About Chapter 20 Synopsis: After Liu Yao inherited the throne of Emperor Han and Zhao, he ignored the government and drank excessively, and was finally defeated by Shi Le, and the Han and Zhao empires were destroyed by Later Zhao in 25 years.

In this story, it is recorded in the history books that Liu Yao was drunk excessively, and when he fought against Shi Le, he mutinied twice in the army for no reason, I personally think that this situation should be very different from the actual situation in history, Liu Yao, as a veteran of the battlefield, should not make this low-level mistake, and the two unprovoked mutinies in the military formation, it is very likely that someone in the army has secretly communicated with Shi Le, and the history books record this, it is very likely that it is to belittle the Han and Zhao Empire established by the Huns.

After the fall of the Han and Zhao dynasties, in fact, the main ethnic group of the Xiongnu as a political force has withdrawn from the stage of history, and the regimes created by the nomadic peoples such as Beiliang and Hu Xia that appeared in the late Sixteen Kingdoms nominally belong to the Xiongnu people, but in fact they are established by the nobles of some small tribes under the Xiongnu people, and some things about these small tribes, as I have said before, should not be treated on the same basis as the large tribes that once ruled them. However, because of the continuous migration of the nomads, even though the Xiongnu gradually declined during the period of the Sixteen Kingdoms, other nomads also have Xiongnu blood, especially the Xianbei people, who have occupied the Mongolian steppe in the north and are very powerful, have accepted a large number of Xiongnu tribes and completed the initial stage of ethnic integration, that is, the integration of the Xiongnu to other nomads. Even if there are still records about the Xiongnu in later historical materials, in fact, the customs and lifestyles of the Xiongnu at this time have been integrated into other ethnic groups, and perhaps only the name of the Xiongnu has been retained. Just like many people nowadays, although they call themselves ethnic minorities, their customs and habits are no different from those of the Han people, which can reflect that they are ethnic minorities, and they are only non-Han titles in the ethnic column on the ID card.

With regard to these small tribes of nomads, I might as well say a few more of my opinions.

We have said before that in ancient times, people did not have the concept of nationality, especially among nomadic peoples, but according to the name of the tribe to distinguish their own tribe from other tribes, when a tribe gradually became stronger, the population is large, and the ecological environment of its habitat is difficult to feed such a large population, then there will be many families who begin to choose to migrate in other directions, which gradually forms a new small tribe. The migration of nomads in this way, with the development of the times, after the productivity has been improved, has made the various tribes of the steppe peoples very numerous, in order to distinguish them, they have formed a certain tribe and a certain tribe.

In fact, in the Han Dynasty, the Xiongnu, there were not so many tribes, for the nomadic people, only the title of the Xiongnu, but in the period of the Sixteen Kingdoms, the title of a certain tribe is more common, in fact, this also shows that the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Sixteen Kingdoms period, the whole society is still in a state of progress, especially the living environment of the nomads, in the Central Plains settled ethnic melee for hundreds of years to the background, there should be a large number of Han ancestors fled to the northern grasslands, The living environment of the nomads has entered a period of stability and population growth, so when the Xianbei people occupy the northern grasslands, the population is too large, and they have to divide many powerful tribes, such as the Xianbei Tuoba Division, the Xianbei Yuwen Division, the Xianbei Duan Division, the Xianbei Murong Division, the Xianbei Bald Division, and so on.

There are many tribes like this, and it can also be reflected in our ancestors, and what has evolved to this day is our surname culture. Because our Han ancestors lived in the Central Plains, the ecological environment is much better than that of the grassland, so our ancestors began to settle down very early, and the name has been thousands of years earlier than the nomads.

In fact, as a surname, the surname is the surname, the surname is the surname, in the ancient ancestors living in the Central Plains, there were only eight surnames: Ji, Jiang, Ji, Ying, Fei, Fei, Yao, Yao. The other said: Ji, Jiang, Ji, Ying, Fei, Fei, Yao, and Pregnancy. However, there are many surnames, which are the surnames we commonly use now. In the ancient eight surnames, these eight surnames are all next to the female characters, which also proves that our ancestors also experienced matrilineal clan communes, but with the development of society, the population is increasing, and these eight surnames are soon insufficient, and many people with the same surname have moved to various places and gradually separated from the same tribe, so in order to rename, they re-took the clan according to the region, feudal country and other factors related to themselves, to name their own clan, these clans, and later the surname we used. And at that time, only the head of the tribe would have a clan, and the ordinary people did not, until the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, when our country entered the feudal society, and everyone had a clan, that is, our current surname, but now people don't know what the real surname is.

I will take the surnames of the nobles of the Chu State during the Spring and Autumn Period as an example.

You must know that the Chu State is not a tribe in the Central Plains, they belong to the tribes in the southern region, because they are close to the Central Plains, and always yearn for the civilization of the Central Plains, so the ancestors of the Chu State refer to the Zhou Dynasty in the Central Plains in terms of etiquette system, but its monarch has always been called the King of Chu, showing that he is on a par with the Zhou royal family. However, it is still contemptuously called Nanban by the ancestors of our Central Plains, because it does not belong to the tribe of the Han ancestors in the Central Plains, so the Chu State uses the surname Mi, but it is also the same as the tribes in the Central Plains. For example, we know that the king of Chu is surnamed Xiong, but in fact he should be surnamed Xiong, and Qu Yuan, the founder of the Dragon Boat Festival, should be surnamed Qu, but the women at that time did have to take the surname as their surname, for example, the famous Empress Dowager Xuan of Qin Guoxuan, this tradition I guess should have a lot to do with the origin of the surname and the matrilineal clan commune. And in the stage of entering the patrilineal clan commune, the surname handed down by the matrilineal clan has no influence and appeal, so the people of the patrilineal clan must re-choose the clan as their title, and the woman can no longer become the leader of the leading tribe, whether it is named with the surname or the name, there is no longer any meaning, but after all, it has just entered the patrilineal clan from the matrilineal clan, and the woman has followed the title of the ancient period with the surname to name.

In fact, in terms of historical data, the information of the Empress Dowager Xuan is very scarce, and she doesn't even know what country she is from, but she has a surname Mi, so historians guess that she should be from Chu. Another example is Qin Shi Huang, who unified the six countries, everyone knows that his name is Ying Zheng, in fact, his clan is Zhao, according to the current name, in fact, he should be called Zhao Zheng, but the same Zhao Guojun in the Seven Heroes of the Warring States is also Zhao, probably in order to distinguish the names of the monarchs of the two countries in the same period, we have always named the monarch of Qin with the surname Win. Moreover, many of the country names of many vassal states in the Spring and Autumn Period were named after their clans, such as Song State, Wei State, Zheng State, Zeng State, etc., all of which were relatives of Zhou Tianzi, so they all originated from the surname Ji.

In the Spring and Autumn Period, the discussion of surnames, should still be relatively clear, with the integration of the various tribes of the Han ancestors in later generations, after the unification of the six countries by Qin Shi Huang, the country abolished the division of the county, the county, the surname began to become blurred, in fact, this is also a historical trend, the growth of population, the progress of the productive forces will inevitably lead to the surname culture fade out of the historical stage, people no longer use the surname to determine the status of the level, the dignity of the identity, this is also the great progress of history, until today, There are many surnames in our country, and no one mentions the origin of surnames, which does not show that history is the journey of people in their quest for equality and democracy.

In the period of the Sixteen Kingdoms, the population increased significantly, and the surname was even more blurred, in order to distinguish the difference between the family and the Hanmen Shu clan, there was a saying of the county wang, that is, before their own clan, add the name of the region where their family lives, to highlight the prominence of their surname, such as Taiyuan Wang, Qinghe Cui, Qian Guohuan and so on. This surname culture continued until the end of feudal society, and then gradually withdrew from the historical stage.

During the period of the Sixteen Kingdoms, the main body of the nomadic people has actually changed to the Xianbei people, and the Xiongnu people who were once slaves of the Xiongnu people have also begun to embark on the road of independent statehood, and Rouran, as a slave of the Xianbei people, also began to rise, through the naming of the Xianbei tribes, and the Qianren and Rouran, who were once slaves, have become independent, and in the process of the nomads fighting each other, the slave owners and slaves fought side by side, and their feelings can be like brothers, and the primitive slavery system also began to die out in this period. Therefore, I think that this period should be the nomads completely got rid of the primitive mode of life and entered a semi-slave and semi-feudal social period, because of the particularity of the nomads' living habits, we can not name their social forms according to the primitive society, slave society and feudal society, in this period, the social form of the nomadic society should be closer to the feudal society, what we can see is that the clan names of the Xianbei tribes are actually the clans used by their upper nobles, or according to today's names, It's the last name. This feeling is like the name of each vassal state and the king's clan in the Western Zhou Dynasty.

When Shi Le, the excellent leader of the Qiang people, began to lead the Xiongnu slaves and eliminated the slave owners of the year, the nomads should have entered a new historical period, but I always think that the Qiang people, as a small tribe, can build their own country, completely because of Shi Le's eloquence, and the Later Zhao Liguo is a historical accident, as the main body of the nomadic people at that time, the Xianbei people are the real leaders who can lead the nomads into the feudal society, and the Hou Zhao of the Qiang people, That is, a transitional period for the nomads to enter the feudal society, in this transitional period, any nation has the possibility of establishing a state, but the great Shile of the Qiang people appeared.