"The first military general in the former dynasty, Li Bing, a famous water conservancy engineering expert in the Qin State during the Warring States Period, academic 92+"

He was appointed by King Qin Zhao as the Taishou of Shu County (now Chengdu). During the pen ~ fun ~ pavilion www.biquge.info Li Bing controlled the water and created the miracle work, and the guiding ideology of his construction weir is the Taoist idea of "Taoism and nature" and "the unity of heaven and man". He recruited migrant workers to build many water conservancy projects in the Minjiang River basin, among which the Dujiangyan Water Conservancy Project, which he and his son presided over the construction of, was the most famous. For thousands of years, the project has laid a solid foundation for the Chengdu Plain to become a land of abundance. In later generations, in order to commemorate Li Bing's father and son, there was a temple of two kings in Dujiangyan. Dujiangyan has also become a famous scenic spot.

In addition to Dujiangyan, Li Bing also presided over the construction of other water conservancy projects in the Minjiang River basin. Such as "guide Luotong Mountain, Luoshui or out of the waterfall, through Shifang, Pi, Bijiang River", "through the Shixi River in the south of the Yangtze River", "ice and through the Wenjing River, through Linqiong and Mengxi to divide the Baimu River", "from the embankment to divide the Yangmo River" and so on.

During Li Bing's tenure as Shu Shou, he also made contributions to other economic construction in Shu. Li Bing "perceives the water veins, passes through the salt wells of Guangdu, and Shu is full of health care." Prior to this, Sichuan salt mining was in a very primitive state, relying mostly on natural salty springs and salty stones. Li Bing created the method of sinking wells to extract brine and boil salt, which ended the primitive situation of Bashu salt production. This is also the earliest record of sinking wells to boil salt in Chinese historical records. Li Bing also built seven bridges in Chengdu: "Zhiximen Pijiang Zhongchongzhi Bridge; The southwest stone cow gate is called the city bridge, and the stone rhinoceros is also in the abyss; South of the city is said to be the river bridge; Nandu Liuyu is called Wanli Bridge; On the west is called Yili Bridge, and on (also) is called Di Bridge; The bridge goes out from the Chongzhi Bridge to the west, and it is called the Changsheng Bridge; There is Yongping Bridge on the west side of the Pijiang River. "These seven bridges are convenient facilities on the main trunk canal.

All these things done by Li Bing, especially the Dujiangyan water conservancy project, have had a profound impact on the society of Shudi. After the completion of water conservancy projects such as Dujiangyan, earth-shaking changes have taken place in Shudi, and the floods of the Minjiang River, which have endangered the people for thousands of years, have been completely eradicated. Du Fuyun in the Tang Dynasty: "You don't see the Qin Dynasty Shu Taishou, carved stone to make five rhinoceros, although there is a tired of winning since ancient times, the natural river flows eastward, the Shu people boast for a thousand years, and the flood is not close to Zhang Yilou." Since then, Shu land "drought will lead water infiltration, rain will plug the water gate, so water and drought from people, do not know hunger, then there is no famine year, the world is called heaven". The development of water conservancy has made the agricultural production of Shu develop rapidly, and it has become a well-known land of fish and rice throughout the country. In the Western Han Dynasty, the flood in the south of the Yangtze River caused the Jiangnan by "the millet of the chin Shu", and the Tang Dynasty "the rice of Jiannan (now Chengdu) was the master of Beijing". The channel was opened, so that the Minshan Zibai bamboo "decadent with the flow of water, sit on the timber, save the use of Rao". Moreover, local specialties such as the famous Shu brocade are also transported to various places through these channels. It is precisely because of Li Bing's entrepreneurship that Chengdu has become not only the political, economic, and transportation center of Sichuan but also southwest China, and at the same time a city with extremely developed industry, commerce, and transportation in the country.

The Dujiangyan water conservancy project built by Li Bing occupies a glorious page not only in the history of water conservancy in China, but also in the history of water conservancy in the world. It's world-famous for its long history, and it's amazingly well designed! In ancient times, many water conservancy projects were built in China, among which the famous ones were Shaobi, Zhangshui Canal, Zhengguo Canal, etc., but they were all abandoned one after another. Only the Dujiangyan founded by Li Bing has endured for a long time, and still plays a variety of functions such as flood control, irrigation and transportation.

"Eh, that's a lot of use!" When Bao Hong heard this, he laughed and said, "Water conservancy is definitely a crucial black technology, needless to say, Li Bing's those, the entire canal or something, without this kind of great god pressure array, even if there is any water conservancy project that benefits the country and the people, it will be as tragic as Yang Guang in the end." ”

Hydraulic engineering was once included in the discipline of civil engineering, alongside roads, bridges, and public civil buildings. Water conservancy projects have the following characteristics: hydraulic buildings are affected by water and the working conditions are complex; Difficult to construct; The hydrological, meteorological, topographical, geological and other natural conditions are different in different places, and there are probabilities in hydrological and meteorological conditions, so the design of large-scale water conservancy projects always has its own characteristics and is difficult to be uniform. Large-scale water conservancy projects have a large investment and a long construction period, which have a great impact on society, economy and the environment, and can have significant benefits, but if they are seriously mistaken or wrecked, they will cause huge losses or disasters.

In particular, the Sui, Tang and Northern Song dynasties were the heyday of water conservancy in China. Social stability and economic prosperity have spread throughout the country, and water conservancy construction has spread throughout the country, and the technical level has also been improved. The Sui Dynasty invested huge manpower to build the Grand Canal connecting the Yangtze River and the Yellow River basin, connecting the vast areas of the country through water transportation, which had a profound impact on the political, economic, and cultural development. In addition to vigorously maintaining the smooth flow of the canal and ensuring the transportation of grain to the north, the Tang Dynasty also greatly promoted farmland and water conservancy in the north and south, including more than 250 large projects such as the Sanbai Canal in Guanzhong and the Tashan Weir in Zhejiang. After the end of the Tang Dynasty, the north suffered from repeated wars, and a large number of people moved south, which led to the rapid development of farmland and water conservancy in the south. The polder river network in the Taihu Lake area, the sea ponds and salty water storage projects in the coastal area, and the milling and water milling using water power have all developed greatly. Water conservancy regulations and technical specifications have appeared, such as the Tang Dynasty's "Water Ministry Style" and the Song Dynasty's "River Defense General Discussion".

As Bao Hong said, opening a science and technology tree, without water conservancy projects, everything else is floating clouds. However, if the water conservancy is not done well, it will cause changes in the ecological water cycle, which will cause huge environmental impacts.

"The second military general in the former dynasty, one of the founders of the thinker Legalist during the Warring States Period, and one of the most influential scholars in the Jixia Academy, cautious to Shenzi, academic 96+"

Shen Dao was born in Handan, the capital of Zhao State. In his early years, he "learned the art of Huang Lao's morality", and later became an important representative of Legalism. In view of its ideological tendency to combine Taoism and law, it is called Taoism. During the reign of King Xuan of Qi, he lectured in Jixia for a long time, and had many students, which was famous at that time. When he was under the Jishita, he had more contacts with Tian Piao, Jiezi, Huanyuan, etc. Together, they were appointed as doctors by the King of Qi and were respected, and the King of Qi also specially built high-rise buildings and roads for them. He advocated "holding the law and dealing with the world" and "ruling by inaction".

Qi Wei Xuan Wang Shixi literary lobbyists, such as Fu Yan, Chun Yu Ji, Tian Piao, Received, Cautious to the flow of seventy-six people, ordered to say that the Lie Doctor, for the establishment of the pavilion under the mountain, the high gate of the big house, respect it, not cure and discuss, the princes of the world can be the world's wise men. It is Qi Ji's bachelors, as many as hundreds of thousands.

Shenzhi and Laozi and Zhuangzi both advocate nature, and their starting point is the same, but their fate is far from the same. Lao Tzu saw the greatness of nature and advocated "absolute sage and abandonment of wisdom, retro and simple", and Zhuangzi was full of despair for human society under the premise of "perfect nature". Shinko believes in the greatness of heaven and earth, but at the same time believes that people can manage their relationship with nature.

The Taoist system in the history of Chinese philosophy, starting with Shenzi, embarked on the path of active intervention in society. With the philosophical system of "following nature", Shenzi put forward a relatively systematic theory of law, art, and potential in politics, which added a lot of fresh blood to Legalist political theory. In the early stage of the Legalists, Shen was known for his "noble power". "Potential" has three meanings, one of which is equivalent to "potential energy" in today's physics; The second refers to a favorable position; The third refers to power in political life, that is, the position of being able to dominate others.

He equated the "law" advocated by the Legalists with the "Tao" or "reason" advocated by the Taoists. Taoists believe that in front of the "Tao", the king can only "obey the Tao" and "rule by doing nothing". If you are cautious, you think that in the face of the law, you should also "judge things according to the law" and "rule by inaction". This is the conclusion that leads to both his view of the law and his view of the state. Both stem from his views on public and private. In his view, the Son of Heaven, the monarch, and officials at all levels must not only "obey the law", "abide by the law", and "only the law", but also set up to serve the world and the country.

It is undoubtedly an outstanding idea to be cautious in standardizing the functions of the state and to embody and guarantee the interests of the ruling class in a standardized form. The prudent idea of the rule of law has important theoretical value. First, he discussed the relationship between the monarch and the state, pointing out that the monarch is only the executor of the state's functions and an instrument of the law. Second, he standardized the functions of the state and made the method of governing the state change from mysterious to open, which was a pioneering feat in China's administrative management.

The prudent potential, law, and technique restrain and complement each other. Shangfa is the idea that is at the center. And the practice of the law depends on the power of the ruler. Only when there is power can it be forbidden and the rule can be achieved. The theory of the importance of the situation is the absorption and inheritance of Han Fei.

For legalists such as political reform, Bao Hong is not without pursuit. After all, those who do reform are iron-blooded work. Moreover, Bao Hong has not started to establish the chassis now, and there is no point in reform at all, otherwise the system of later generations would have been thrown out for discussion.

"The third military general in the former dynasty, Xu Xing, a famous agronomist and thinker during the Warring States Period of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, academic 90+"

Xu Xing was born during the period from King Xuan of Chu to King Huai of Chu. Relying on the ancient Shennong's words of "teaching the people to farm", he advocated "planting millet and then eating", "the sage and the people ploughing and eating together, and governing by feasting", leading dozens of disciples, wearing coarse linen and short clothes, and making a living by making grass and weaving mats between the Jiang and Han dynasties.

Xu Xing led his disciples from Chu to Teng. According to Xu Xing's request, Teng Wengong allocated him a piece of land that could be cultivated, and the management effect was very good. The great Confucian Chen Liang's disciple Chen Xiang and his younger brother Chen Xing brought farm tools from the Song State to the Teng State to worship Xu Xing's teacher, abandoning the Confucian viewpoint and becoming a faithful believer in the peasant school. In the same year, Meng Ke traveled to Teng, met Chen Xiang, and launched a famous "agriculture" and "Confucian" polemic in history.

The core of Xu Xing's peasant ideology is to oppose eating without work. He was also aware of the important role of the exchange of goods in the market, and had a more in-depth study and understanding of prices. With his unique peasant ideological insights and practical activities, Xu Xing had a great influence on the agricultural society and agricultural thought model of later generations.

Xu Xing also believed that if the monarch did not cultivate with the people, but had a warehouse for storing grain and a treasury for storing money, like Teng Wengong, it would be harming the people to support himself, and such a monarch would not be worthy of being virtuous. This was Xu Xing's sharp criticism and accusation against the rulers of the time. Xu Xing's theory of the combination of the monarch and the people was put forward because of the frequent wars in the Warring States Period, which seriously affected agricultural production, so he emphasized that the monarch must attach importance to agriculture and personally cultivate it in order to save the evils of the times.

The corpse said that the Shennong clan "ploughed and became the king, in order to persuade the farmer". As mentioned earlier, the corpse is the corpse, and it is said that he is the teacher of Shang Ying. Xu Xingjunmin's theory of cultivating the same as the corpse is very likely to have something to do with academic origins. Li Kui and Shang Ying are Legalists. They advocated ploughing and warfare, and their emphasis on agriculture was closely linked to war, which was different from Xu Xing's theory that the monarch and the people were farming together. Although Shang Ying took the corpse as his teacher, he developed the doctrine of the corpse into a policy of cultivation and warfare, while Xu Xing was loyal to the monarch and the people of the corpse and cultivated it. Therefore, we believe that the twenty articles of "Shennong" are likely to be Xu Xing's works.

Xu Xing's ideas reflected the interests and demands of the poor peasants during the Warring States period. The doctrine of the combination of the monarch and the people reflected the egalitarianism of the poor peasants and the idea of common labor at that time, which required everyone to become self-reliant laborers. But this proposition can only be an illusion, and it is impossible to realize it at all. This proposition of Xu Xing is in line with Mencius's advocacy of "those who work hard govern people, and those who work hard govern people; Those who govern others eat people, and those who govern others eat others" is a-for-tat conflict.

Mencius, out of the position of safeguarding the interests of the feudal ruling class, made a great crusade against the Xu Xingnong school, and denounced it as "a man with a tongue in the south, the way of the first king". Xu Xing and his disciples refuted it both theoretically and practically. The core of Xu Xing's peasant ideology is to oppose eating without work. He and his disciples were mainly engaged in farming, but they were also engaged in handicraft production, and they also recognized the important role of the exchange of goods in the market, such as hats, pots, cooking utensils, and iron agricultural tools. He also pointed out that if everything is self-controlled, it will be "harmful to farming".

He also has a profound insight on the issue of price, advocating that the corresponding price should be set according to the quantity and quality of the product, such as the length, weight, quantity, and size of the product, that is, if the quantity of the same commodity is the same, the price is equal, and the price of various items on the market has been uniformly regulated. In this way, there is only one price for the same good in the market, and there is no second price. This is the "City Jia Fuji". Xu Xing believes that in this way, there will be no more fraud, and even if children go to the market to buy things, they will not be deceived.

It is not in favor of the exploitation of merchants in the middle, and opposes the inflated prices and fraud in exchange. He also denied the monarch's right to own the warehouses and treasury. He was also critical of Teng Wengong's monarchical exploitation system of "supporting the people by themselves". His ideas are a reflection of the economic egalitarianism of small peasants, which shows in a concentrated way the simple nature of the working peasants to support themselves, expresses their strong desire to relieve the oppression of reality, and is full of beautiful visions of an imaginary average society, which has had a great impact on later generations.

Of course, everyone knows that this kind of thing is impossible to achieve even today, how can it be possible to have a uniform price across the country...... (To be continued.) )