The battle situation at that time was extremely unfavorable for the Zhao State. In the Battle of Changping, the main force of the Zhao army of 400,000 was annihilated. At that time, the population of a vassal state was in the millions, and the army of 400,000 was equivalent to a quarter of the military strength of Zhao. Of particular importance was the 400,000 troops, which included the most elite cavalry corps of the Zhao State. The destruction of the cavalry corps meant that Zhao had lost the ability to conduct large-scale mobile field battles. In the face of Qin's large-scale invasion, Zhao's forces were stretched thin to resist. Moreover, while facing the strong Qin, the Zhao State also had to face the invasion of other vassal states taking advantage of the fire, especially the Yan State in the northeast. Yan Guo is the last in strength among the Seven Heroes of the Warring States, and has not been able to launch a decent offensive against Zhao State before.

However, after the Battle of Changping, Zhao's strength plummeted, and it had to face the invasion of Qiang Qin in the west, and it was powerless to look eastward. So Yan Guo decided to take advantage of the fire to rob. At the beginning of 259 BC, Yan sent 400,000 troops to attack Zhao. The eastern defenders of Zhao State took the defense of the cities along the way, gradually dispersed and consumed the strength of the Yan army, and then mobilized a limited main force to rely on the cities held by their own side in the form of mobile rush operations, and adopted a concentrated superior force in a specific theater to annihilate the various units of the Yan army. Although the number of Yan troops eliminated at each time in these annihilation battles was limited, the quality of the Yan army was low; Second, the Zhao army fought very frequently. As a result, the Yan army everywhere could not respond and was defeated, and 200,000 were captured. The Yan State was forced to sue for peace. The crisis in the eastern part of the Zhao State was resolved.

As for the real threat to the West, the State of Qin was extremely well prepared. First of all, on the military side, Zhao realized that due to the loss of his elite troops in the Battle of Changping, he was unable to conduct field battles, so he turned to the defensive. The Zhao army adopted the strategy of fortifying the walls and clearing the wilderness, abandoning the outer cities, and concentrating the defenders and food from all over the country to defend the capital Handan. Under this strategy, Zhao **min abandoned all the towns that did not need to be held along the border from the border. During the retreat, everything that could be taken away was taken away, and everything that could not be taken was burned and all the wells along the way were blocked. At the same time, civilians were urgently and massively conscripted into the army. Due to the killing of 400,000 Zhao troops in the Battle of Changping, almost every family in Zhao State at that time lost children, husbands, and fathers, which caused the whole country of Zhao to be full of bitter hatred for Qin, so the whole country hated the enemy and swore to defend Zhao to the death.

As a result, in just a few months, Zhao Guo formed an army of about 400,000 people, but most of the troops were elderly people over 40 years old and weak children under 18 years old. King Zhao appointed Lian Po, a veteran general over 70 years old, as commander-in-chief, and at the same time urgently strengthened the fortifications of Handan City to cope with the siege of Qin. At the same time as military preparations, Zhao carried out active diplomatic activities, sending a diplomatic mission headed by Zhao Sheng, the king of Pingyuan, to lobby other countries to seek assistance from various countries to Zhao State. Zhao Guo has done everything he can, and the next thing is to stick to the capital.

The time dates back to October 259 BC, when 600,000 Qin troops began to attack Zhao in three ways. 100,000 Qin troops on the northern front captured Shangdang and contained the northern Zhao army to reinforce Handan in the south; 100,000 Qin troops on the southern front captured Nanyang to block a possible Wei-Chu coalition army; The main force of the central line, 400,000 Qin troops, directly attacked Handan, the capital of Zhao. At the end of October, the last barrier on the periphery of Handan, Wu'an Pass and Pigao Pass, were captured by the Qin army. In early November, Qin's 300,000 troops surrounded Handan, and the Battle of Handan officially began.

The Qin army used Wu'an Pass as a base and mobilized 300,000 troops to besiege Handan, and the battle was extremely fierce. The Qin army first used the ladder and launched a charge under the cover of the dense fire of the crossbowmen in the rear. The Qin crossbowmen fired hundreds of thousands of arrows at Handan in less than four hours, and then the infantry split into two parts. Some of them set up ladders to climb the city wall of Handan, and the other part set up a chariot to attack the city gate. The Zhao army at the head of the city put up a stubborn resistance in the dense rain of arrows, first with bows and arrows to return fire, and at the same time with long bamboo poles to knock down the ladder of the Qin army, and at the head of the city with rolling wood and thunder stones to hit the Qin army in the city, and at the same time boiled water with a cauldron and splashed it at the enemy. The two sides held each other for more than a month, and the Qin army lost 20,000 casualties. was forced to move to rest and recuperate, and at the same time sent a small force to harass the Zhao army. The Zhao army did not defend rigidly, but constantly excluded elite cavalry units from going out of the city at night to sneak attack the Qin army. This caused great panic in the Qin army and seriously affected the morale of the Qin army.

The time dates back to December 259 BC, under the strict orders of King Zhao of Qin, the Qin army braved the cold wind in the north to attack the city on a large scale again, and was defeated again under the stubborn resistance of the Zhao army. The Zhao army took the opportunity to go out of the city and take the initiative to succeed the Qin army, and the Qin army was defeated, retreating 50 miles, suffering more than 10,000 casualties. Pessimism spread among the Qin army, and the commander of the Qin army, Wang Ling, wrote to King Qin Zhao that he would either retreat or reinforce. King Qin Zhao again asked Bai Qi to lead his troops into battle, but was again refused. Linked to what Bai Qi did in the past, in 258 BC, King Qin Zhao killed Bai Qi, a famous general, in Duyou. At the same time, Wang Yi was appointed to replace Wang Ling as the main general and continue the siege of Handan.

The time can be traced back to the first month of 258 BC, when Wang Yi led 100,000 reinforcements and a large number of soldiers to Handan. After receiving reinforcements, the Qin army launched the third and most fierce round of attacks on Handan. The Qin army used more than 30,000 archers to cover the attack. At the same time, new siege towers were dispatched to cooperate with the siege. Underneath the siege tower is a huge 4-wheeled base, propelled forward with manpower. The upper part is a tall tower with multiple spiraling ladders inside, covered by thick wooden planks on the outside, and a drawbridge door that can be opened and closed at the top. Soldiers can be well protected inside, and when they approach the city walls, they can lower the drawbridge doors, and the soldiers can rush out of the tower and fight directly from the city. It avoids the shortcomings of large casualties of ladders in the past. The Qin army was extremely fierce.

At the moment of crisis, Lian Po, a veteran of Zhao State in his 70s, wore armor and held a sword to personally go to the city to command the battle, and the morale of the Zhao army was greatly boosted. Shouting slogans to fight to the death against the Qin army. They tied ropes to boulders to crash into the Qin siege towers, and at the same time fired a dense array of rockets to burn the Qin siege towers. At the time of crisis, all the civilians in Handan, including women and children, went to the city to participate in the battle. At that time, the king of Zhao also led the palace guards infantry to participate in the battle. Under the stubborn resistance of the Zhao army, the Qin army lost the siege again, suffering heavy casualties and low morale. King Qin Zhao ordered Wang Yu to take over the command of Wang Ling and continue to attack the city. Wang Yi commanded the Qin army to attack Handan for nearly five months, but still did not capture it. In October of the same year, King Qin Zhao ordered Zheng Anping to lead an army of 50,000 to carry a large amount of grain and grass to support Wang Di.

At this time, there were more than 300,000 Qin troops outside Handan, and the dead and wounded of the defenders in the city were everywhere. The food has run out, the soldiers and civilians in the city have reached the point of eating the dead, and Handan City has reached the most critical moment.

At the critical moment, Zhao Sheng, the king of the Zhao Plain, began to play a diplomatic battle. With the efforts of Zhao Sheng and his subordinates, the states of Chu and Wei sent troops to rescue the state of Zhao. At the same time, the state of Qi began to warn the border of the Yan state in order to deter a possible invasion of the eastern part of the state of Zhao. At the beginning of December 258 BC, 100,000 reinforcements from Chu and 80,000 reinforcements from Wei broke through the Qin defense line on the southern front and reached the periphery of Handan. At the end of December, the Wei-Chu coalition army launched a powerful offensive against the Qin army, and at the same time, the defenders in Handan City attacked and cooperated, and the Three Kingdoms Coalition Army attacked the Qin army outside the city on three sides under the command of Wei Guoxin Lingjun. The Qin army, which had been fighting a fierce battle under Handan for two years, was exhausted, suffered from enemies on three sides, and was unable to resist the blows of the Triple Alliance, and collapsed on all fronts. The main force of the Qin army retreated hundreds of miles westward, and the remnants fled back to Fencheng. More than 20,000 people under the command of Zheng Anping, a Qin general who had just arrived at the front line of Handan, were surrounded by the allied army in the south of Handan. The Three Kingdoms Alliance took advantage of the victory to advance westward to attack Fencheng. The main force of the Qin army, which had not gained a stable foothold, collapsed on all fronts, and the remnants fled back to the Hexi region. King Qin Zhao was forced to make peace with the Three Kingdoms. return the previously occupied Hedong County to the Wei state; Taiyuan County was returned to the Zhao State; Sangdang County was returned to Korea. In the end, the three-year-long battle for the defense of Handan ended in the victory of Zhao.

After more than two years of defending Handan, the battle came to an end. This war seems to be the final victory of Zhao with the help of Wei and Chu, but in fact it is also a narrow and miserable victory. After more than two years of this war, and more than two years of confrontation between Shangdang, Changping and the Qin army, the Zhao State consumed the savings of more than 50 years of the three generations of Zhao kings since King Zhao Wuling in five years, and the national strength was greatly damaged, and it was difficult to recover its vitality.

The Battle of Changping and the Battle of Handan were the turning points of the Zhao State from prosperity to decline. In addition, after Zhao Xiaocheng became king, King Zhao Mourning Xiang and Zhao Wang Qian were not kings who could take on the task of reviving the country, they were perverse, ignorant and inhuman, and they were inferior to one generation after another, and the demise of Zhao became a historical inevitability.

Therefore, although Zhao State won the victory in the Battle of Handan, it was difficult to completely reverse the situation, and could only delay the demise of the country and failed to fundamentally get rid of the unfavorable predicament.

From the battle of Handan, let the world see Zhao **min's tenacious and indomitable fighting spirit, they overcome all difficulties, brave and fearless, the same hatred of the enemy, swear to the death to resist the enemy, the spirit of loyalty to the country, has become a part of the spirit of the Chinese nation, forever inspire future generations to defend the country, resist aggression, maintain peace and indomitable, courageously advance, and regard death as home.

There were three battles for the defense of Handan in Zhao during the Warring States period.

The first occurred in the twenty-first year of Zhao Chenghou in the middle of the Warring States period. At this time, the overlord of the Central Plains was still the Wei State, which was during the reign of Wei Fu, the king of Wei Hui. Although Qin Xiaogong had already appointed Shang Ying to change the law at this time, the reform had just begun, and the results were not significant, and the comprehensive national strength of Qin was still difficult to compare with the old power Wei.

It is precisely because of the momentum of the Wei State and the strength of the troops that King Wei Hui stood up and saw that there was no opponent of his own everywhere, so his ** who dominated the world was able to expand even more. King Wei Hui knew that if he wanted to unify the world, he first had to unify the three Jin Dynasty, that is, to re-establish the great power of the Autumn Period, and let the three kingdoms of Han, Zhao, and Wei that were separated from the Jin State be unified, so that he could have greater confidence and strength to attack and destroy other countries. Wei wanted to unify the Three Jin Dynasty and establish a new regional power, because Korea had a small territory and weak national strength, so the main problem was to solve the Zhao state. As long as the state of Zhao is defeated, the problem of Korea will be solved. So, in the twenty-first year of Zhao Chenghou, that is, the sixteenth year of King Wei Hui, the Wei army sent troops to attack Zhao. Although Zhao also had some family background, it was overstretched in front of Wei's national strength, and he couldn't stand the beating, and was soon surrounded by the Wei army and the national capital Handan.

As the national capital, once Handan City is lost, the consequences will be unimaginable. Zhao Chenghou and Zhao Chong led the people to resist desperately. Although "Yan Zhao Gu is known as a man who sighs and sings sadly", although blood is abundant, the national strength is difficult to defeat, and war is a thing to fight for comprehensive national strength, and it is not very certain to win by relying only on blood. Therefore, after holding out for several months, the state of Zhao was still defeated, and the Wei army attacked the city of Handan. The Marquis of Zhao Chenghou was forced to abandon the capital and flee, and the soldiers and civilians in Handan who were unwilling to surrender were slaughtered and humiliated by the Wei army. Marquis Cheng of Zhao asked for help from the State of Qi, and the King of Qi sent Tian Ji and Sun Bin to fight to besiege Wei to rescue Zhao, and defeated the Wei army led by Pang Juan in Guiling. After the defeat of the Wei army, he was forced to withdraw from Handan City in the twenty-fourth year of the Marquis of Zhao Cheng. The city of Handan was occupied by the Wei army for more than two years, and finally returned to the embrace of Zhao.

Zhao's first battle to defend Handan was actually a failure, because the capital was occupied by other countries for more than two years before it was recovered.

The Second Battle of Handan of Zhao took place during the reign of King Zhao Xiaocheng at the end of the Warring States Period. There was a fight between Qin and Zhao over the ownership of the Shangdang region in South Korea. Then came the tragic battle shape at the beginning.

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