Pang Degong was quite puzzled and asked, "Isn't this the progress of history?" ”

"However, things must be reversed, everything is fast, and the development and change of things and society have a gradual process. Pen @ fun @ pavilion wWw. ｂｉｑUｇE。 While the abolition of the feudal system was effective in preventing the upper classes from becoming self-reliant, the outright county system provided a breeding ground for independent rebellions among the lower classes. Let's imagine that if the First Emperor had adopted a sub-feudal system, or partially adopted a sub-feudal system, and a central army was stationed locally, the Qin Empire would never have perished quickly. When Chen Sheng and Wu Guang rebelled, the princes from all over the country would come to King Qin to assist the imperial court in exterminating it. Liu Chan said.

"The Qin Empire has millions of soldiers and is extremely powerful, how can it not extinguish the peasant uprising?" Zhao Yun wondered.

Liu Chan said with a smile: "What the fourth uncle said is extremely true, the army of the Qin Empire that swept the world is indeed strong and invincible. However, hundreds of thousands of troops were deployed in the northern desert to guard against the Xiongnu, and Zhao Tuo in the south also took hundreds of thousands, and there were not many mobile troops left in the central army, and there was no central garrison in the locality. Because there were no feudal princes, they could only rely on the central army of the empire to suppress them, running around and suppressing them back and forth. However, the empire was vast and inconvenient, and uprisings broke out in various places, one after another, and it was impossible to prevent it. The Imperial army was exhausted, discouraged, demoralized, and had very limited combat effectiveness, which eventually led to bad results. ”

Zhao Yun nodded, and asked again: "In addition, the old forces of the Six Kingdoms have played an important role in the destruction of Qin. ”

Liu Chan said: "Yes." The establishment of the Qin Empire was not just a change of dynasty, but a complete social and institutional revolution, which revolutionized the lives of those feudal princes and nobles who had enjoyed the 'Shiqing Shilu' feudal princes and nobles in the Six Kingdoms for generations. However, although Qin Shi Huang abolished the special class of feudal aristocracy, he did not completely eliminate them physically. Therefore, after the establishment of the Qin Empire, the remnants of the Six Kingdoms, represented by Xiang Yu, who had lost their privileges, did not want to fight back all the time. In order to regain their inherent interests, they took advantage of the uprising of Chen Sheng and Wu Guang, and the dregs were floating, resurrected, and rose together. The most fatal thing is that under the influence of the propaganda of public opinion at that time, and under the temptation and instigation of the rebels, the county officials turned against each other, led the force of the local counties, and directly participated in the overthrow of the empire. So the wall fell down and everyone pushed it, and the development of society destroyed the Qin Empire under the effect of its inertia. ”

Huang Chengyan's face was solemn, and he said: "Therefore, Gaozu learned the lessons of the Qin Dynasty, selectively inherited and absorbed the essence of the Qin Empire, and ensured that on the basis of a high degree of unity and centralization of the central imperial power, the system of counties and counties was implemented and supplemented by the feudal system, so that the counties and countries were mixed and restrained, which not only maintained the centralization of power, but also maintained the unity of the country. He adopted the technique of Huang Lao, who did nothing, and implemented the policy of leniency, light punishment, and thin endowment for recuperation and recuperation, and the policy of putting agriculture first, demobilized soldiers, conferred knighthoods, released slaves, recruited displaced people, rewarded farming, silkworms, reduced rents and interest rates, maintained people's strength, increased population, restored and developed the economy, and quickly stabilized the ruling situation in the early Han Dynasty. ”

Pang Degong nodded and said, "Cheng Yan is absolutely right. However, Gaozu's original feudal system also had major drawbacks, one was that it was the first to be the king because of his relatives. At the beginning, he divided eight princes with different surnames, they were Zhang Er, King of Zhao, Wu Rui, King of Changsha, Yingbu Wang, King Yingbu of Huainan, Zang Di, King of Yan, Han Wangxin, Han Xin, King of Chu, Peng Yue, King of Liang, and Lu Xuan, King of Yan. Among these eight people, Zhang Er, Wu Rui, Yingbu, and Zang Di have already obtained the status of princes and kings in the era of Xiang Yu, and Lu Juan, Han Wangxin, Han Xin, and Peng Yue are the first to be crowned by Liu Bang. Among these princes with different surnames, Han Wang Xin was born in the Korean royal family, Zhang Er and Wu Rui came from the bureaucratic class, and the other five were all civilians who became kings because of their military exploits. Originally, if he was rewarded according to his merits, it would be impossible for Lu Juan, who had no great merit, to tear the soil and seal the king, but because Lu Juan was a fellow villager, Gaozu disregarded the dissatisfaction of other veteran heroes and named Lu Juan as the king of Yan. Lu Juan is the beginning of the transformation of the principle of sealing the king from 'sealing for merit' to 'sealing for relatives', and completely turning the 'public world' into 'the family world'. In order to control the territory, Gaozu made some of his sons and nephews kings, deepening the contradiction between the meritorious king, the meritorious marquis, and the meritorious group. ”?

"The second is that the princely kingdoms have too much power. With an independent bureaucracy, an army system, and a large number of armies, it has the power to levy taxes, mint coins, and develop the economy. Due to the weak constraints of the central government on the princes and kings, the power of the kingdom swelled and developed, and there was a situation in the Wenjing period, which finally led to the rebellion of the Seven Kingdoms. ”

"The third is the uneven size of the feudal country. The nine kings with the same surname were enshrined by Gaozu, of which the three kingdoms of Wu, Chu and Qi were divided into half of the world. Fifty-three cities in the three counties of King Wu; 36 counties of the three counties of King Chu; Seventy-two cities in six counties of King Qi. It has left endless hidden dangers for the imbalance of political and economic development in the future. ”

"The major princes and kings also crossed states and counties, each dominating one side, setting up their own officials, leading their own armies, and enjoying full administrative, economic, military and judicial powers within the feudal state, as if they were a country within a country, forming a semi-independent situation."

Huang Chengyan looked at Liu Chan and said with a smile: "Male heir, if one day your father rules the world, what should you do after you succeed to the throne?" ”

Liu Chan pondered for a moment, raised his head and said loudly: "Take history as a mirror, absorb the essence of the Qin and Han dynasties, and discard its dross." The practice of governing the country according to law, widely soliciting public opinion, inviting local representatives, hundreds of schools, industry talents, gathering the world's elites, brainstorming, formulating an imperial constitution, the feudal system, the county system, the central and local power system, the mutual consultation and co-governance of the hundred schools of thought, the development of all walks of life, the people's rights and obligations and a series of political, economic, and cultural systems, including the power of the emperor or the head of state, the procedure for their selection, the scope and limits of the power of nobles, commoners, and officials at all levels, and the size, rights, and obligations of feudal states and counties, the composition of the army, etc., are all stipulated in the form of laws and laws. ”

Pang Degong, Huang Chengyan, Zhao Yun and others became more and more excited the more they listened, and they listened attentively with bated breath one by one.

"In this, it is particularly emphasized that, first, it is necessary to standardize the legal procedures for the selection of the emperor, that is, the head of the empire, and turn his unlimited power into limited power; Second, it is necessary to take good care of the interests of all trades, hundreds of schools, and people of all strata, so as to be fair, just, and open, realize the equalization of interests, and obtain their due interests equally and reasonably. This is my way of governing the country! Liu Chan said in high spirits.

Liu Chan's words were really shocking and shocking. In particular, the restriction of the emperor's power was unheard of.

It not only contains the spirit of the rule of law of the Legalists, but also the proposition of enriching the country and strengthening the army, and the county system, and contains the essence of Confucianism's benevolence, royal road, great harmony, great unification, and the importance of the people over the king, and integrates the ideas of the Mohist family to serve the world, and love, virtue, harmony, and equality. (To be continued.) )