"The Mohist doctrine is always contrary to Confucianism. The pen is www.biquge.info against Confucianism's 'love is different', against Confucianism's 'love is different', against Confucianism's 'Hanyan benefit' with 'mutual benefit', against Confucianism's 'Mandate of Heaven' theory with 'non-fate', against Confucianism's 'ghosts and gods', against Confucianism's 'thick burial' with 'festival burial', and against Confucianism's 'ritual music' with 'non-happiness'. Mozi's 'non-life' and 'non-happiness' aimed at emphasizing the role of manpower, disagreeing with the Confucian idea of 'kissing', and advocating 'Shangxian', that is, selecting sages to govern the country. He believed that the cause of social unrest was the inability of people to love and benefit each other, so he advocated 'mutual love and mutual benefit' in order to alleviate conflicts. From 'love', he developed 'non-offensive', believing that attacking the country was the most disadvantageous, and opposed the aristocracy of Zhou and Qin with the idea of extreme equality. Huang Chengyan continued.

Xue'er held her head high, and said in a heroic and hearty voice: "The eight ethics of our Mo family righteous people are friendly exchanges, courtesy, moderation, honesty and shame, loyalty and righteousness, hard work, chivalry and courage, in short, friendship and honesty, loyalty and bravery!" ”

When the recitation reached the point of excitement, Xue'er's face flushed, and her starry eyes were full of tears.

Liu Chan and everyone present were in tears, and their blood boiled and they really felt the heroic spirit and world-building momentum of the 'Mo family hero' and the 'hero of the country' who serve the country and the people, are heroic and tragic, impassioned, unyielding, indomitable, and regard death as home, and also recited repeatedly with Xue'er: "Friendship and honesty, loyalty, strength and bravery!" ”

After a short rest, Liu Chan asked Pang Degong again: "Pang Gong, please talk about the miscellaneous family and the Legalist family." ”

"The miscellaneous school is listed among the princes, which is a very distinct school, because it is a comprehensive school from the end of the Warring States period to the beginning of the Han Dynasty, reflecting the trend and requirements of the integration of schools. It is characterized by 'the goodness of Confucianism and ink, and the key to naming the law'. Although the miscellaneous family is only a collection of opinions and eclectic, it can also be called a family by collecting the opinions of each family and implementing its political intentions and academic propositions. Lü Buwei's "Lü's Spring and Autumn" and Liu An's "Huainan Honglie" are the representative works of this school. Today, the miscellaneous family as an organization no longer exists. "Pound is fair.

"Legalism was one of the important schools of thought during the Warring States Period, advocating a rich country and a strong army, a county system, and a rule of law through specific punishments and punishments. Because it proposes that 'no relatives, no special nobles, and no one is in the law', it is called a Legalist. The Spring and Autumn Period is the forerunner of Guan Zhong and Zi Production. At the beginning of the Warring States Period, Li Kui, Shang Ying, Shen Buxian, and Shen Dao founded the Legalist school. By the end of the Warring States Period, Han Fei synthesized the 'law' of Shang Ying, that is, laws and regulations, the 'potential' of prudence, that is, power and power, and the 'technique' of Shen Buxian, which is power and strategy, as well as the culmination of Legalist ideology and doctrine. The first emperor of Qin, Yingzheng, is a typical Legalist believer, he ruled the country under the rule of law, implemented the military merit system, the Qin country was prosperous, the country was rich and the army was strong, and he was able to sweep Liuhe and the world. "Pound is fair.

He changed his words and sighed: "However, Qin prospered because of the law, and also died because of the law. Ying Zheng implemented the strict punishment law of heavy punishment and justice throughout the country, and Huan Kuan's "Treatise on Salt and Iron: Criminal Virtue" commented that "the law of the former Qin Dynasty was prosperous in the autumn, and the net was dense in the condensation of fat". led to the death of Qin II. ”

Liu Chan frowned, thought for a while, and said, "What Pang Gong said is extremely reasonable. However, I dare not agree with Pang Gong's opinion! ”

"Ahh Pang Degong was taken aback when he heard this, and then raised his eyebrows and smiled: "I want to hear it!" ”

Liu Chan was also not polite, and said slowly: "As you said, Qin prospers because of the law, proving that the law is not guilty, and the law is a good law." The death of Qin, the strict punishment and the law are indeed one of the reasons, but it is not the most fundamental reason, because before the unification, the Qin State was a country ruled by law. However, the Qin law is indeed too harsh, using the rule of law to go to the extreme, the laws and regulations are unified, the matter is decided by the law, the punishment for minor crimes is heavy, and the legal network is strict. Minor acts that could have been morally edified were punished severely, and the people were bound to break the criminal rules at every turn, and everyone knew what they had done, and they lived in fear, silent, and overwhelmed by the cool law. This is one of the reasons for Qin's demise; The second is that the pace is too fast, and the trust is not established; the third is to abolish the way of the first kings and burn the words of a hundred schools; Fourth, autocratic tyranny, book burning and Confucianism; the fourth is that the second emperor was immoral, and Zhao Gao was in chaos; Fifth, it is reckless and excessively expanded; Sixth, he is willing to use torture and killing as a threat, and rule brutally and bloody; Seventh, the construction of large-scale construction is heavy, and the forced labor is heavy; Eighth, it is a tyrannical collection and heavy taxation. Therefore, the people living in dire straits had no choice but to take risks and rise up to resist. ”

"The most fundamental reason why the Qin Empire fell into ashes after only fifteen years was the problem of the political system, Qin Shi Huang abolished the feudal system with 'Shiqing Shilu' as the core, and implemented a thorough county system." Liu Chan wrote lightly.

As soon as the words came out, everyone was shocked.

Pang Degong, Huang Chengyan, and Zhao Yun frowned, fell into deep thought, and meditated.

After a long time, Pang Degong raised his head and asked, "How can you see it?" ”

Liu Chan raised his eyes and looked at the vast mountains from afar, his eyes were profound, and he said: "Since the Yellow Emperor, the marquis has been torn apart, and the princes have respected Xuanyuan as the Son of Heaven. From the Tang Dynasty, Yu to the Zhou Dynasty, the emperor and the princes divided and ruled, to the peak of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and the Zhou Tianzi reigned for more than 800 years. Even in the pre-Qin era, when the princes competed for hegemony and fought with each other, the emperor of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty maintained his dominance for more than 300 years. For this reason, the feudal system is also due to the merits. Because the feudal feudal system has been implemented for nearly a thousand years, it has been deeply rooted in the hearts of the people, and it has been inherently integrated into history, civilization and the ideological blood of the people. ”

"History has proved that all dynasties that adopt the feudal system have a relatively long period of national fortune. Everything is fast, and the development and change of things and society have a gradual process. Let's imagine that if the First Emperor had adopted the sub-feudal system, or partially adopted the sub-feudal system, the Qin Empire would never have perished quickly. When Chen Sheng and Wu Guang rebelled, the princes from all over the country would come to King Qin to assist the imperial court in exterminating it. Because there were no feudal princes, they could only rely on the imperial army to suppress them, but the empire had a vast territory and inconvenient transportation, and uprisings broke out everywhere, one after another, and it was impossible to prevent it. The Imperial army was exhausted, discouraged, demoralized, and had very limited combat effectiveness. ”

"In addition, the establishment of the Qin Empire was not just a change of dynasty, but a thorough social and institutional revolution, which revolutionized the lives of those feudal princes and nobles who enjoyed the 'Shiqing Shilu' in the Six Kingdoms for generations. However, although the special class of feudal aristocracy was abolished, Qin Shi Huang did not completely eliminate them physically. Therefore, after the establishment of the Qin Empire, the remnants of the Six Kingdoms, represented by Xiang Yu, who had lost their privileges, did not want to fight back all the time, and in order to regain their inherent interests, they took advantage of the uprising of Chen Sheng and Wu Guang. Under the influence of the propaganda of public opinion at that time, the officials of various counties and counties had their own evil intentions and turned against each other. So the wall fell down and everyone pushed it, and the development of society destroyed the Qin Empire under the effect of its inertia. ”

Huang Chengyan's face was solemn, and he said: "Therefore, Gaozu learned the lessons of the fall of Qin, selectively inherited and absorbed the essence of the Qin Empire, and ensured that on the basis of a high degree of unity and centralization of the central imperial power, he implemented a system based on the county system and supplemented by the feudal system. At the same time, the slaves were released, the displaced people were recruited, the fields were cleared, the household registration was improved, the laws were strict, the military merits were abundant, the rewards and punishments were clear, and the equipment was refined, and the situation was quickly stabilized. (To be continued.) )