Zhao lost 450,000 people in the Battle of Changping, and when Qin attacked Handan a year later, why did it lose 300,000 Qin troops?

Zhao lost 450,000 people before and after the Battle of Changping, and almost all the young and strong labor in the country was exhausted. However, a year later, when the Qin State successively sent Wang Ling, Wang Di, and Zheng Anping to lead an army of 350,000 people to besiege Handan of the Zhao State, they were finally defeated and fled. Not only did the Qin state lose more than 300,000 people, but also occupied a large area of land such as Taiyuan County in Zhao State, Hedong County in Wei State, and Shangdang County in South Korea, which were successively recovered by the original state. After this war, the pace of Qin's unification of the six countries was postponed by 20 years.

So, it is clear that Zhao Guo has been greatly injured after the Battle of Changping, why did he lose so badly in the next Battle of Handan? There were four people who played a prominent role in this war, and they "saved" the state of Zhao from different angles. Which four?

1. Fan Ju "saved" Zhao. Saying that Fan Ju "saved" Zhao is the actual result, not Fan Ju's subjective behavior. When Qin severely damaged Zhao in the Battle of Changping, Bai Qi originally wanted to take advantage of the victory to pursue, expand the lead, and even take Zhao in one fell swoop, but because Fan Ju was jealous of Bai Qi's too much credit. Tell the king of Qin that the war of Qin is too costly, so it has to be slowed down. At that time, King Qin was also very jealous of Bai Qi, afraid that he would not be able to control his merits, so he agreed to Fan Ju's suggestion. In this way, the Qin State made peace with the Zhao State on the condition that the Zhao State should cut the six cities. Because of this, the time when Qin fought Zhao again lasted for a year. During this period, Zhao Guo has not been idle. Zhao Guo first took the six cities to befriend the Qi State, hoping to gain the support of the Qi State. Then, he gave Lingqiu to Shen Jun, the prime minister of Chu State, and established a strategic partnership with Chu State. At the same time, Zhao actively befriended Wei, Korea, and Yan. It can be said that in the past year, Zhao has not been idle, and has repaired relations with the other five countries. This allowed Zhao to find diplomatic help and prepare for active preparations. At the same time, Zhao Guo mobilized young people under the age of 18 and the elderly over 40 years old to join the army in China to defend the country and take revenge. It also sent resources from all over the country into Handan City, and at the same time strengthened the urban defense facilities in Handan City. It can be said that Fan Ju's proposal to let the King of Qin relieve Bai Qi of his military power and recuperate greatly helped the Zhao State.

Second, Bai Qi "saved" Zhao. Because Zhao was unwilling to give the six cities to Qin according to the peace talks, and because Qin saw that Zhao was actively engaged in diplomacy, Qin panicked and had to attack Zhao again. It can be said that the siege of Handan by the Qin State was not an active act, and it was somewhat passive. However, the King of Qin did not see the arduousness of this great battle at first, and he sent the five great doctors Wang Ling to lead an army of 200,000 to attack Handan. Of course, Wang Ling was not alone, in order to contain Handan City, the King of Qin also sent Sima Terrier to lead an army of 200,000 to attack Taiyuan, cutting off the northern reinforcements of Zhao State to aid Handan. At the same time, he amassed 100,000 troops on the border between Wei and Chu to avoid aid from the two countries. However, Wang Ling fought very badly under the city of Handan and could not be attacked for a long time. In this way, King Qin understood that Handan really did not dare to underestimate it. It is obviously difficult for Wang Ling to take Handan. So the king of Qin asked Bai Qi to go to replace the king's tomb. However, Bai Qi said that he was sick and could not go. The king of Qin had no choice but to send Wang Di and add 100,000 troops, so that Wang Yi could take him with him and go to Handan to command the battle instead of Wang Ling. However, Wang Yi still had no choice but to do anything about Handan City. In this case, King Qin once again informed Bai Qi. However, Bai Qi still said that he was sick and did not want to go. The king of Qin was completely angry and forced Bai to commit suicide. In the end, he had to send Zheng Anping to lead an army of 50,000 to aid Handan. The reason why Bai Qi was reluctant to go may be that he thought that it was not the best time to attack Handan of Zhao State, and he might not be able to defeat Handan. It may also be that he relieved the King of Qin of his military power and did not attack Zhao at the best time. But in any case, if Bai Qi can go to the front line and he will lead the army to attack Handan of Zhao State, Handan will obviously be much easier to fight. In short, the fighting spirit between Bai Qi and King Qin can be regarded as indirectly "saving" Zhao Guo.

3. Lian Po saved Zhao. If King Zhao had not withdrawn Lian Po in the Battle of Changping, Qin might not have been able to win the Battle of Changping. Even if the Qin State might take a few more cities, the main army of the Zhao State would not have so many losses. However, fortunately, Lian Po is still alive. When the Qin State besieged Handan, Lian Po led the 100,000 soldiers and civilians in the city to give a resolute resistance to the Qin State. Lian Po was originally very good at defending the city. Not only was he able to hold on, but at the same time, he could also send a team of men and horses from time to time to attack the besieging Qin army and create panic. In addition, he himself is good at doing ideological work and boosting morale, and his prestige is very high, which plays a role in stabilizing the morale of the army. Therefore, although there were not many people in Handan at that time, there was Lian Po and a good strategy for defending the city, so he finally persevered.

Fourth, Zhao Sheng rescued Zhao. Zhao Sheng, the king of the plains, was mainly a diplomatic effort to save Zhao. Zhao Sheng had already led his diplomatic team to establish good diplomatic relations with various countries. And when the Qin army was overwhelmed, Zhao Sheng once again led his diplomatic team and ran between countries. In the end, with his diplomatic efforts, he finally mobilized the state of Chu to send 100,000 troops to rescue Zhao. At the same time, Wei Wuji, the Xinling Jun of Wei State, also staged a good show of "stealing talismans to save Zhao" in Wei State, with 80,000 elite soldiers, together with the Chu army, from the periphery to the Qin army in Handan. It can be said that without Zhao Sheng's diplomatic efforts, there would have been no such troops he brought from Chu and Wei. Even if Handan has Lian Po's resolute resistance, it will eventually run out of ammunition and break the city.

The above four people played a key role in winning the battle of Handan. Of course, the battle of Handan can be won, and more importantly, it is the determination and courage of the people of Handan to fight the same hatred and defend the country to the death. Without this determination and courage, it is hard to believe that Handan will survive.

Just like the reputation of "the capital of idioms", there are actually countless bitter journeys behind it, because the legend of Handan is built under the countless painful blood and tears of the people of Zhao State.

From the moment Handan became the capital of Zhao State, it was destined to leave a name in history vigorously!

How tragic was the battle to defend Handan in Zhao State?

Because of its great combat difficulty and serious combat attrition, urban offensive and defensive warfare has always been a headache for all military commanders. This is especially true for the attacking side. All the urban offensive and defensive battles have brought extremely heavy losses to both the offensive and defensive sides without exception. Sometimes, the outcome of an urban offensive and defensive battle may even directly affect the overall situation of the war and become a turning point in the war. When it comes to urban offensive and defensive battles, friends who are familiar with history will naturally think of the Battle of Stalingrad between the Soviet Union and Germany at the second stop. The Battle of Stalingrad became a classic example of urban offensive and defensive warfare because of its tragic conditions, the heavy losses of both the offensive and defensive sides, and its decisive impact on the Soviet-German wars and on the entire historical course of World War II. So much so that later people often referred to other similar urban offensive and defensive battles as "the Stalingrad of a certain country".

For example, the Yangtze River Shipai Fortress during the Chinese K War was called "China's Stalingrad". During the Iran-Iraq War, the Iranian city of Abadan was called the "Stalingrad of Iran" because of its stubborn resistance to Iraq's nine-month frenzied attack and its successful holding of the city. The offensive and defensive battles of these cities are still talked about by all the best people. These examples of warfare all took place in modern times, and in ancient China, during the Autumn and Warring States periods, there was an unprecedentedly tragic battle of urban attack and defense. The attacking party in this war was the first power among the princes at that time, and it was also the Qin state that later unified the whole of China. The defender was one of the Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period, and the first Zhao State in China to establish a large-scale cavalry corps. The intensity of this battle of attack and defense of the city is rare in history, and it is even more tragic than the later battle of Stalingrad. Moreover, this urban offensive and defensive battle directly affected the process of Qin's unification of the whole of China. This is the famous battle in Chinese history - Handan, the capital of Zhao State!

After Qin's unprecedented victory in the Battle of Changping, King Qin Zhao had two choices in front of him. The first is to accept Zhao's request for land cession and peace. The second is to take advantage of the fact that the main force of the Zhao army was destroyed and the strength was empty, and continued to advance eastward, destroying the Zhao State in one go. Before the war, King Qin Zhao was ready to accept Zhao's request for land and peace, because although Qin won the Battle of Changping, more than half of the army suffered casualties, and the domestic food and materials were exhausted. Moreover, the unrest of the population in the newly occupied territories has yet to be appeased. However, with the end of the Battle of Changping, King Qin Zhao, who was carried away by the victory, changed his original intention, and at this time Zhao also refused to cede land and pay compensation. So, in September 259 BC, King Qin Zhao issued an edict to attack Zhao in an all-round way. Originally, he still appointed Bai Qi as commander-in-chief. However, Bai Qi, as a military strategist, believed that although Zhao was defeated in Changping, the Zhao army showed tenacious combat effectiveness in the Battle of Changping, causing serious losses to the Qin army. At present, it is difficult to defeat the same enemy of the Zhao State. Although the Qin army was better than Changping, the army lost most of it, and the domestic financial resources and troops were empty. Moreover, the Qin army's long-distance expedition across thousands of mountains and rivers was too long, and once Zhao and other princes allied themselves at home and abroad, the Qin army would be defeated. So Bai Qitui said that the old disease recurred and refused to fight. King Qin Zhao confidently believed that the Qin army was invincible. He then ordered Wang Ling to lead an army of 600,000 to attack Zhao in September 259 BC. Due to the loss of the main force of the Zhao army and the inability to resist, the Qin army drove straight into the city of Handan, the capital of Zhao, in January 258 BC, and the famous battle of Handan in history began.

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