Chapter 24: The Origin and Dilemma of the Shogunate (1)
"Your Excellency, this is wonderful!"
Shibukawa Mitsuyori knelt in front of Ashikaga Yoshimitsu and said excitedly.
"This matter is still in the stage of secrecy, you can know it in your heart, understand?"
"Understood, Your Excellency!"
"Okay, there you go!" Ashikaga Yoshimitsu waved his hand.
Shibukawa stood up and turned to go out the door.
......
"Your Excellency, after Shibukawa left here, he went straight home!"
"Oh," Ashikaga Yoshimitsu narrowed his eyes and thought for a moment, "what is he doing at home?" ”
"I had lunch, drank some wine, stayed in the study in the afternoon, and ate dinner in the study, so I should be dealing with official business."
"Well, has he seen anyone then?"
"Nope!"
"And is there anything unusual about his mood?"
"Anomaly?"
The man in black who was lying on the ground thought for a moment and said, "When he came out of Your Excellency, he looked quite excited, but he quickly calmed down. ”
"Oh, you go down, send someone to keep an eye on Shibukawa recently, and report anything abnormal immediately!"
"Yes!"
Looking at the back of the man in black, Ashikaga Yoshimitsu sighed softly, and the uneasiness in his heart not only did not disappear, but became more serious.
The man in black is a member of the secret spy organization formed by Yoshimitsu - "Sakura", although this organization has been around for a long time, but because of the strong opposition of Hosokawa Yoriyuki, Spo Yoshisho and others, it is rarely used, but now Yoshimitsu has no better choice.
Unlike the young and frivolous Ashikaga Yoshinori, Ashikaga Yoshimitsu was deeply aware of the weakness of the Muromachi shogunate, and he wanted to make up for this weakness in his lifetime, but now it seems that there is little hope.
Even if it was able to repel the Ming Kingdom, the Muromachi shogunate was bound to collapse, a congenital flaw of the shogunate system that could not be changed.
In another time and space, the shogunate ruled in the Wa Kingdom for nearly 700 years, and there were three shogunates, namely the Kamakura shogunate, the Muromachi shogunate, and the Tokugawa shogunate.
Among them, the Kamakura shogunate lasted for 148 years, the Muromachi shogunate lasted for 237 years, and the Tokugawa shogunate lasted for 264 years, but the Kamakura shogunate gradually collapsed because of the economic collapse caused by the resistance to the invasion of the Yuan army; The Tokugawa shogunate had to return to the emperor under the great changes of the invasion of East Asia by the Western powers, otherwise it would have lasted much longer.
There was only the Muromachi shogunate, which was weak and unstable.
After the establishment of the shogunate, after more than 60 years of war, it was not until the time of the third shogun Ashikaga Yoshimitsu that the Wa Province was unified; During the reign of the four generations of shogun Ashikaga Yoshinori, the shogunate was still stable, and after Ashikaga Yoshinori took power for fifteen years, he gave way to his son Ashikaga Yoshiji, but Yoshimi was in poor health and died earlier than Yoshimori, after which the position of shogun was vacant; After the death of Yoshinori, his younger brother Ashikaga Yoshinori succeeded to the throne of the general, Ashikaga Yoshinori intended to restore the general's dictatorship and establish the authority of the general, but was assassinated by Akamatsu Mitsusuke, on this day, it was only forty-nine years from Ashikaga Yoshimitsu unified Japan, and Ashikaga Yoshinori was the son of the third generation of shogun Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, and the younger brother of the fourth generation of shogun Ashikaga Yoshinori.
About fifty years later, Hosokawa Masamoto launched the "Ming Ying Change", deposing the 10th shogun Ashikaga Yoshisai and supporting Yoshisumi Ri as the 11th shogun, so that the shogun of the Muromachi shogunate became a puppet completely.
More than a hundred years later, the last shogun, Ashikaga Yoshiaki, was expelled by Oda Nobunaga, and the Muromachi shogunate officially ended.
The last hundred years of the Muromachi shogunate, together with the period before the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate, are known as the "Warring States Period" of the Wa Kingdom.
Historically, the shogunate was referred to as the "samurai regime" to distinguish it from the previous public regime, the aristocratic minister's regime.
And all the changes come from the battle of Baijiangkou with the Tang Dynasty in the past.
After the Battle of Baijiangkou, the Japanese army was defeated, and because they were afraid of the invasion of the Tang army, the Japanese built a seawall in the northern part of Kyushu to prevent the Tang army from landing.
But what the Japanese did not expect was that the Tang army did not occupy a foothold in Korea, and naturally it was not capable of conquering the Japanese state, and the relationship between the two countries immediately warmed, and then, the Japanese sent a large number of Tang envoys to the Tang Dynasty, and then the famous "Dahua reform" occurred.
Historically, Emperor Kotoku's "Taika Reform" and Emperor Meiji's "Meiji Restoration" have similar effects both in terms of the background of the reform and the impact on the Wakoku.
Before the "Taika Reform", the emperor was also a puppet, and the government was controlled by the powerful minister Soga clan, and after the Soga clan was eliminated, Emperor Kotoku succeeded to the throne and began to implement the reform.
The purpose of the "Dahua Reform" was to abolish the monopoly and control of the power by the powerful and wealthy clans, and to implement the imperial dictatorship system of the Chinese model.
In terms of specific systems, the "Dahua Reform" refers to the Juntian system of the Sui and Tang dynasties, implements the "Bantian Granting Law", and implements the public ownership of land; In terms of taxation, refer to the regulation of rent; In terms of military system, the government military system was adopted, and the system of integrating soldiers and peasants was implemented.
On the whole, the system of "Dahua Reform" is basically similar to that of the early Tang Dynasty.
These systems of the Tang Dynasty lasted less than a hundred years before collapsing, but the system of the Wa Kingdom lasted for more than five hundred years. This is an interesting phenomenon, the Tang Dynasty has perished, but this system of the Tang Dynasty continues to survive tenaciously in the Wa Kingdom.
The Juntian system originated in the Northern Wei Dynasty, passed through the Eastern Wei Dynasty, the Western Wei Dynasty, the Northern Qi Dynasty, the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the Sui Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty, and finally collapsed in the middle of the Tang Dynasty Xuanzong Tianbao.
In the ninth year of Taihe of the Northern Wei Dynasty of China, Emperor Xiaowen accepted the suggestion of Li Anshi, a Han man, to allocate ownerless wasteland to farmers for cultivation, which was the beginning of the equalization system.
However, there is a fatal flaw in the equalization system itself, that is, the "ownerless wasteland", with the development of time, the "ownerless" wasteland has decreased year by year, partly because of the encroachment of the wealthy landlords - land annexation, and partly because the land cannot be recovered after distribution (according to the regulations, the land will be nationalized and distributed again after death, but it is difficult to implement in practice, and it will be abandoned over time).
In China, the disappearance of the "ownerless wasteland" led to the disintegration of the Juntian system, and the tenant regulation and the government military system attached to it collapsed and were replaced by the two tax laws and the conscription system.
Similarly, this drawback of the Juntian system has gradually emerged in the Wa Kingdom, but unlike Huaxia, the Wa State is surrounded by the sea, only civil strife, and there are few external threats, and the country does not need strong troops, so although the Juntian system collapsed, it had little impact, and the ensuing collapse of the military system did not seem to have much impact, and the royal family of the Wa Kingdom lived in such a drunken dream for more than 500 years.
However, with the increase of the burden on the people, a new way of tax avoidance appeared, that is, "tossing", some Japanese people were prepared for danger in times of peace, and the nobles and ministers of Kyoto who "invested" their land replaced the heavy taxes with lighter land rents.
As a result of this, the royal family of the Wa Kingdom became weaker and weaker, because it had neither land nor soldiers; The aristocracy, on the other hand, became unprecedentedly corrupt and degenerate, because they did not have to do anything, and a group of manor owners automatically "charged" them and sent large sums of land rent.
This phenomenon is similar to the situation in the late Ming Dynasty in another time and space, except that the Manchu invasion was ushered in on the Huaxia side; And here in the Wa Kingdom, the rise of the samurai class followed.
The samurai, in essence, are the strong men of the local manor, because the country's armament collapsed and robbers were rampant, so the owners of the manor selected the strong and formed a small escort army to prevent robbers from plundering, and over time, a class called "samurai" was formed.
In order to better control the samurai, the lords of the manor instilled in the samurai the concepts of loyalty, honor, benevolence, righteousness, bravery, and courtesy, and encouraged them to be loyal to the main family, so that they could "die without memories, without hesitation, and without scruples" for the sake of the samurai.
In order to gain the protection of the nobility and to gain ownership of their land, the samurai sacrificed their lives and died. But as time passed, the samurai gradually became dissatisfied. The samurai gradually shifted from envy and yearning to contempt and disgust for the lifestyle and values of the aristocracy.
However, perhaps because of the influence of traditional Chinese morality, the samurai did not issue the call of "the prince and the prince will have a kind of peace", but produced the simple idea of "only anti-corrupt officials and not against the emperor", they hoped to have their own representatives in the imperial court, and in order for their representatives to be able to take power, they could also sacrifice their lives and forget about death.
The first samurai family to hold power in the imperial court was the Hei family, the representative of which was Taira Kiyomori, when he was alive, the Taira clan reached its heyday, Taira Kiyomori himself became the minister of Taisei, a very human minister, and then he married the imperial family, deposed the emperor, and killed the opposition minister, his family monopolized all the important positions of the imperial court, and in its heyday, the feudal kingdom under its direct control accounted for more than half of the country.
Of course, the Ping clan was able to do this, and it was also related to their bloodline, they were originally descendants of the royal family, and were later given the surname "Ping" and demoted to courtiers. Similarly, the Genji, who competes with him, has the same bloodline, and it is also a noble bloodline that descended from the clouds of the imperial family.
Although the Hei family was a samurai, they quickly became aristocratic when they came to power, much to the disappointment of the samurai who supported them, and these samurai soon gathered around Minamoto Yoritomo to rebel against the Taira clan.
Soon, Minamoto Yoritomo established the Kamakura shogunate with the help of his son-in-law, the Hojo clan, his brothers Minamoto Yoshitsune, and Minamoto Tomoto.
At this moment, the Minamoto Yoritomo did not have the idea of overthrowing the emperor, and of course did not have the strength to overthrow the emperor, and the samurai under his command did not want to become the nobles of Kyoto, they just wanted to have the ownership of their own land, as long as they did not let the nobles take it away, other than that, they had no higher requirements.
To this end, the Kamakura shogunate received from the imperial family the power to appoint all feudal guardians and appoint "landlords" in various estates and dukes, so that the Kamakura shogunate effectively controlled the whole country, and the samurai also fulfilled their demands, that is, they were no longer exploited by the nobles and became the masters of their own land.