The cement is placed in a small pottery bowl, and the color of the blue-gray and blue-gray is the same as that of later generations. Xiong Jing pinched it with his hand, it was very fine, and it felt like touching flour, and then he pinched the bottom of the bowl, and felt that it was a little rough.

What happens if the cement is not finely ground? He didn't know, no one knew, but the fine cement was always wrong, and maybe the house would collapse when it was built. But think again, isn't man a man when he doesn't use fire? Can't you have children without penicillin being invented? Not at all. Cement, exactly what should be called Portland cement -

This is the name of the Soviet Union, and later generations have attacked. All high-tech products, such as tanks, missiles, airplanes, telegraphs, computers, etc., were all invented by the Russians, but because of the decay and incompetence of the tsarist government, these inventions were all left on the drawings. But cement was fortunate, 'Soviet historians, based on conclusive and reliable sources, have revealed the historical truth, which has confirmed that cement was invented by the Russians before 1824...... The Englishman Astin, only obtained the patent in 1824......

- It would be more accurate to call it Portland cement, which cannot be made without a 300-mesh sieve.

This is the memory of Xiong Jing's later generations, when he forgot why he learned about cement. But this kind of memory made him a little uncomfortable: whether it was the Chu people, the Qin people, or all the countries in the world, they always had to sacrifice food before eating. What is a sacrificial meal? Sacrificial food is to put some corn and meat vegetables in a corner of the table, indicating that he does not forget the kindness of his predecessors in making food, so he must pay tribute every time he eats.

The ancestors were simple, and the descendants were immoral, Xiong Jing felt a little uncomfortable and felt heavy when he thought of this-the people he wanted to pay tribute to were probably all mankind.

"The King?" The king's hand was pinched in the bowl, and he didn't speak for a long time, so Tao Shu had to ask in a low voice.

"Yes." Xiong Jing came back to his senses, "Some of them are not finely polished. ”

"It's not fine." Tao Shu nodded heavily, "Ranchen and the others really can't think of a better way." ”

"A better way...... "Xiong Jing came to see the cement, and he also came to find a way to change the production process." Take me to see the millstone. ”

The grinding disc is in a shed in the Concrete Mansion, which is actually an enlargement of the tofu mill: two stone mills with a diameter of about one meter and two overlap each other, and the hammered raw clinker is fed into the stone mill through the feeding port at the upper end, which is driven by oxen. It may be that the hardness of cement raw clinker is much better than that of soybean beans, and a slightly smaller stone mill is disassembled and placed aside, and the grinding teeth on it have been ground very shallow.

Tao said: "Your lord, the stone grinding stone needs to be strong, and if it is not strong, it will be like this." ”

"How many kilograms can you grind in a day?" Xiong Jing doesn't care about stone, he only cares about efficiency.

The communal system of weights and measures has been used in the interior of the palace, and Tao Shu replied: "Sixty kilograms a day?" ”

"Sixty kilograms?!" Xiong Jing was surprised first and then as usual. Cattle drive stone mills, 60 kilograms a day is already good.

"Tell the king, the minister has made people search for water in the streams to build a water mill, and the water mill must be several times greater than the ox mill." The king inspected the Concrete Mansion, and Gong Yin Dao naturally had to accompany him, and Yin of the Jade Mansion was also there, as well as Feng Ren and Situ. Feng Ren was in charge of building the city, and compared with later architects, he was responsible for drawing drawings and calculating materials, while Situ organized the construction.

"How many times the cow mill?" The reservoir has not yet been built, and Xiong Jing is not yet clear about the efficiency of hydropower.

"Yes, yes." Gong Yin Dao seems to have done experiments. "The speed of the water rushing stone mill is six or seven times that of the cow mill. The grinding powder is all in the rotation, and the more the rotation is more, the grinding will be more, so the minister thinks that the water mill can grind seven or eight hundred kilograms a day. ”

"Can you grind fine?" Xiong Jing still thinks that the cement should be fine, but he has no way to define how fine it should be for the time being. "Go get the ruler."

The accuracy of the vernier caliper can reach 0.05mm, so the thickness of the cement is defined by 0.05mm. The calipers were soon delivered, and then the ministers and engineers who looked at each other looked dumbfounded as the king used the calipers to measure the cement powder.

"Raw clinker must be less than 0.1 mm." Xiong Jing judges the standard by his own feel. This practice is exactly the same as judging the quality of cement in the 19th century, when the cement powder could only be twisted by fingers.

"Yui!" Tao Shu and the others immediately agreed. Everything has customization is the rule of the house since last year, and it is another thing to not be able to do things, but the rules are the rules.

"I thought I could use the wind to sift the powder." Xiong Jing said again.

This year, two new things have been built in the Wood Farming Area: one is a wheelbarrow, and the other is a wind valley car. According to the weight of the wind valley car to remove impurities, deflated grains and straw chips in the rice, then according to the same principle, the raw clinker powder less than 0.1mm can be blown away by the wind, and the remaining powder greater than 0.1mm will enter the next grinding disc to continue grinding until the wind blows to the qualified channel and is sent to calcination or packaging. In Xiong Jing's imagination, this is a three-mill or even four-mill screening system.

However, even with such a strict standard, the fineness of cement is only between 60 square meters and 120 square meters / kg (0.1mm-0.05mm), which is about the cement fineness standard at the end of the 19th century, the fineness of coarsely ground cement in the early 20th century reached 200 square meters / kg, and the fineness standard of ordinary blue cement in China in later generations was 300 square meters / kg.

The fineness of cement is related to the strength of concrete, but not to mention that Xiongjing does not have better grinding tools, nor does it have such awareness. The fineness of cement is so specified, and the grinding power can be hydraulic, but it is better to use a steam engine, only a steam engine can achieve mass production of cement.

Thinking of the steam engine, Xiong Jing looked at Gong Yin Dao and Yu Yin, the Newcastlemen steam engine was already being built, and the watt type steam engine required a high-precision boring machine, which is said to have an error limit of no more than 'the thickness of a thin six-pence silver coin' when processing a 72-inch (182 cm) metal workpiece.

How thick the 6p coin is, Xiong Jing does not know, but it must be very small, otherwise it would not be used as a metaphor. The boring machine is a problem, and then there is the bearing. Yufu first used huge iron to make bearings, and then used bronze, bronze is more wear-resistant than huge iron. The manufactured roller bearings are barely usable, but there is no good lubricant at the moment.

The king looked straight at himself, and Gong Yin Dao and Yu Yin immediately sweated in their vests—there were too many things that couldn't be done. If the king is messing around, then they are naturally at ease, but the king is not messing around at all, everything he creates is the important weapon of the country, and it is related to the people's livelihood and society, how can they not sweat on their vests?

"The cement is troublesome to grind, what about calcination?" Xiong Jing's gaze finally retracted, and he began to ask about calcination.

"King Yu: calcination has not yet been fully grasped." Tao tells the truth. "Similar to ironmaking, if you burn it once, you need to cease fire. It can burn 400 kilograms per day. After cooking, the clinker is cemented on the furnace bricks and needs to be mashed before being removed. ”

"Oh. Four hundred kilograms. "The calcination efficiency does not seem to be low, at least it is sufficient." How much coke does that cost? ”

"It's about 400 kilograms." Tao Shu replied. "The minister will discuss with the Jutie Mansion to try to improve the clinker fire cellar, so it is the most expensive to stop burning."

"Then try to improve." The cement cellar Xiong Jing has some impression that the cement kiln should be standing like a long barrel in the cement factory. It was just the outside, how it worked on the inside, he didn't know at all. "How is the cement used?" Xiong Jing asked again.

I don't know the ratio of cement raw material, and I don't know the ratio of Xiongjing cement that has not been a plasterer, which also depends on the exhaustive method test of the coagulation house. Fortunately, he knew that concrete was nothing but water, cement, pebbles, and sand.

"Your Majesty, please." The mill has been seen, and now it is time to look at the finished cement.

More than a dozen half-human-high, one-man thick concrete pillars stood in the courtyard of the Concrete Mansion, and several of the poorly proportioned pillars failed to form at all, revealing the huge iron bars tied with hemp rope inside, while the others were cracked, and the pebbles and iron bars were looming, and the last few remaining ones were humiliated, and their bodies were either cracked or bent.

"Your Majesty, please look." Tao Shu pointed to one of the cracked concrete columns, "This is probably the best." ”

The best means that cement is used the least, and compared with sand and stone, cement is the most expensive. Xiong Jing stroked it and asked, "How much do you use cement?" ”

"It doesn't weigh more than 20 percent." Tao recounted a number, which was the weight ratio of cement, and Xiong Jing had no idea about it.

"Can you build a city?" Xiong Jing asked Xiang Feng and Situ, they were experts in city building.

"You can build a city!" Fengren is around fifty years old, wearing a doctor's uniform, but he does not speak like a courtier, and is extremely loud.

"Yes." Cement was used to build cities, especially Xiayi, where a fortified city had to be built to prevent the Qin army from moving eastward.

"However, the minister heard that the iron was eighty dollars a catty," Feng Ren said again: "It is made of huge iron, and its price will be high." ”

"Eighty dollars a pound, that's the old emperor's calendar." Xiong Jing said with a smile, under the new accounting method, Jutiefu finally came up with the cost of crucible steel. However, the cost is still very unclear because it involves depreciation and upfront investment. But if a new factory with an annual output of 500 tons of iron is built, and it is chosen near the forest, there is a stream to blow wind, and iron ore or coke can be obtained through the river, then the cost of each ton of iron is about 3,000 yuan, that is, the price per catty is only 0.75 yuan. And if Besmer converter steelmaking can achieve steelmaking, the traffic conditions remain unchanged, and there is a hydraulic blast, then the cost of each ton of iron produced will not exceed 1,000 yuan, that is, 0.25 yuan per catty.

3 tons of coal = 1.5 tons of coke + 1.5 tons of iron ore + some limestone = 1 ton of pig iron.

Among them, coal is the most difficult to dig, because the coal is tens of meters deep underground, but a worker in the earth coal kiln can produce 1 ton of coal per day. In the case of food, it is already very good for workers to get 20 yuan a day, you must know that those official slaves in the Qin State who pay for their ransom with labor only have 6 yuan a day, and only 8 yuan a day without food, so Chengdan's work is not easier than digging coal.

20 yuan a day is 7,200 yuan a year, and 30 yuan a stone of corn can buy 240 stone. A family of five cultivates 100 acres, and only collects 150 stone of grain a year, minus the 15 stone field rent that must be paid, only 135 stone is left, which is almost half of that of a miner. And this is just the income of men, women do some handiwork, or simply do handymen in the mines, that family of five can earn 1 gold a year, this is completely well-off.