Tianqi was made to laugh and cry by King Xin's words, shook his head and said to King Xin: "Your only purpose is to facilitate the distribution of things to those who have married a daughter-in-law, such as sending some jewelry or something, you can say that everyone here can have a copy. The purpose of our use of these methods is mainly to use, for example, the beginning of the people to sell grain to the Mongols privately, the main force of the Ming army in the past ten years in Jizhou, Liaodong direction, Xuanfu, Datong direction of the force is getting weaker and weaker, despite this, Jinyiwei still found according to intelligence that there are people from several poorly guarded passes sneaking in and out of the use of access to this site. ”

Seeing that Tianqi gave an example, King Xin immediately put away his smile and listened carefully, and Tianqi continued: "At the beginning, I only found that there were people in and out of a few valleys to steal and sell grain, and Jinyiwei analyzed where these people were according to the amount of food they brought and the distance they walked, and where they were going to sell it to whom, and analyzed the common points by several different people or things together, which is the application of induction. According to the analysis, Jin Yiwei found that the act of smuggling grain has changed from commercial smuggling to smuggling in small quantities in batches by the people. ”

King Shin asked, "Is there any?" ”

Apocalypse said: "Of course, we have discovered and caught a lot, and to assume that a particular place is in line with this universality according to a general determination is the use of the deductive method." From this incident, two problems can be illustrated, one is that in terms of application, the inductive method and the deductive method are generally combined, and the other is that although they are not summarized, everyone uses these two methods and uses them very skillfully. ”

King Xin, Gao Panlong and others couldn't help nodding their heads when they heard this, who knew that Liu Zongzhou asked at this time: "Your Majesty, the minister found that this induction method is similar to the fact that most people decide whether things are correct or not, and the emperor once said that what most people approve is not necessarily correct, so can it also be said that the special induction from multiple things is not necessarily correct?" ”

Liu Zongzhou's words shocked the apocalypse too much, this statement has been fiercely debated, that is, the debate between the inductive school and the deductive school in history, the inductive school is the person who focuses on the use of the inductive method, and the deductive school is the person who focuses on the use of the deductive method. The inductive attack on the deductive school mainly says that the deductive method does not tell people new knowledge, and the disadvantage of the deductive attack on the inductive method is that the results of the inductive method are not necessarily correct. But these are hundreds of years later, and now Liu Zongzhou actually asked this question, it is really unbelievable!

Tianqi thought for a while and said: "There are indeed similarities between the two, but there are still differences∽Let's start with the fact that people will change, and they change very quickly, and when you are happy, you can approve of one thing and like a person, but when you are in a bad mood, you are likely to have a negative attitude towards the same person and the same thing." And the characteristics of things are not easy to change, and even if there are changes, they are very non-field. The main reason why we cannot judge whether a thing is correct or not by the number of people who agree with it is that people are uncertain, and the characteristic of things that are not easy to change makes it easier for us to believe that the results produced by induction are correct. ”

King Xin thought for a while and asked, "Brother Chen doesn't understand very well, why does the imperial brother mean that people are not as trustworthy as things?" This is different from the sage's admonition to first cultivate things and then self-cultivation, generally speaking, the latter is always one level higher than the former. ”

Tianqi smiled and said, "King Xin's words reminded Brother Wei of a joke, saying that a man went to borrow a horse from a neighbor, and the neighbor was stingy and refused to lend the horse, so he lied that the horse was not at home and was borrowed. The borrower was just about to leave, when the neighbor's horse neighed inside, and the borrower accused the neighbor of lying, and the neighbor was unconvinced and asked: 'Do you believe me or a livestock?' Does the king think this man is right? Should I believe in a man or a man or a horse? ”

King Xin shook his head and said, "It seems that people are indeed the most untrustworthy. ”

Liu Zongzhou said at this time: "The emperor said that people are more uncertain than things, but even so, it cannot be said that the results of the induction of things are necessarily correct, and in this way, the induction method is not a completely and absolutely effective method, I don't know if the minister is right?" ”

Tianqi nodded and said, "Lord Liu is right, but how can people demand perfection when this world is not perfect?" Besides, there are many unknown and unresolved things in the world, and if there is a completely absolute solution to the problem, will we still regret many things? ”

Gao Panlong asked at this time: "The emperor said that the inductive method and the deductive method are often used together, and the deductive method is still the reverse deduction of the inductive method. ”

Apocalypse said: "Yes, there are shortcomings in the inductive method, and there are shortcomings in the deductive method, and the king of letters said that there are several other ways to find out for your success, but now all of us can only use these two flawed methods to explore the unknown." The disadvantage of the inductive method is that it is not necessarily correct, for example, King Xin began to say that the people sitting here are all people who have married daughters-in-law, and the people standing around are people who have not married daughters-in-law. ”

King Xin turned his head to look at Wang Tiqian and Tan Jing, and asked in surprise: "Brother Huang is saying that it is possible for them to marry a daughter-in-law?" They are all eunuchs! ”

The apocalypse said, "How did the king of faith forget? Wei Zhongxian and the Hakka family also had a pair of food back then, isn't this a daughter-in-law? ”

King Shin thought for a moment and said, "That's true, it seems that the induction method is indeed flawed as the imperial brother said. ”

Apocalypse said: "The same is true of the deductive method, if you put everyone here and compare it, at least one result is that everyone here is married to a daughter-in-law, and a result that seems to be right." On the other hand, according to the judgment that all the people standing did not marry a wife, the fact that no one had a wife can be pointed out by the deductive method, and this does not lead to anything new, and the inability to tell everyone something new is not a shortcoming of the deductive method? ”

Everyone began to hear that there are two good ways to explore the unknown, and they couldn't help but be a little happy and have high expectations, but who knew that after analyzing and analyzing, the two good things would become lost, and they suddenly became a little disappointed. Tianqi saw everyone's emotions, smiled and said: "Everything has advantages and disadvantages, as the saying goes, the ruler is short and the inch is long, as long as it is used well and some auxiliary methods are added, these two methods may not be safe to use." It's like my Ming army, the loss of land in the past few years is unexpected, but they are still better than other guards, what should I do? You can't put it to good use yet. ”

Liu Zongzhou asked: "The emperor must have a good auxiliary method when he says this, I don't know what the emperor's good method is?" ”

Tianqi said: "At first, Lord Liu compared the inductive method with the fact that the majority agrees with the fact that it is not necessarily correct, but now it seems that Lord Liu is saying this with a purpose, and I began to ask you to discuss how to ensure that the top and bottom can be consistent when the officials are elected, and to reflect this in the election system□ Lord Liu proposed to use the method of the Taixi people to directly elect at that time, but I vetoed it, the reason is that I think that what the majority agrees with is not necessarily correct. If we can come up with an auxiliary method to ensure the use of the inductive method, wouldn't it be of great help to Liu's research? ”

Liu Zong was stunned, thought about it and nodded and said: "The minister doesn't have the idea of being lazy and tricky, but he always thinks about this in his head when he receives the task, if the emperor thinks that the minister is not willing to use his brains, the minister has not asked, but the minister is really curious and doesn't know if the emperor has a way." ”

Apocalypse shook his head slowly and said, "I don't have a good way, but I think that as long as I maintain a good attitude and use it, I can play its due role by promoting strengths and avoiding weaknesses." Of course, both the inductive and deductive methods are flawed, and we need to verify the conclusions, just like Jin Yiwei suspects that not only the people they see are smuggling grain, but also the places they don't see are smuggling, and they immediately go to other places to verify and be confirmed. If you go to other places and find that this is not the case, then you have to find another reason and not hold the old mindset. ”

Liu Zongzhou asked: "The verification is certain, but wouldn't it be better to be able to foresee it at the beginning?" What attitude does the emperor think should be maintained when using the two methods of induction and deduction? ”

Tianqi thought for a while and said: "The inductive method and the deductive method are imperfect and cannot be used absolutely, and an auxiliary method is needed to make up for its shortcomings, how to summarize an auxiliary method should also be the business of your holy college∞ now you can talk about your own opinion but not necessarily correct, I think that in the application of the inductive method, we should have an attitude that we should not seek perfection and can use it, when Taizu summarized the Da Ming Law based on extensive verification and comprehensive cases, he old man believes that this system is the most perfect and cannot be changed forever, Now, only two hundred years later, who can say that the Great Ming Law is perfect? ”

Liu Zongzhou asked: "Isn't not seeking perfection a limited application?" ”

Tianqi nodded and said: "Lord Liu is very right, the results of the inductive method are correct, but its correctness has limitations and timeliness, and after a certain time and place, the conclusion can no longer be used." Although the inductive method has limitations and timeliness, the correctness of the conclusions inducted within the time and scope is unquestionable‖ the same truth, the deductive method can not bring new knowledge to people, no matter what the conclusion is based on and whether it is correct or not, the results of deduction will neither enlarge nor shrink, it can save time and energy to make the hidden or half-revealed knowledge completely open and transparent, which is the advantage of the deductive method. ”

King Xin smiled and said: "This is understood by the courtiers, just like learning to play chess with the masters when I was a child, I often feel embarrassed in the same situation and don't know whether to win or draw." Later, the master said some conclusions, such as what bicycle must win the double elephant or bicycle must win the horse and so on, and then encounter these situations and have the bottom in his heart. ”

Apocalypse nodded and said, "Deduction can also be called deduction, that is, to deduce another conclusion based on one conclusion, as long as the premise is correct, then the conclusion introduced must also be correct." We have a person here who has a deep study of this method, he is Xu Guangqi Xu, and his translation of the book "Principles of Geometry" uses a lot of deductive reasoning, is this the case with Xu? ”

Xu Guangqi saw that everyone was looking at him, smiled and said: "The minister is just a translation of the first few volumes of "Principles of Geometry", and there are many places that do involve deduction in the back, but the minister has not finished translating, since the emperor likes the minister, he will go to translate it again." ”

Tianqi hurriedly stopped and said, "Lord Xu, don't do that laborious thing, it's better to let those Taixi people do it if your health is important." [Serialized, stay tuned...] This book is provided by (apread.genuine, please support genuine)

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