Tongzhi" Volume 25 "Ritual Chronicles • Jiangxia County, Wuchang Prefecture": "Jianghan Shrine, in the Hanyang Gatehouse, Song Chunxi Zhongtong sentenced Liu Jing to Jianghanyi as the hope of worship, that is, the west of Lingzhu Temple is the altar sacrifice, and then changed to worship today. "Huguang Tongzhi" Volume 15 "City Chronicles • Wuchang Mansion": "Wuchang Mansion City,...... In the fourth year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty, Zhou De, the Marquis of Jiangxia, expanded and built...... For the door nine,...... In the west, it is called bamboo, and it is called Hanyang,...... In the fourteenth year of Jiajing, the imperial history of Gu Ling was rebuilt, and the door was still nine ,...... Xiyi Bamboo is called Hanyang, and it is called Hanyang ,......" Until today, there is still Hanyang Gate in the west of Wuchang District, Wuhan City, which is an important ferry port by the Yangtze River.

Wuchang Gate, from the geographical point of view, should also be in the west of Ezhou City. The poem "Xitang Collection" quoted above says: "The willows outside the Wuchang Gate are like smoke,...... The riverside is full of Chuzhou boats", indicating that Wuchang Gate is the city gate near the river. There are many sentences in the poems of the Ming and Qing dynasties that chant Wuchangmen, such as the Ming Dynasty Zhang Yu's "Jing'an Collection" volume 4 "Inscription Gift to Changxing Dudian Shi Jun": "If the Xitou Mountain is like a halberd, the willows outside the Wuchang Gate are like smoke." How can he shoot it out and tie it to the field. Dong Ji's "Western Suburbs Laughing Duanji" Volume 1 "Second Rhyme Sha Yungong Feelings Two Songs": "There are lonely spirits in Xingle, and there is no resumption of the public building with laughter. There are many official willows outside the Wuchang Gate, and there are a few trees that are still left. "Qing Xiao Guangzhao "Pomegranate Flower Tower": "Meishan is far away from Wuchang Gate, and the frost shadow is blurred from the filial piety village". [Quoted from: Yongzheng's "Huguang Tongzhi" volume 88 "Art and Literature Chronicles.] Pomegranate Flower Tower, filial piety village, in the Ming Dynasty are the place names near Wuchang City, "Ming Dynasty Unification Chronicles" volume 59 "Hu Guangbu Political Division • Historic Site": "Pomegranate Flower Tower, in the northwest of the county. In the Song Dynasty, there was a woman who was filial piety, and she killed chickens for food one day, and her aunt died after eating chickens. The aunt sued the official, the woman sat on the crime, there was no way to understand herself, the punishment was to break a branch of pomegranate flowers, insert the ground and wish: If the concubine is poisonous, the flower will wither, if it is false, the flower can be resurrected. After that, flowers and fruits are born. At that time, people said that the sky was bright, and then the tower flower side was erected to show its matter. Xi'an: Sanqin Publishing House, 1990, photocopied tomorrow's Shun engraving. Zhu Yizun's "Exposing the Book Pavilion Collection" Volume 6 "Sending Wu Er's Ancestors to Hanyang": "Hannan returns to think about Qingchuan, and the west wind of Huangpu sends passenger ships. Mo Shang Wuchang looked outside the door, and the broken intestines and willows seemed to be back then. Mao Qiling's "West River Collection" Volume 139 "Chongyang of Sending Friends": "Newly planted willows outside Wuchang Gate, where is the lovesickness continuous. [The above entries are all quoted from Yongzheng's "Huguang Tongzhi", volume 89, "Art and Literature Chronicles."] These poems, mostly related to boarding the ship and farewell, show that Wuchang Gate should be the west gate of the river. From the position of the Huguang Consulate General in the Southern Song Dynasty, the location of Wuchang Gate can also be roughly deduced. "Tens of thousands of soldiers in Wuchang, Yang to the salary of the six roads", [Yang Wanli: "Cheng Zhai Collection" volume 119 "Zhongsan Doctor Guangxi Transfer Judge Presents the Straight Secret Pavilion Peng Gong (Han Lao) Xing", Taipei: Photocopy of the four libraries of Wenyuan Pavilion. ] Huguang Consulate General "Commander-in-Chief Hunan, North and South, Guangxi West, Jiangxi, Jingxi Six Roads Finance, should be in Ezhou, Jiangling, Xiangyang, Jiangzhou garrison army four places, and nineteen counties to divide the troops", [Wang Xiangzhi: "Yudi Jisheng" volume 66 "Ezhou • Supervision of the Military Marshal History", Nanjing: Jiangsu Guangling Ancient Book Engraving Society photocopied Daoguang's 29th year of fear of Yingzhai. A huge amount of grain and grass was imported into Ezhou through the Jianghan waterway, and it was more convenient for the consul general in charge of its affairs to be located on the side of the big river in the west of Ezhou.

As mentioned earlier, in the Song Dynasty, Ezhou City already had three gates: Pinghu, Hanyang, and Zhuyan, and Wuchang Gate was the fourth gate in the west of the city? I think so. A basic basis is that the west gate of Wuchang Fucheng in the Ming Dynasty is only Pinghu, Hanyang, and Zhuyan, and the relative orientation of the three is according to the second volume of the "Huguangtu Jingzhishu" and the "Jiangxia County Map", which can be seen that the Hanyang Gate is due west, the Pinghu Gate is south of the Hanyang Gate, and the Zhuyan Gate is in the southeast of the Pinghu Gate. The three gates in the west of the city of the Ming Dynasty are the four years of Hongwu (AD 1371) Zhou Dexing "expand and build", Wuchang City expanded into nine gates, the basic pattern of the nine gates has been maintained until the late Qing Dynasty, during which it has experienced "Jiajing 14 years of imperial history Gu Lan rebuilt", "Emperor Qing Governor Zu Zeyuan added repair, Yongzheng six years rebuilt". [Yongzheng's "Huguang Tongzhi" volume 15 "Chengchi Zhi • Wuchang Mansion Wuchang Mansion City.] In the same volume, the 59th year of Qianlong (1794 AD) "Jiangxia County Map", the situation of the nine gates is clearly visible. The scale of Ezhou City in the Song Dynasty was not as large as that in the Ming and Qing dynasties, and it was impossible and unnecessary to set up four gates in the west of the city. Further, the relationship between Wuchang Gate and Yellow Crane Mountain and Yellow Crane Tower, and the relationship between Hanyang Gate and Tongshan and Tonglou, it is not difficult to see that the "Wuchang Gate" in "Jisheng" is basically the same as the "Hanyang Gate" in "Entering Shu", and these two gates are likely to be one door and two names, in other words, there are three west gates of Wuchang City in the early years of the Ming Dynasty, which is likely to be the layout of the Song Dynasty.

The city of Ezhou is surrounded by mountains and rivers, and the city walls are built, forming an irregular circle.

There is a sub-castle in the city, which comes from the original Xiakou Castle. "Jisheng of the Land" volume 66 "Ezhou • Scenery" "Xiakou City" article: "The original name of the sub-city is Xiakou City. …… Zhang Shunmin's "Record of Southern Migration" cloud: Echeng Zicheng, and Runzhou Zicheng, Jincheng, Fuzhoushan City, Wuchang Wuwangcheng, the production is one. All of them are attached to the mountain, and the week is only three or two miles. It is known that the ancients built cities, and they wanted to be strong, not wide. "During the Song Dynasty, the walls of Ezhou Zicheng were "lacking and broken", ["Into Shu" fifth, "Lu Youji Weinan Anthology" volume 47, p. 1?? Page. But the name has been retained, until the Ming Dynasty still exists, "Ming Dynasty Unification Chronicles" volume 59 "Hu Guangbu Political Division • Mountains and Rivers": "Huanghu Mountain, in the southwest of Fucheng, a Yellow Crane Mountain, the old because of the mountain for the city, that is, now ten thousand enemies and sub-cities also." ”

Second, the government office and the pavilion

Ezhou City is located at the confluence of the Yangtze River and the Han River, "the shape of the dwelling is important, the control is connected to the Xiangchuan, and the side is connected to the Han Dynasty", [Written by Le Shi, compiled by Wang Wenchu et al.: "Taiping Huanyu Ji" Volume 112 "Jiangnan West Road Ten • Ezhou", Ancient Chinese Geography Series, Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 2007 edition. "Connecting Yong and Liang is really a matter of Jin", [Book of Song, vol. 66, "The Biography of He Shang", Zhonghua Book Company, 1974 edition, p. 1737. "It has always been an important town in the past dynasties". ["Jisheng of the Land", vol. 66, "Ezhou, Customs, and Victory."] After entering the Song Dynasty, as the ruling center moved south to the east, the status of Ezhou further rose. During the Southern Song Dynasty, due to the needs of the Song-Jin War, Ezhou became more important, and the state city was not only the seat of Ezhou and Jiangxia County, but also became the location of road-level institutions. During the Shaoxing period, the Jinghu North Road Transfer Division moved from Jiangling in the Northern Song Dynasty to Ezhou; In the fifth year of Shaoxing (1135 AD), the capital control department was established in Ezhou; Soon after, the Huguang Consulate General was added. The three major institutions are located in Ezhou City.

The topography of Ezhou City is special: the west of the city is limited by the Yangtze River, and the mountains and hills in the city are continuous. Extending from the Yangtze River in the west to the east, there are Huanghu Mountain (now known as Snake Mountain), Phoenix Mountain, Hongshan Mountain, Luojia Mountain, Guizi Mountain, Fuhu Mountain, Nanwang Mountain, Moshan Mountain, Yujia Mountain, etc., forming a continuous and undulating mountain range. Huanghu Mountain, "In the southwest of Fucheng, a Yellow Crane Mountain", ["Ming Dynasty Unification Chronicles", vol. 59, "Huguangbu Zhengsi • Mountains and Rivers"]. (Ming) Yang Shiqi, Dongli Anthology, Volume 3, "Wuchang Ten Scenes, Poem Preface, Wuchang County": "From the west of Wuchang City, there are mountains near the river, which are tall and tall, and the county chronicles are called Huanghu Mountain", Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1998 edition, p. 39. "Commonly called Snake Mountain". [Yongzheng's "Huguang Tongzhi", vol. 7, "Mountains and Rivers, Wuchang Mansion, Jiangxia County."] During the Song and Song dynasties, Huanghu Mountain "started from the east nine miles, to the northwest of the county", traversed the whole city, "the forest is very beautiful"; ["Jisheng of the Land", volume 66, "Ezhou Scenery", "Huanghu Mountain". There is a rock at the highest point of the mountain, "the upper part is looking back at the mountains and rivers, and the lower part is a rough wave, which is called the Yellow Bird Rock", [Yongzheng's "Huguang Tongzhi" volume 77 "Historical Monuments • Wuchang Mansion • Jiangxia County" "Xiakou City" article. It is a scenic spot, and the famous Yellow Crane Tower is built on the rock. [(Tang) Li Jifu: "Yuanhe County Atlas" Volume 28 "Jiangnan Dao III • Ezhou Jiangxia": "Ezhou Prefecture City, Benxiakou City,...... It is adjacent to the river in the west, and the southwest corner is the building because of the rock, and the name is the Yellow Crane Tower. "General Chronicles of Ancient Chinese Geography Series, Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1983,?? Page. ]

The mountain in the city, Huanghu Mountain, has the advantage of controlling the whole city, and the government offices at all levels are surrounded by the foothills of the mountain, concentrated in the west, east and south feet of the mountain. The transshipment envoy is "in the Qingyuan Gate of the state, that is, the old Jiangxia County and the county Cheng Hall"; The Huguang Consulate General "is located in Wuchang Gate"; In the eleventh year of Shaoxing (1141 AD), the division was moved to the foot of Huanghu Mountain in the east of the city, that is, the old residence of Feng Wenjian. [The above are all from the "Jisheng of the Land", volume 66, "The History of the Military Marshal of Ezhou • Supervisors". Basically, they are all located in sub-towns with high and dangerous terrain.

In addition to the road-level government office, Jiangxia County and Ezhou are governed together, and the government office is located in a corner tower in the southeast of the state - under the Jiaodu Building. ["Jisheng of the Land", volume 66, "Ezhou • County History", "Jiangxia", the same book, the same volume "Ezhou • Historic Sites", "Jiaodu Building". ]

Intertwined with the various levels of government offices are numerous pavilions.

The mountains and rivers have always been the favorite of officials, scholars, literati and inkmen, and there are many pavilions and pavilions built in the Huanghu Mountains, and the area of the Zicheng Road Government (Prefecture) Government Office is particularly concentrated.

The most famous is the Yellow Crane Tower. "In the southwest corner of the sub-city, on the Yellow Bird Rock Mountain." The Yellow Crane Tower was named after the mountain, "since the Southern Dynasty", which was originally a watchtower guarded by war, and later led to many related myths and legends, and became the object of the chanting and expression of the literati and writers of the past dynasties. The Tang Dynasty is the heyday of the Yellow Crane Tower, "look at its towering towering tower, high standard tower, upper according to the river Han, lower river flow, heavy eaves wing pavilion, four xia open, sit peep into the well, overlook the clouds and smoke, also Jing Wu shape wins the most." [(Tang) Yan Bory: "The Story of the Yellow Crane Tower.] Quoted from: Wenyuan Yinghua, vol. 810, Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1966 edition. Li Bai, Wang Wei, Jia Dao, Bai Juyi and other famous artists have excellent works handed down, and Cui Hao's poem "Yellow Crane Tower" is a swan song for the ages. After entering the Song Dynasty, there are still a lot of poems and inscriptions about the Yellow Crane Tower, and there is a boundary painting, which still exists today. It can be seen in the picture that the Yellow Crane Tower has become a building group, and the main building is surrounded by small pavilions, curved corridors, and heavy eaves pavilions; The buildings stand on the high ground close to the city wall, overlooking the river, the waves of the river are chasing each other, and the masts of the ships are towering. [See: Wuhan Local Chronicles Compilation Committee, Wuhan City Chronicles and Cultural Relics, "Ancient Buildings, Pavilions", pp. 42~43, Wuhan: Wuhan University Press, 1990.] However, after the Southern Song Dynasty, the Yellow Crane Tower "has been abandoned, and the old site no longer exists." [The Fifth ,?? of "The Legend of Shu"] Page. ]

Among the many pavilions in Ezhou City in the Song Dynasty, the most famous is the South Tower. "The south building, on the top of the Huanghu Mountain in the south of the county, the middle taste is changed to Baiyun Pavilion. Yuan Youjian Zhizhou Fangze rebuilt and restored the old name. ["Jisheng of the Land", vol. 66, "Ezhou • Scenery."] ] South Building" system Hongwei, climb the view is especially victorious, Ezhou Lou view is more, and this is unique to the important meeting of the country. ["Entering Shu", fifth, "Weinan Anthology", vol. 47, p. 2443.] The literati of the Song Dynasty sang more about the South Tower than the Yellow Crane Tower, and there were many famous works, such as Huang Tingjian's poem "Long Sentences Long Desire to Be Far Away from the Present Book", Fan Chengda's poem "Ezhou South Tower". Huang Tingjian's poem said: "Jiangdong Lake and Hubei draw a map, and there is no one in the world in the south building of Ezhou. Gao Ming's broad and deep potential is embraced, and the rivers and mountains come to paint the pavilion..."[Huang Tingjian, Liu Shangrong proofreading: "Huang Tingjian's Poetry Collection Notes, Valley Poetry Collection Notes" (hereinafter abbreviated as "Valley Poetry Collection Notes"), Volume 18 "Fifty Ancient Poems", Zhonghua Book Company Proofreading, 2003 edition, p. 632. The grandeur of the South Building is vividly described. Fan Chengda's "Ezhou South Tower": "Who will make the jade flute in the Mid-Autumn Festival, and the yellow crane will fly to know the old tour." Hanshu has affection across the north Zhu, and Shujiang is speechless and hugs the south building. The candle sky lights are lit up in the three watch cities, and the moon is waved and the flag is thousands of miles away. But laughing at the perch township angler, Wuchang fish is good and drowned. [Fan Chengda, "Fan Shihu Collection: Collected Poems", vol. 19, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1981 edition, p. 274.] It's like a painting of the customs of the country. The south building is in the east and south of the Yellow Crane Tower, there is Yongyue Hall between the second floor, there is Xishuang Pavilion in the north of Yongyue Tower, "down to the rock wall, there is the inscription of grinding cliff between Tang Dynasty and Qingli". ["Jisheng of the Land", vol. 66, "Ezhou • Scenery".] To the west of the south building is the fairy jujube pavilion, where the legend says that the immortals picked jujube for Taizong.

There is a stone pavilion on the west side of the Yellow Crane Tower, a stone mirror pavilion, because "there is a stone on the cliff, such as a mirror,... Every time it is illuminated by the western sun, it shines brightly". ["Jisheng of the Land", vol. 66, "Ezhou • Scenery".] ]

Most of the buildings and pavilions are near the official office and belong to the official government. For example:

The Consulate General, "There is Qingjingtang ["Yudi Jisheng" volume 66 "Ezhou • Jingwu". Qingjingtang is also called "Jingqingtang", the same book and the same volume: "Jingqingtang, in the Consulate General." ", Zhengzheng Pavilion, Ying Xuan, Xi Xuan, Kuanbi, Mei Pavilion and other places", there are Chu Guan Lou ["Yu Di Ji Sheng" volume 66 "Ezhou • Scenery": "Chu Guan, in the head office, that is, the former site of Qizhang Pavilion. The same book and the same volume "Qizhang Pavilion" article said: "In the southeast of the state of the city. Qizhang Pavilion is a good scene in the Northern Song Dynasty fashion, He Zhu "Qinghu Old Poems" Volume 8 "Five Words Quatrain" "Jiangxia Eight Songs" one of the Yongqi Zhangting, the poem said: "The Pavilion reveals the strange chapter list, Si Min goes to think, more ashamed of the sheep uncle, Si Si Xian Mountain Monument." ”？？ Root. The Southern Song Dynasty was abolished, and the third volume of "Into Shu" said: "Travel to Toutuo Temple with Tongshu,...... From the northwest of the abbot, the tipping path to the top, the old Qizhang Pavilion, now has been abandoned, looking around the rivers and mountains and wells, there are relics", the first ?? Page. ], Shengchunlou ["Jisheng of the Land" volume 66 "Ezhou • Scenery": "That is, the wine cellar also. Qingmei Building, Qushui Pavilion, Arbor Pavilion. There is also the North Pavilion, "after setting up the hall, because of the mountain, it is opposite to the South Building"; "Yanbo Pavilion" is set up in the back of the hall, north pavilion west, overlooking the Yangtze River. "Chu Wang in the northeast of the Consulate General, Chu Guan on the top of Huanghu Mountain," is also affiliated with the firm. ["Yudi Jisheng" volume 66 "Ezhou • Scenery" "Chu Wang" article: "In the northeast of the Consulate General."] There is a Chuguan on the top of Huanghu Mountain, which is also affiliated with this institute. The following information about the pavilion, unless otherwise noted, is from the "Jisheng of the Land", volume 66, "Ezhou Scenery". ]

The Transshipment Department "has deputy envoys and judges", and has two offices, east and west. There are a glance pavilion, a cross-hoop pavilion, and a good cliff pavilion in the east ya. [The Cliff Pavilion is used to commemorate Zhang Yong, the transfer envoy of Jinghu North Road (self-named Cliff). "Jisheng of the Land" volume 66 "Ezhou • Historic Sites" "Obedient Cliff Pavilion" article: "After Caodong Ya." Li Tao set up the statue of Zhang Zhongding on it, and there is a document to record it. According to Lu You's observations, Caoyuan has "more than ten pavilions in the mountains", but "not much". [The Records of Entering Shu, IV, Weinan Anthology, vol. 46, p. 2441.] There is an east garden in the east ya, "there is a fine pavilion next to it", "there are four pavilions again." "Transshipment Division Xiya, there is Guangyong Pavilion, "at the top of the Huanghu Mountain in the West Caoya, near Chuguan in the west, looking down at the Jianghan, so take its righteous cloud"; There is Chunyin Pavilion, "the old name is Green Yin"; There are also incense pavilions and two pavilions in the southwest that are called "horizontal boats".

The office of the deputy envoy of the transfer, there is the Jianghan Pavilion, "because the ancient city is a pavilion, overlooking the Jianghan, the scenery is the most good." ["Jisheng of the Land", vol. 66, "Ezhou • Scenery."] Zhang Yan once made a note for this pavilion. [Zhang Yan: "Nanxuan Collection", vol. 18, "Jiang Hanting Said", Taipei: Photocopy of the four libraries of Wenyuan Pavilion. There are also mid-mountain pavilions and Jingchun terraces.

The pavilion of the Metropolitan Control Division, there are the Cloud Pressure Pavilion, the Snow Building, the Rain Building, the Huijing Building, the Appreciation Building, the Chujiang Building, the Qingfeng Building, etc.

In addition to the pavilion, there are also a number of gardens in Ezhou City, such as the North Garden in the north of the city and the East Garden in the east of the city. The North Garden is "in the Consulate General", and the East Garden is "in the East Ya of Cao, the old name is the Old Garden, which extends for one hundred and seventy zhang", and is a garden that covers a large area. ["Jisheng of the Land", vol. 66, "Ezhou • Scenery".] ]

The pavilions outside the city are mainly Chu Lou, "in Nancao City"; The river pavilion is outside the long causeway in the southwest corner of the city, on the Wanjin embankment. There is a South Lake outside the Wangze Gate in the south of the city, "Zhou Twenty Li, the old name is Chilan Lake, and the outside is connected with the river", ["Jisheng of the Land" volume 66 "Ezhou • Scenery"]. Climb high and look down, the lake "lotus leaves are in the middle, the bridge is in the middle, and it is said that Guangping." There are all rows on it, and there are excellent water pavilions on both sides, but you can't go to sell wine", ["Entering Shu", fifth, "Weinan Anthology", vol. 47, p. 2443. These pavilions belong to the pavilions that are both tourist and commercial sales.

There is another East Lake in the east outside the city, "in the east of the city four miles, there is an East Garden on the lake, which is the victory of the near city." ["Jisheng of the Land", vol. 66, "Ezhou • Scenery."] ]

3. Ancestral temples, temples, academies, and barracks

The most important content of the sacrifice is to worship heaven and earth, mountains and rivers, and sheji. There is a community altar in Ezhou, located in the north of the east of the city, "started in the military village", "its land is forced to sloppy, there is nothing to burn", Chunxi nine years (AD 1182) "the degree of land is replaced", "the abandoned camp under the Yellow Crane Mountain in the east of the city is a district, the east and west are ten zhang, the north and south are doubled, according to the government and the five rites are painted as four altars". [Zhu Xi: "The Collection of Zhu Wen's Official Documents", vol. 79, "Ezhou Shejitanji", Beijing: Beijing Library Publishing House, 2006 photocopy.] ]

There are many other ancestral temples and temples. There is Kaiyuan Temple in the city, "in the south of the city one mile", "this Liang Shaoling Wang Lun house is the temple", in the Southern Song Dynasty, there is the bronze bell cast in the eight years of the Tang Dynasty (773 AD) in the Kaiyuan Temple, weighing 13,000 catties, and there is the iron Buddha cast by Tianbao for three years (744 AD). After the Ming and Qing dynasties, the name of the temple was changed to the Iron Buddha Temple. [Yongzheng's "Huguang Tongzhi", volume 78, "Historical Monuments, Jiangxia County, Wuchang Prefecture", "Iron Buddha Temple". There is also Lingzhu Temple in the south of the city, it is the place where the legendary filial son Meng Zong cries his mother and weeps bamboo, and Meng Xiaogan Temple is built in Shaoxing. ["Jisheng of the Land", vol. 66, "Ezhou • Historic Sites."] He Zhu's "Qinghu Old Poems" Volume 8 "Jiangxia Eight Songs": "Lingzhu Temple, according to legend, the former residence of Meng Zong. Luo Yuan's "Ezhou Small Collection" is attached to Cao Hongzhai's "Ezhou Taishou Cun Zhai Luo Gongyuan Biography": "Chunxi eleventh year...... The portrait of the people of Hubei Lingzhu Temple, Meng Zong's weeping bamboo place. "The Unification Chronicles of the Ming Dynasty" Volume 59 "Huguangbu Political Envoy Si Wuchang Mansion • Ancestral Temple": "Meng Xiaogan Temple, in the east of the city, worships Wu Xiaozi Meng Zong, Song Shaoxing built, this dynasty moved to Wuchang Weiqian. Meng Xiaogan Temple or "Mengzong Temple", "Huguangtu Jingzhishu" Volume 2 "Wuchang Mansion • Ancestral Temple • Jiangxia": "Mengzong Temple, in the east of the county, worships the filial son Meng Zongye. Song Shaoxing was built. This dynasty moved to the north of Wuchang Weitang. At the beginning of Hongzhi, the prefect was rebuilt on the top of Baihe Mountain outside the Great East Gate. ”]

Most of the temples were built outside the east gate of the city, and the two most famous of them are Toutuo Temple and Hongshan Temple.

Toutuo Temple, "on the Huanghu Mountain outside the Qingyuan Gate, built in five years of the Song Dynasty, made a temple tablet from the King of the Southern Qi Dynasty, and then became a famous temple in ancient and modern times" ["Jisheng of the Land" volume 66 "Ezhou • Scenery"]. For example, Li Bai's poem "Jiangxia Presents Wei Nanling Bing" says: "Toutuo Yunwai is more monkish", [(Qing) Wang Qi's note: "Li Taibai's Collected Notes" vol. 11, Zhonghua Book Company, 1977 edition, p. 584. Huang Tingjian's poem "Toutuo Temple": "When Toutuo was in its heyday, the palace ladder was empty, the city looked golden, and the monks outside the clouds were wet." [Notes on the Collected Poems of the Valley, vol. 18, Fifty Ancient Poems, p. 632.] In the early years of the Southern Song Dynasty, "the temple was destroyed by fire", ["Into Shu" fourth, "Weinan Anthology" vol. 46, p. 2441. "The death of the people is exhausted, and the house is broken and the dragon is like crying." [Notes on the Collected Poems of the Valley, vol. 18, Fifty Ancient Poems, p. 641.] After the end of the war, "Bian monk Shunguang, abbot for 30 years, Xing Wei slightly prepared", Tang Kaiyuan six years (AD 718) built the famous Southern Qi King Jianqi Monument, still placed in the "Tibetan Palace". [The Records of Entering Shu, IV, Weinan Anthology, vol. 46, p. 2441.] There is a sword grinding pond on the top of the mountain, and there is a reading hall next to the temple. ["Jisheng of the Land", vol. 66, "Ezhou • Historic Sites."] ]

Hongshan Temple, at the southern foot of Hongshan in the east of the city. "Hongshan, in the east ten miles of Jiangxia County, the old name is Dongshan, and the current name is changed in Tang Daguan." [Jiaqing, "Rebuilding the Unification Chronicles", vol. 258, "Wuchang Mansion", General Chronicles of Ancient Chinese Geography Series, Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1986 edition.] Hongshan Temple is therefore also known as "Dongshan Temple". The temple was opened by the "Tang Baoli in the good faith Zen master, and the Song system made Meng Hui and Dutong Zhang Shun rebuild. [Yongzheng's "Huguang Tongzhi" volume 78 "Historic Monuments • Wuchang Mansion • Jiangxia County" "Baotong Temple" article. Yue Fei had been stationed in Ezhou for a long time, and legend has it that the first pine tree of Hongshan Temple was planted by Yue Fei himself, so it was named "Yue Song". Hongshan Temple was repeatedly destroyed and built later, and it still exists today, and the name is "Baotong Temple".

Confrontation with the north and south of Hongshan Temple, there is Xingfu Temple, "Emperor Wen of Sui built, Xianchun six years, monks net gathering and rebuilding". ["Huguangtu Jingzhishu", vol. 2, "Wuchang Mansion, Temple, Jiangxia."] ]

In addition to worshipping Buddha and Taoism, there were many temples with local characteristics built by the people of Ezhou in the Song Dynasty.

For example, various gods and goddesses related to folk life are sacrificed. Ninghu Temple, in the Pinghu Gate, the legend "there is a water monster in the lake, Tang Guangde built a temple in the town". [Yongzheng's "Huguang Tongzhi", vol. 78, "Historical Monuments, Wuchang Mansion, Jiangxia County". Guanghui Temple, "on the moat outside the bamboo gate, the old name is Shunji Longwang Temple, Song Chunxi prays for rain Lingying, flat today's forehead. ["Huguangtu Jingshu", Volume 2, "Wuchang Mansion, Ancestral Temple, Jiangxia."] Song Daxian Temple, in the east of the city seven miles, worship the "fire spirit" Song Wuji, "to the fire", Tang Niu monk Confucianism temple "originally for the doctor" temple, five generations "to avoid Yang Xing's secret father, changed to Daxian". ["Jisheng of the Land", vol. 66, "Ezhou • Historic Sites."] ] After the destruction, "Song Shaoxing Zhongzhizhou Wang Xin re-established, vulgar cloud Mars Hall." ["Da Ming Yi Tong Zhi" volume 59 "Hu Guangbu Political Envoy Si Wuchang Mansion • Ancestral Temple."] ]

The most common is the worship of the god of water (river god). In addition to the common dragon king temple, there is Hengjiang Lusu Temple, in the southwest of the city two miles, because "Su taste for the Hengjiang general, so the temple is named"; ["Jisheng of the Land", vol. 66, "Ezhou • Historic Sites."] Sanshenggong Temple (referred to as "Sangong Temple", also known as "Puying Temple" ["Daming Yitongzhi" volume 59 "Huguangbu Political Envoy Si Wuchang Mansion • Ancestral Temple": "Puying Temple, in the east of Fucheng, Wuli, the old cloud Sangong Temple, since the Tang Dynasty, the Song Dynasty gave this amount. In the east of the city five miles, "the Hubei people welcome the gods in the Mid-Autumn Festival", very pious, one of the three gods welcomed is Fubo; ["Yudi Jisheng" volume 66 "Ezhou • Historic Sites": "Three Shenggong Temple, in the east of the city, the Hubei people welcome the gods in the Mid-Autumn Festival, Zhuang Xuan is suspicious, and he thinks that Xiao Dan, Chishan God, and Ge Yuanye. Guo Xiangzheng Shiyun: 'What is the name of the three gods, Zixu Fan Lima Fubo. It is auspicious to refer to Fubo as Ma Fubo, and Zhuang is nicknamed Ge Xian, and he also worships General Fubo. It is thought that according to the Tang Ancestral Hall, and Xiangzheng must also have evidence. When taking the exam. Jianghan Shrine, was built in the Song Chunxi period (AD 1265 ~ 1274), "the general judgment Liu Jing to Jianghan in the territory, should be worshipped, but for the Kan to sacrifice it", ["Ming Dynasty Unification Chronicles" volume 59 "Hu Guangbu Political Envoy Si Wuchang Mansion • Ancestral Temple". "Huguangtu Jingzhishu" volume 2 "Wuchang Mansion • Ancestral Temple • Jiangxia" "Jianghan Shrine" is slightly the same. At the beginning, it was in the west of Lingzhu Temple, and then it was changed to Hanyang Gate Tower. [Yongzheng's "Huguang Tongzhi", vol. 25, "Ritual Chronicles, Jiangxia County, Wuchang Prefecture."] ]

Other temples enshrine local figures. Lu Daxian Temple, three miles southwest of the city, enshrines Han Lu Jia; ["Jisheng of the Land", vol. 66, "Ezhou • Historic Sites."] "The Unification Chronicles of the Ming Dynasty" volume 59 "Huguangbu Political Envoy Si Wuchang Mansion • Ancestral Temple": "According to the "History of the Han Dynasty", Jia Feidao died, or because of Chu's production, the county people built a temple. Wu'an Wang Temple, in Toutuo Temple, worship Guan Yu; ["Jisheng of the Land", vol. 66, "Ezhou • Historic Sites."] Zhuo Dao Spring Guan Yu Temple, also worship Guan Yu, in Jiangxia East Ten Miles, "the legend of Guan Yu tastes Zhuo Dao here", then set up a temple on the spring. ["Jisheng of the Land", vol. 66, "Ezhou • Scenery".] Zhongyi Temple, "In the Fuzhi, the Northern Song Dynasty built Yan, the golden horse crossed the river, the county guarded Li Yiyingcheng, and the people relied on it." After being captured by the thief, he fled to the monk's temple, the monk was suspicious and killed, the people were sad, and they worshiped for the construction of the ancestral hall. Too much to guard the horse to hear the disease, give loyalty. ["Da Ming Yi Tong Zhi" volume 59 "Hu Guangbu Political Envoy Si Wuchang Mansion • Ancestral Temple."] There is a parrot island in the southwest of Ezhou City, the legend says that Huang Zu killed You Heng here, and there are Mi Heng Tomb and Huang Zu Tomb on the continent, ["Yu Di Ji Sheng" volume 66 "Ezhou • Historic Site". Later became the Parrot Temple. There is Yantou Temple in the south of the Parrot Temple, which is the "Tang Quan Tai Sui Zen Master stationed in Xi", [Yongzheng "Huguang Tongzhi" Volume 78 "Historical Monuments • Temple View • Jiangxia County, Wuchang Prefecture"] When Lu You traveled here by boat, he had looked far away at the Parrot Island "There is a Maolin Shrine", ["Into Shu" fifth, "Weinan Anthology" volume 47, page 2444. It is likely that these ancestral temples are the temples. In addition, there is a great sage in the seven miles northeast of the city, which should also be sacrificed to a certain type of person. ["Jisheng of the Land", vol. 66, "Ezhou • Scenery", "Badian Yuan". ]

The most worthy of attention is the Yue Fei Temple built by the people of Ezhou in the early Southern Song Dynasty. The original name of the Loyal Martyrs Temple, "The Legend of the Land" Volume 66 "Ezhou • Historic Sites": "The Loyal Martyrs Temple, in Jingzhongfang, the state people have been on the road for six years, please Yu Chao, Yue Fei protects the upstream, meritorious to the country, please build a temple, and give this amount." Later, it was called "Zhongxiao Temple" or "Yuewu Mu Temple", and the address was also moved from Jingzhongfang to the former site of Jiangtai Station outside Xiaodongmen. "Huguangtu Jingzhishu" Volume 2 "Wuchang Mansion • Ancestral Temple • Jiangxia": "Yue Wumu Temple, ten miles east of the county, is about to be the site of Taiyi. The old name is the Martyrs' Temple, in Jingzhongfang. Song Yuefei has meritorious service in protecting the upstream, and the temple is built in Hubei in the middle of the main road, and the amount is given. In Jiading, he was posthumously crowned the king of Hubei". During the reign of Ming Hongzhi (1488~1505 AD), "according to the imperial history of Wang En, the temple of Yue Wu Mu Wang Si was worshiped as the temple of loyalty and filial piety, and the prefect Chen Hui stood on the stone." ["Huguangtu Jingzhishu", vol. 2, "Wuchang Mansion, Ancestral Temple, Jiangxia."] "In the fourteenth year of Zhengde, Wu Tingju moved to the small east gate, and the prefect Zhou Jifeng and the prefect Shen Dong were built as the site of the present ancestral hall. The specific location of Jingzhongfang is unknown, after Ming Zhengde's "Wu Mu is enshrined", "its ancestral hall is still the same", ["Huguangtu Jingshu" volume 2 "Wuchang Mansion • Ancestral Temple • Jiangxia". About in the area of the gate of Wuchang District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, there are still ruins of the Ewang Mansion to be examined.

In the Ming and Qing dynasties, there are pines and cypresses planted next to the Yuewang Temple outside the east gate, called "Yue Bai". Out of reverence for heroes, some myths about Yue Bai were born among the people. "Huguang Tongzhi" volume 77 "Historical Monuments • Temple View • Jiangxia County, Wuchang Prefecture": "Yue Bai, outside the Great East Gate of the Ewang Temple, can be three feet around, the branches are sparse and old, and the person is called Dubai. Every time the year of the ugly year, Chu Shi has a person who has a Wei family, and the cypress prespits a strange branch. ”

Temples and temples are mostly pure and elegant, so they are a good place to study, and some academies and temples are actually one. For example, there is a reading hall in Toutuo Temple. ["Jisheng of the Land", vol. 66, "Ezhou • Historic Sites."] Hongshan Dongyan Temple, "Tang Daguan Zhongjian, and the forehead is called Zhengxin Academy, Hubei Gongwei Chi Reading Office", the environment here is quiet, the scenery is pleasant, "the stone behind the mountain is carved with 'a few rice beams noisy birds and birds, several bells and chimes to start the fishing wood' sentence". [Yongzheng's "Huguang Tongzhi", vol. 78, "Historic Sites, Jiangxia County, Wuchang Prefecture."] During the Qing Yuan period of the Southern Song Dynasty (1195~1200 AD), "Heyang Zhao Chunqing old pavilion on it, the list is called Dongyan Academy." ["Huguangtu Jingzhishu", vol. 2, "Wuchang Mansion • Temple."] ]

The Huanghu Mountain in the city is undulating and hilly, with deep forests and lush leaves, which is a good place to establish academies and schools. There is Dongshan Academy at the eastern foot of Huanghu Mountain; ["Huguangtu Jingzhishu", Volume 2, "Wuchang Mansion • School", "Dongshan Academy" article.] There is a school palace in the mountains; Until the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, there were still scribes Zhang Junshou and Zhusheng who "planted several houses behind the palace of Huanghushan Middle School", gathered people to read, and when "the sun rises in the east, Junshou is called 'Chaoyang Study'". [Liu Chenweng: "Xu Xi Collection", Volume 2, "Chaoyang Shutang Ji", Taipei: Photocopy of Wenyuan Pavilion Siku Quanshu. ]

Ezhou Prefecture School, "In the southern half of Fuzhi, Song Kangding Zhongzhizhou Wang Suxi County Chengxi", ["Huguangtu Jingzhishu" Volume 2 "Wuchang Mansion • School". Standing in front of the Yellow Bird Mountain. During the reign of Renzong Qingli (1041~1048 AD), a nationwide school/movement was carried out, and Ezhou also "greatly increased the school", ["Huguangtu Jingzhishu" volume 2 "Wuchang Mansion • School". It forms a "very extensive" state school with facilities such as a "smart pool". ["Jisheng of the Land", vol. 66, "Ezhou • Scenery", "Smart Pool". Due to the impact of the war, Ezhou Prefecture School rose and fell several times. At the turn of the two Song Dynasty, it was "taken as a camp", but fortunately, it was not long after, "in Shaoxing, Du Shuai Tian Shizhong was invited by the instructor Zhu Yan to withdraw from the camp to study." That is, Professor Shang Feiqing asked Yu Zhou to rebuild. ["Huguangtu Jingzhishu", vol. 2, "Wuchang Mansion • School."] After the reconstruction, the state school was relatively regular, and the Jigu Pavilion and the Four Sages Hall were built successively. The construction of the Jigu Pavilion was presided over by Xu Zhongying, a professor of Ezhou Prefecture Studies, and Xu's "both the new gate of its learning, and because of the construction of the pavilion on it, the collection of Shaoxing Stone Classics, the two dynasties of Chenhan, thought that it was a treasure town, and took the plate of the Nine Classics, the history, the book of the hundred clans, and placed it aside", this project "began in the winter of Shaoxi Xinhai, and ended in the summer of next year, and its cost was three million", and was actively supported by the students and local officials. ["Mr. Zhu Wen's Public Collection", Volume 80, "Ezhou Prefecture Xue Ji Gu Ge Ji". Sixian Hall, "Song Jiadingzhong Professor Shi Jiyu Jian, to worship Zhou, Cheng, and Zhuzi", ["Huguangtu Jingzhishu" Volume 2 "Wuchang Mansion • Palace Room". Huang Yu wrote "The Story of the Four Sages of Ezhou Prefecture". [Huang Yu: Mian Zhai Collection, Vol. 20, Taipei: Photocopy of the entire book of the four libraries of Wenyuan Pavilion.] At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, Ezhou Prefecture School suffered from "Bingxie" again, and was rebuilt in the Yuan Dynasty in Yanyou. ["Huguangtu Jingzhishu", vol. 2, "Wuchang Mansion • School."] ]

Jiangxia County School, in the early years of the Song Dynasty, was attached to Ezhou State School, but in the state school, "don't be a fast, the name of the book", after the Southern Song Dynasty Shaoxing, the Wu Ben Zhai also "attached to the state school". The Yuan Dynasty continued to use this system, and established an independent school during the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty (1368~1398 AD). ["Huguangtu Jingshu", vol. 2, "Wuchang Mansion • School."] ]

The military camp and the state and county Confucianism can be described as "incompatible", but in the Song Dynasty, where there were many side affairs, there was a close relationship between the two. The above-mentioned Ezhou Prefecture School was "abandoned as a camp", which is a typical example.

In the Southern Song Dynasty, Ezhou was the important town of the Song Dynasty to resist Jin, a large number of troops were stationed, the camp occupied a very wide area, only the next district of the Yellow Crane Mountain in the east of the city, it reached "ten zhang from east to west, double the difference between north and south". ["Mr. Zhu Wen's Public Collection", Volume 79, "Ezhou Sheji Altar Records".] In the northeast of the city, seven miles, there is a Youyi military village. ["Jisheng of the Land", volume 66, "Ezhou • Scenery", "Eight Stacks of Courtyards". During the Northern Song Dynasty, there was a riverside port in the northeast of Ezhou called the poplar mouth, and in the Southern Song Dynasty, it became a market town with a strong military color, and the local "residents and boats were very numerous, but most of them were soldiers." ["Records of Entering Shu", fourth, "Weinan Anthology", vol. 46, p. 2440.] This situation corroborates the presence of a large number of troops in Ezhou City.

4. Residential houses, markets, ports and others

Due to the limitations of the terrain and the pattern that has been inherited in history, the west end of Ezhou City is mainly government offices at all levels; Along the Huanghu Mountain, the line that spreads from west to east, in addition to the official offices, there are mainly schools, temples and other cultural and religious buildings; Residential houses and markets are mainly distributed in some low-lying areas in the east, north and south of the city; Due to the population growth, it is difficult to accommodate the old city, and the expansion of residential houses and markets to the east and south outside the city is more prominent. The area along the river in the west of the city has also become an area where transportation and trade flourish, and ships and people are densely populated.

The information about the Ezhou dwellings in the Song Dynasty is limited, and what can be known so far is that there are Jingzhongfang and Taipingfang in the city, [Jingzhongfang has been mentioned above, and Taipingfang is seen in Zheng Zheng's "Yunxi Collection" volume 22 "Epitaph of Mrs. Zhu": "Mrs. Zhu's ,...... In February, Huang You Xinmao died of illness in Ezhou Taipingfang. "Taipei: Photocopy of the four libraries of Wenyuan Pavilion. The exact location is unknown. With the collapse of the fang market system, these fang names are just ordinary place names, after the Ming and Qing dynasties, the more common names are "li" and "lane".

During the Southern Song Dynasty, Ezhou was known as "the giant town of today", [Ye Shi: "Ye Shiji: Shuixin Anthology", vol. 9, "Hanyang Jun's New Study", Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1983 edition, p. 141. The city is prosperous in commerce, there is a rich merchant Jia, during the Gandao period (AD 1165 ~ 1173) "Ezhou rich merchant Wu Bangning, Qi Da, goods and silk, trade prosperously, for a county's first." [Hong Mai: "Yi Jianzhi" Zhigeng Volume 5 "Martial Girl Strange Diseases" Article, Zhonghua Book Company Proofreading, 1981 edition, p. 1174.] A lively night market has been opened, known as "the candle sky and the lights of the three watch markets, shaking the moon and the flag of the boat". [Fan Chengda, "Fan Shihu Collection: Poetry Collection", vol. 19, "Ezhou South Building", Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1981 edition, p. 274.] Merchants from all over the world gathered, the city was quite prosperous, "the residential market, several miles endlessly, there are alleys and alleys in the meantime, and the comings and goings are like weaving." [The Records of Entering Shu, fifth, Weinan Anthology, vol. 47, p. 2444.] The population in the city of Ezhou is large, and it reached 100,000 households before Ningzong Jiading. Jiang Kui's poems are called "Wuchang 100,000 Families", [Jiang Kui: "Four Poems of Spring Books" on the volume of "Baishi Daoren Poems",?? Root. Dai retro poems say that Ezhou "Jiang Zhulin is 100,000 families", [Dai retro: "Shiping Poetry Collection" volume 1 "Ezhou South Building", Qing Jiaqing Daoguangjian Linhai Song periodical. Although it is not a definite reference, it is close to the actual situation. Hanyang Zhijun Huang Yu also said that "Ezhou's population is more than 30 times that of Hanyang", that is, about 100,000. ["Mian Zhai Collection", vol. 30, "Shenjinghu Preparation Division Distinguishes the Hanyang Army's Rice Affair."] In the third year of Guangzong Shaoxi (1192 AD), "December Jiachen, Ezhou fire, as for Yisi, there are 800 burnt houses, and there are no surviving curtains in the market. [(Yuan) Ma Duanlin: "Literature General Examination", vol. 298, "Examination of Strange Things: Fire IV", Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1986 edition. The population was so large and the buildings were so dense that it was difficult to find open space, and there was no place to bury the dead near the city. "Yi Jianzhi" Volume B Volume 9 "Ezhou Remains" article says: "Ezhou is narrow and crowded, so there are few burial places, near the city gaps, the remains overlap, many coffins are placed on it, and the soil is covered elsewhere." Those who are poor and powerless, or who have passed a little time, are on the verge of being exposed, and those who pass by are compassionate. In the eight years of the main road, there was a matter of saying to the divisions, so he donated money to pay the monks of Shengyuan Temple, and the utensils were burned. First unveil Qu Road, Xu flesh and blood self-presentation, for the enlightenment, and hide it, with the surname of the book outside. If there is no owner's name, then in order to return to the Buddha's treasure, all cremated, cast the remaining bones in the river. The number of them is innumerable. ”

As the population grew, dwellings and markets continued to expand outside the city.

The "Long Street" outside the Wangze Gate in the south of the city has become an important residential area. "Jisheng of the Land" volume 66 "Ezhou • Scenery": "Nanhu, outside Wangze Gate, twenty miles in Zhou,... Outside with the river. The long causeway is limited, and the long street runs through it, and the residents on all sides are attached to it. ”

It is not uncommon for the causeway to be accompanied by a long street, or a long street to be a long street. The city of Ezhou faces a large river and is often threatened by flooding, and the construction of river embankments is the most important disaster prevention measure. In the late Northern Song Dynasty, outside the Pinghu Gate in the west of Ezhou City, a long embankment was built to block the river, and this embankment was repeatedly mentioned in a variety of chronicles after the Ming and Qing dynasties. "Jiajing Lake Guangtu Jingzhishu" volume 2 "Wuchang Mansion, Mountains and Rivers, Jiangxia" "Long Causeway": "In the Pinghu Gate. "Old Chronicles" cloud, during the Zhenghe period, the river overflowed, drifted and damaged the city wall, Zhizhou Chen Bangguang, the county ordered Li Ji to build an embankment to prevent flooding, and it has been relied on so far. ["Tianxia County Guoli Disease Book" Volume 73 "Water Conservancy • Wuchang Mansion • Jiangxia County", Yongzheng "Huguang Tongzhi" Volume 20 "Water Conservancy Chronicles • Wuchang Mansion • Jiangxia County" "Flower Embankment" article, "Reading History Fangyu Minutes" Volume 76 "Huguang 2 • Wuchang Mansion • Jiangxia County", "Ancient and Modern Books Collection, Fang Yu Compilation, Vocational Fang Dian" Volume 1118 "Wuchang Mansion • Guan Liang Kao" "Flower Embankment" Article, Republic of China "Hubei Tongzhi" Volume 39 "Jianzhi 15 • Embankment 1" "Ancient Embankments of the Counties", "Continuation of Water Jinjian" Volume 153 "River Water • Chapter 2", "Continuation of the Water Jinjian", Volume 155, "River Water • Project I", etc., the relevant text is slightly the same. The long causeway is also known as "flower causeway", there is still a flower embankment street in Wuchang District of Wuhan City today, located in the south of the Wuchang bridgehead of the Yangtze River Bridge, up from Ziyang Road, down to Peng Liuyang Road, the street name is because of the former site of the flower embankment. Huadi Street is arguably one of the oldest existing streets in Wuchang today, and it is still a street densely populated with shops and residences.

During the Southern Song Dynasty, in the southwest of Ezhou City, an outer embankment was built outside the long causeway, which was called "Wanjin Causeway". [There are two different theories about the construction time of the embankment, one is that it was in Gaozong Shaoxing (AD 1131~1161), such as the "Reading History Fangyu Minutes" volume 76 "Huguang 2 • Wuchang Mansion • Jiangxia County" "Parrot Island", quoting the "Old Chronicles" cloud: "There is a long causeway in the Pinghu Gate in the southwest of the city, and there is a Wanjin Causeway outside, which was built between Song Zhenghe and Shaoxing, and it has been relied on so far. He Cijun, Shi and Jin Dianxiao, Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 2005. "Tianxia County Guoli Disease Book" volume 73 "Water Conservancy • Jiangxia County" said: "Dike 3: ...... Wanjin, in the southwest of the county, the army of Song Shaoxing built it, and built the river pavilion. "Qing Daoguang 11th year Fuwen Pavilion Collector's Edition reprint. One said that it was the matter of Guangzong Shaoxi (AD 1190~1194), such as the "Wanjin Embankment" article of "Ezhou • Scenery" in the volume 66 of "Yudi Jisheng", which said: "In the southwest corner of the city, outside the causeway, the army of Shaoxi intermittent service built it, and still built the river pavilion on it. "The Unification Chronicles of the Ming Dynasty" volume 59 "Wuchang Mansion • Mountains and Rivers" "Wanjin Embankment" also adopts this statement. Shaoxing and Shaoxi are separated by decades, which one is more correct? Judging from the fact that the historical facts of the Song Dynasty recorded in the "Jisheng of the Land" and the "Unification Chronicles of the Ming Dynasty" are more primitive and often more accurate than the books of "Reading the Minutes of Reading History and Public Opinion" and "The Book of Diseases of the Heavenly Counties". The embankment still continued to play a role in the Ming Dynasty, and the "Parrot Island" article in the "Fangyu Minutes" volume 76 "Huguang Er, Wuchang Mansion, Jiangxia County" said: "There is a long causeway in the Pinghu Gate in the southwest of the city, and there is a Wanjin embankment outside,...... Rely on it to this day. ”

With the increase of the embankment, widening and the improvement of quality, the embankment not only becomes a traffic artery, but also a large number of ordinary people live along the line. In October of the twelfth year of Chunxi (1185 AD), the fire in Ezhou City, coupled with the "river storm", the result was "more than 10,000 burnt houses", and those who "settled on the embankment and anchored the ship on the shore were burned to the ground." ["General Examination of Literature", vol. 298, "Examination of Differences in Matter IV: Fire."] ]

"Anchoring the ship on the shore" is a special form of mobile dwelling, and the residents mostly take aquatic fishing as their business, take boats as their residence, and drift on the rivers and lakes all year round. There are not a few such dwellings along the river in Ezhou, and Huang Yu, the governor of Hanyang, once said, "There are no less than 3,000 households inside and outside the military city, and there are 400 boats." ["Mian Zhai Collection", vol. 30, "Shenjinghu Preparation Division Distinguishes the Hanyang Army's Rice Affair."] ]

The river outside Ezhou is wide and the port is busy, which is not only for merchant ships to berth, but also for warships to go out of the river for drills. When Lu You first arrived in Ezhou, he parked the boat at the tax booth by the riverside, and saw "the Jia boat passenger boat, incalculable, the tail of the endless number of miles, from the west of Jingkou are not as late." ["Records of Entering Shu", fifth, "Weinan Anthology", vol. 47, p. 2441.] A few days later, he "watched the army practice water battles by the riverside, there were 700 large ships, all twenty or thirty zhang long, with city walls and towers, shrewd flags, golden drums and tassels, breaking huge waves, coming and going as fast as flying, tens of thousands of spectators, and the magnificence of the world." ["Entering Shu", Volume 3,?? Page. ]

There is Nanpu in the south of the city, "its source is out of the first mountain of Beijing, the west enters the river, the spring and winter dry up, the autumn and summer flood, the business and travel exchanges, all in Pu anchored, with it in the south of Guo, so it is called Nanpu", ["Taiping Huanyu Ji" volume 112 "Jiangnan West Road Ten • Ezhou" "Nanpu" article. During the Southern Song Dynasty, "it was called a new port". ["Jisheng of the Land", vol. 66, "Ezhou • Scenery".] ]

In the west and south of the city, there is a building where there is a lot of traffic to the outside world. There is the Mijie Pavilion outside the Zhuyan Gate in the west of the city, "there is the Huanghua Pavilion again, in the southeast of the state", "and the Nanjin Pavilion, outside the Wangze Gate; Yingxian Pavilion, in the south of the city"; "Pilian Pavilion, in the southeast of the city five miles of Hejiazhou", "all of the above are also". ["Jisheng of the Land", vol. 66, "Ezhou • Scenery".] ]

Fifth, the prosperity of Nancao City

The most noteworthy change in the layout of Ezhou City in the Song Dynasty was the spatial shift between the commercial area and the corresponding residential area, from within the city to Nancao outside the city.

Nancao City is outside the Wangze Gate in the south of the city, and is connected to the Wangze Gate by the Guangping Bridge. In the southwest of Wuchang District, Wuhan City, the area of catfish set, the southeast leads to Tangsun Lake, Qingning Lake, Zhifang Lake, when the water is in full bloom, it is connected to Liangzi Lake by Sanyan Bridge, Mengjia River, East Lake Dam, and reaches Fankou, and the water traffic is very convenient.

There are two typical materials that can best illustrate the prosperity of Nancao City in the early Southern Song Dynasty, one is Lu You's "Entering Shu", and the other is Fan Chengda's "Wu Chuanlu", when Lu and Fan passed through Ezhou during the filial piety period, they stayed in the city for about a week, and there is a vivid description of the prosperity of Nancao City. "Into Shu" volume 4: Ezhou "the city is rich, the columns are complicated, and the southern city outside the city is also several miles, although Qiantang and Jiankang can not pass, and there is a metropolis also." "Wu Chuanlu" volume down: "To Ezhu, under the embankment of Qiannan City, Parrot Island." Nanshi is outside the city, tens of thousands of homes along the river, the palace is very prosperous, the columns are like a tree, the wine tower column is particularly magnificent, and the other counties have not seen its comparison. Gaichuan, Guangzhou, Jing, Xiang, Huai, Zhejiang trade and relocation of the meeting, the goods to the people, all for sale, and no matter how much, one day can be exhausted. It's so magnificent. "The same book and the same volume:" Ji Nanlou,...... Adjacent to the south of the city, the houses are poor". The record of "Yi Jianzhi" is also noteworthy. "Zhi Bu" volume 25 "Li Erpo" article said: In the twelfth year of Chunxi (1185 AD), "the fire in the city, from north to south for five miles, burned thousands of houses, although the building is inhabited in the earthen storehouse, it is inevitable."

According to the above text and the above relevant records, the Nancao City of Ezhou in the early and middle Southern Song Dynasty can be restored as follows:

(1) Nancao City is located in front of Parrot Island outside the south gate of Ezhou City, above is the South Building, the city street stretches south-west along the causeway, stretching for several miles, and the span of the north and south is at least five miles. (2) Nancao City is an important commercial port, with developed river transportation and a large number of merchant ships. (3) Nanmin is densely populated and has a high population density, and the residents are mainly engaged in business and trade. (4) Nancao City and Ezhou City together form a large-scale city, which has become the transportation and commercial center of the Yangtze River Basin.

Nanshi is prosperous in commerce and densely populated, and due to the prosperity of transit commerce, a large number of bamboo and wood goods are piled up in the open air, which is prone to fire. In the fourth year of Chunxi (A.D. 1177), "November Xinyou, Ezhou South City fire, storm and night, more than 1,000 burnt houses"; In the fourth year of Jiatai (A.D. 1204), "August Renchen, Ezhou Wainan City fired, burned more than 500 houses. ["General Examination of Literature", vol. 298, "Examination of Differences in Matter IV: Fire."] In another fire, Nanshi "burned thousands of rooms, burned all passenger boats, and drowned thousands." [Zhou Bida: "Zhou Yiguo Wenzhong Gongji" Volume 63 "Zhongdafu Secret Pavilion Revision of the Purple Gold Fish Bag Zhao Jun Shanjun Shendao Tablet", Ouyang Yi Magazine of Yingtang Villa in the 28th Year of Daoguang. This is evident from the large number of people living in Nanshi. Moreover, several fires in a row have aroused the vigilance of the government, and Zhao Shanjun of Ezhou "galloped to see things, opened official houses, and went out of the warehouse, so as to wait for people who had nothing to return to, relax the bamboo and wood tax, open the ancient ditch, and create a fire alley, so as to prevent future troubles." ["Zhou Yiguo Wenzhong Gongji", volume 63, "Zhongdafu's Secret Pavilion Revised and Gave Purple Gold Fish Bag Zhao Jun Shanjun Shinto Tablet". History of the Song Dynasty, vol. 247, The Biography of Zhao Shanjun, Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1985 edition. This is where Fire Alley was opened and got its name.

In addition to commerce, other industries, entertainment and recreational industries, as well as urban pathologies, are also thriving. The butcher Zhu Si, Ezhu Wang Yuan, etc. are all doing business in Nancao City, among which the Wang family is "the third generation to sell rice as a business". [Yi Jianzhi (Yi Jianzhi) Volume 8,?? Page. Hua Shichang, the medical officer of the Ezhou Metropolitan Unified Division, probably because of his high medical skills and his courage to accept it, "lived in Nancao City, and his family accumulated tens of thousands." [Yongzheng's "Huguang Tongzhi", volume 120, "Miscellaneous Chronicles."] Nancao City has built places for leisure and sightseeing such as Chu Tower. ["Jisheng of the Land", volume 66, "Ezhou • Scenery", "Chu Lou". Not only is "the wine tower column particularly magnificent", [Fan Chengda: "Wu Chuanlu", vol. II, "Fan Chengda's Notes", Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 2002 edition, p. 226. The prostitute space is also associated with the bazaar, occupying a certain position and weight. Liu Guoshi said: "The rain in front of the Yellow Crane Mountain has passed, and the grass market in the south of the city is happy. The daughter is drunk and drunk, and a shepherd boy sings on the back of the cow. [Liu Guo, Yang Mingdianxiao: Longzhou Collection, vol. 4, Seven Words and Laws, Xiyu Cheng Wu Zhicha, No. 2, Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1978 edition, p. 27.] There is even "Wang Xun, a corrupt and corrupt official", who "lives in Nancao City, Ezhou, starts by selling illicit wine, and his wife, daughter, and concubine are all prostitutes,...... Ezhou people call the training home a prostitution cave, and also call it a joint collapse workshop. [Xu Mengxin, "Three Dynasties and Northern Alliances", vol. 236, "Yanxing Xiashu", 136, October 24, 31st year of Shaoxing, Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2008, p. 236.] ]

Generally speaking, like other cities in China, the layout of Ezhou City in the Song Dynasty contains multiple meanings such as nature, society and humanity, and its formation and evolution are affected by factors such as geographical environment, political system, cultural concepts, economic development, and changes in the current situation, and are the result of the comprehensive effect of various factors. Among them, the unique landform of the confluence of the river and the Han River, leaning on the mountains and facing the river, is the environmental basis of Ezhou's urban layout; Focusing on administrative power, highlighting the status of the official government, and attaching importance to complex systems, ideas and concepts such as order, form and victory, yin and yang, etc., have a decisive impact on the formation of urban layout; The political and military situation and economic development of the two Song Dynasty Dynasty have laid a profound imprint on the layout of Ezhou City.

Originally published in South Korea's Studies in Chinese History, Vol. 40, February 2006