Submarine cables, which are common in later generations, from submarine cables to submarine fiber optic cables, for more than 100 years, these ocean-related communication methods are almost all over the seabed of the world's oceans, and through these optical cables, they can pass through various countries and connect the whole world.

However, even in later generations, with many advanced tools, submarine fiber optic cable is a large-scale project, which is the key to the investment of the whole country, and the general company, even if it is the world's top 500, cannot support this investment alone, which is the infrastructure project invested by the state.

Submarine cables, once penetrated, for the future, the Americas, and Oceania's control, will be strengthened a lot, but these, for the time being, are not a matter of consideration for the navy, Zhao Xin is not prepared, in a short period of time, on a large scale to lay submarine cables, because this does not have much effect, it is easy to have problems.

As long as the cable telegraph is completed, the wireless telegraph should also be fast, although it is said that radio has such and such limitations, but in the face of the ocean, the premise is more convenient.

Wired telegraph and wireless telegraphy, basically things, are almost the same, are pulse waves, the difference is that wired telegraphy, with the help of this wire, the pulse wave, to directly transmit out, but wireless telegraphy, then need to pulse electromagnetic waves, first into electromagnetic waves, and then through some means, the electromagnetic waves are transmitted, in the middle, at the beginning, when the power is not strong, the whole shrouded place is limited, is the need for a base station, just like the mobile communication of later generations, Without a base station, it can't work.

If it is a separate launch machine, depending on the power, the direction and number of envelopes are also different.

Electromagnetic waves, its speed is 300,000 kilometers per second, one second, can circle the earth seven and a half times, but this is in the unobstructed situation, electromagnetic waves upward, to the void propagation, can ignore a lot, can spread very fast, but on the ground, it is easy to be blocked by the land, once blocked, electromagnetic waves will be rapidly attenuated.

Because of this, the general signal tower or intermediary tower will be built very high, the reason is very simple, the higher the place, the direct electromagnetic wave outward, can cover a larger range, can cover a higher area.

Electromagnetic waves propagate in a straight line, and they mainly propagate in air or water, and once they encounter a solid, they cannot penetrate the past, and they are either reflected or absorbed.

Reflection is the basic characteristic of radar, and in the shrouded range, there is a limit to the irregular propagation in the direction of impassability.

For example, if the battle is on the ground, it is outward at a certain angle, and the propagation above the ground level must have a limit, and it will be enveloped, that is, it will be launched outward from a certain angle from a certain height, because the arc of the earth will almost inevitably be blocked.

Then, this area is the area that the telegraph can cover, and when this height is high enough, the entire enveloping range will also expand, and in the same way, the transmission of wireless telegraphy is not unlimited, even if it is not blocked, there is a limit to the transmission to the sky.

Because electromagnetic waves are emitted outward, to put it bluntly, they are emitted outwards, and electrical impulses need energy to propagate outward, and when the energy is attenuated, and it does not exceed the enveloping range, it reaches the limit.

Therefore, for radios, the radio is also divided into power, and the higher the power, the easier it is to cover a larger range.

Some special military radios in later generations, they can even transmit to the whole world, but this one, the energy is large enough is one aspect, in addition, he can turn, otherwise, if a radio wants to cover the whole world, on the moon, it is more than certain, let alone on the ground.

The first radio, which used electron tubes and electronic components, not only had very small power, but could not concentrate a large amount of power, and at the same time generated a large amount of heat, and if the heat dissipation was not good, the consumption would be very large, and the failure rate was also high.

The discovery of the electron tube was a creation, and the properties of semiconductors allowed him to play an outstanding role in electronics, radio, and many other fields.

However, in the early days of the tube, his price was expensive, mainly because of the yield of processing, and the material of the construction, the life of an electron tube was not long, and a lot of tubes were used for things like radio.

Later, it entered the transistor and large-scale integrated circuit, which gradually improved, and the reliability became stronger, and the price also decreased from the initial very expensive level to the ordinary acceptable level.

The price of the earliest radio may cost hundreds, or even thousands of yuan, but in later generations, a simple one, that is, dozens of dollars, whether it is power or all aspects, is more than the early ones.

This is inseparable from the development of semiconductors, the more transistors or integrated circuits are concentrated, the price may rise, but the average to each semiconductor unit, it is very cheap, the most high-end CPU in later generations, even in a square inch, concentrated tens of millions, or even hundreds of millions of semiconductor units.

Dingjun has an advantage in developing semiconductors, because it is also starting from scratch, Zhao Xin also has a better understanding of semiconductors and the basic structure of integrated circuits, and the most important thing is that the radio industry is an industry of probability.

Even if in the future, invest 1 billion, or even billions of semiconductor factories, it is not 100% of the production of semiconductors, there is a certain chance, we must use scientific management methods, more sophisticated equipment, and a more professional team, in order to reduce the rate of defective products, otherwise, a defective rate, can defeat a factory with an investment of billions.

Of course, Zhao Xin can't solve the problem, but with the help of the card system, as long as one is produced, it can promote the rapid development of semiconductors.

Saying this, are things to be understood in the future, now, the whole Dinghai has just produced the tube, for the radio is only, but also just the initial intervention, it is far from the development of computers, computers to the extent, but in advance preparation, it is still possible, tubes, transistors, integrated circuits, this is a process of development, but also later generations with history to prove, which saves a lot of effort and waste.

As for the research of radio, this is a long-term research, and in the future, it will accompany him to go deeper, and many things will be derived from the field of radio, and a little deeper, that is, radar and broadcasting.

The former, which is a method of constantly transmitting radios, and then measuring and exploring from a distance according to the radio touching objects, reflected waves, and then measuring and exploring from a distance, there is a transmitter and a receiver, and there are some calculations and imaging processes.

The latter, is in the radio signals, carrying more information, the same as the radio, they send the same, is the electromagnetic wave, the difference is, wireless telegraphy, the conversion is the message, this is simpler, carry less, sometimes, a radio wave past, the transmission is only less than ten words of a sentence, but the broadcast is different, the broadcast is the transmission of the sound

The former is very important, it can be said that the exchange of information, the exchange of news, convenient means of communication, for anyone, for any time, is a very critical thing, but the latter, is also very important, the media battlefield, this from the very beginning Zhao Xin attaches great importance to it, from the very beginning, the establishment of a newspaper in the Dinghai Navy, on strict control, some can wait, what can't, how to register, there are regulations, and, strictly control the scale of distribution and the direction of distribution,

Paper media, there is no way to compare with broadcasting, in fact, to a certain extent, Shenyang, there is already something similar, through some series, the factory and mine in a certain area to combine into a whole, the way to set up broadcasting, but these are not very convenient, is limited, in the future, also need to develop to wireless.

Radio, in the first and second twenties of the twentieth century, was a proper high-tech, although it was said that later, in the middle and late twentieth century, it had been popularized, but for China, which was only in the 11th century, there were still too many difficulties

Relying on Zhao Xin's seedling pulling, almost one person got out all the textbooks of basic disciplines, but what happened after that? Because of the disconnect in some research, coupled with the lack of technical personnel, to a certain extent, many aspects are difficult.

In the beginning, the Dinghai Navy has achieved leapfrog and rapid development in various aspects of attention, but when these dividends are eaten, it will take a long time to study.

However, the only good thing is that the direction Zhao Xin has already given, and the scientific research method has also been tempered by later generations, and when the two are combined, coupled with the fact that Dingjun has always spared no effort to invest in education.

Almost every year, there will be a large number of graduates who have undergone professional training for 3 to 5 years, which is a huge support for the entire scientific and technological system of the Dinghai Navy.

This is also the current situation of the Navy, although science and technology have come to a standstill, but in the horizontal, in the depth, there are still some involvement, and even in some single aspects, with the help of some geniuses, there are breakthroughs from time to time.

It's just that the most critical systems, such as internal combustion engines, petrochemicals, radios, and high-power motors, are still somewhat insufficient, and some studies have reached a more profound level, but they have not yet made breakthroughs, and even laboratory verification machines have not been made, let alone verification formation.

These things, as with radio, there are other alternatives, and the urgency of developing them is not so important.

It has been able to develop to the present, with a maximum speed of more than 150 kilometers per hour, which is already the level of the late 19th century and early 20th century, and some advantageous industries, such as steel, shipbuilding, etc., have exceeded this point.

However, the whole world in later generations has spent hundreds of years, countless people, a large number of scientists, and countless efforts to form a scientific system, even if there is a traverser like Zhao Xin and a golden finger like the card system, it is impossible to smooth it in a short period of time, which requires everyone's efforts.

In the current state, all aspects are already good, some regrets, that's a normal thing, in the telegraph, there has been some progress, there is really no way to complete the radio, in the wire and cable this aspect, and then there is a certain improvement, then laying submarine fiber optic cables, there is no problem, there is no need to be too entangled in this problem,.

As for the internal combustion engine and high-power motors, it is the same thing, although the research has not stopped, which also represents the direction of the future, there are things that can replace these things, for example, the steam engine, which has solved the problem of having and not having it, at this stage, it is good to develop slowly, and it is not necessary to replace it in one step.

From the steam engine, the internal combustion engine, and then to the motor, this is a huge revolution in the three systems, involving too many things, although it is said that in the development process of the Dinghai Navy, it has been replaced countless times, and many times of repeated construction, but this power is different, and his total volume is also very huge, which is not so radical for the Dingjun.

The problem of communication, perhaps on the mainland, is not obvious, even if there is no means such as cable telegraph, relying on the operation of the railway communication, I don't know how much better than the former Northern Song Dynasty.

However, there is an obvious problem in the communication of the ocean, that is, thousands of miles away, which is full of various variables and uncertainties.

There is no way to contact both sides, a contact, a letter and a reply, it takes at least 60 days, more, maybe, it is 3 months have passed, which is very inconvenient for communication, fortunately, the entire Dinghai Navy has made certain preparations in advance, for example, to decentralize some powers, for example, in the whole process of exploration, just more than half of the premise, some advance preparations are sent out.

In the entire forward exploration team, there are a total of 3 large bases and 41 small bases, including a huge area, according to the average of 100 ships in a base, this is close to 5,000 ships, and there are many people of all kinds.

This exploration team in front, when discovering more suitable islands, or islands that can be built into large exploration bases, will automatically follow the premise, and the next three bases will follow up step by step, and finally, arrive in the Americas.

Now, it is at this time, the pre-base past, is only one aspect, there is no need to wait for the order of the Dinghai Navy, after knowing the islands that can accommodate the forward base, even if there is no order from the Dinghai, they can make their own decision and go to the next base.