Chapter 138 Central Reform
Although the local administration was no longer under Edward's control, Edward's power was much greater than that of other kings.
For example, at this time, France was still a country of aristocratic alliances, and the king could only exert his prestige in his own territory, and other places were the world of nobles.
In England, however, Edward held all of England's diplomatic, judicial, legislative, and military powers, as well as a certain amount of local executive power.
The officials in the local county were basically held by local gentlemen, who were all voluntary laborers, helping Edward to manage local affairs for free.
We need to figure out who was a gentleman during the Tudor period.
The gentry, in general, were a middle-class owner of medium-sized landed property, and their estates were between the nobility and the yoman.
The annual income is generally more than two hundred pounds, including local knights, quasi-knights, and squires.
This does not mean that as long as you earn more money, you can be a gentleman, so to speak, a gentleman is a reserve of the aristocracy, and their energy is very large, such as the justice of the peace during the British occupation of Hong Kong.
And the mark of a gentleman is the lineage and the quality of character.
If you are an ordinary person in this period, if you want to enter the gentleman class, you must go through three generations of "blood purge", for example, if you are a merchant and buy a piece of land, you can only enter the gentleman class by your grandson's generation, and you must also be recognized by the heraldic office.
Such strict standards guarantee the overall quality of the gentry class, and also protect the interests of the gentry class.
And the gentlemen volunteered to help Edward manage the place, and there was also a need.
The first is to speak for the interests of your family, only by being in the center of power, can you accurately and safely escort your family.
Besides, being an official can't support people, for example, now, if you live entirely on salary, how can anyone be a civil servant.
Second, it is to let himself get the promotion of the family.
Gentlemen are preparatory nobles, who want to make achievements in the local area, so as to be valued by the king, and get the title of knight, and become the top of the society - the lord.
This is the highest requirement of gentlemen, and only they can become nobles, ordinary people such as blacksmiths and merchants, these people cannot become nobles, and they cannot directly become nobles.
And Charles I of the Stuart dynasty was guillotined because of the tax levied on this part of the people, and the gentlemen were the new nobles in the future.
They were the real masters of England, just like during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties in China, they were local families, and Edward was the agent of the family.
The Kent County Magistrates, for example, were formed by a group of more than twenty local gentlemen, and they held this position from the thirteenth century onwards.
So, of course, how does the central government enforce the decrees? Negotiate!
That's right, it's a negotiation, and the central government sends people to the localities to discuss with those gentlemen.
The extent to which they will implement the decrees issued by the London government depends on the level at which London consults with them and reaches a consensus before they carry them out.
It can be said that England and Wales, in total, more than fifty counties, were not in the hands of the central government and Edward, but in the hands of five thousand families of gentlemen, who at this time were the real masters of England.
Therefore, it will be very difficult for Edward to take back the management of the place.
Fortunately, this is the Renaissance era, and the capitalist class is beginning to rise, which is a force that can be harnessed.
Thinking like this, Edward fell asleep.
When he woke up in the evening, Edward accompanied little Lori to dinner, and talked to his sister Elizabeth and Mary about Princess Mary's marriage for a while.
Then, in the midst of the shyness of the two, Edward lived the day.
The next day, Edward got up early this morning to discuss the appointment and dismissal of the county magistrate with the President of the Privy Council and the Chancellor of the Exchequer.
The position of county magistrate was originally used to replace the count, and in France, it was used as a high lord for feudal power at the local level, and in the feudal era of France, a count was often the supreme ruler of the county (with royal power). If you are the Earl of Anru, you can completely rule the land of Anruyi.
But this has never been the case in England. All fiefdoms in England were granted by the king. It is a feature of English law that the people of the realm owe allegiance to the king rather than to the lord.
In order to divide the power of the nobility, the king appointed the county governor, who was initially responsible for the security of the county and presided over the county courts.
Therefore, the county magistrate became the representative of the local royal power and had great power. In order to worry that the power of the county magistrate was too great, the king even stipulated that the term of office of the county magistrate was only one year! And if the king dies, the county magistrate must step down automatically.
Late in the Tudor period, the aristocracy had largely collapsed, and the crown had expanded the judicial power of the royal courts (stipulating that proceedings above 40 shillings were under the jurisdiction of the royal courts), thereby depriving the county courts of their powers, and by rebuilding the civil army of the counties under the command of a full-time magistrate, thus depriving the county magistrates of their military powers---- thereafter becoming an almost mere ceremonial position.
But Edward had to take it seriously, the county governors were almost the embodiment of the king, they had no rights, but their existence represented the infiltration of the king's power.
"Your Majesty, this is the list drawn up by me and the ministers, please take a look!"
Chancellor of the Exchequer Farris held the list of personnel in his hand, respectfully handed it to Edward, and then sat upright, smiling and looking gentle.
Edward took a closer look and found that these people were basically the same people, but they had just changed places.
Edward didn't say anything, these are just conventions, the king doesn't have any talent in his hands, and the county magistrate has no power in his hands, so it's not very important.
"Very good, this one drafted by the Privy Council is very good, and it will be handed over to the Minister of the Seal to cover the national seal!"
Edward scribbled at it, and in less than three minutes, he spoke.
"Yes, Your Majesty. If you are satisfied, this is the happiest thing for our Privy Council colleagues! ”
Chancellor of the Exchequer Farris smiled with satisfaction and said in a sincere tone.
Then, putting away the list and getting ready to leave, Edward Pud stopped him.
"My Excellency, I wonder what happened to the local riots recently?"
Edward took a sip of strong tea, and his white and tender face gradually became more rosy, and then he said in a deep voice.
"Your Majesty, due to the departure of Lord Duke Edward, and God bless, the riots in the counties have subsided a lot this year!"
"I'm afraid England's taxes will be normal this year, and the financial pressure will be greatly reduced!"
Faris looked relieved, and his whole person looked a lot reduced.
"Yes! Last year's local riots were astonishing! ”
Edward's face was also uncomfortable, riots were frequent, business withered, and his coffers could not be supported.
You know, he had to feed not only the Guard, three thousand men, but also court personnel, and a debt left to him by Henry VIII.
These require money, and it is still a bit difficult to support the central government in London.
"Farris, I'm still not satisfied with the administrative efficiency of the Privy Council, this needs to be reformed!"
Edward sighed, his eyes lowered, and said in a serious voice.
"This, Your Majesty, not very well!" Farris's face was a little embarrassed, and he looked at Edward cautiously, and said word by word, slurring.
"However, your advice is insightful, and it should be!"
Seeing that Edward's eyes were getting sharper and sharper, Farris hurriedly changed his tone, and his tone became more and more humble.
"Presumably you already have something to disagree with, it's our responsibility, you say!"
Looking at the Chancellor of the Exchequer who changed his attitude in an instant, Edward couldn't help but sigh in his heart, his father is really good at employing people.
Farris. Alexander was not of aristocratic origin, at most a small local squire, and he was able to defeat such a nobleman and become Chancellor of the Exchequer, which was entirely dependent on the power of the king.
Leaving the king, he has no family background, how many people still care.
The low status and great power are indeed a good way to control the ministers in this era.
Subsequently, Edward and Farris made some discussions to establish a complete central system based on the situation and facts in England.
The next day, Edward convened a meeting of the Privy Council, and after a morning of discussion between the ministers and Edward, the following reforms were made.
Under the King there was a Privy Council, a royal court, a star court, and a military council.
Privy Council: responsible for advising the king and carrying out the king's decrees.
There shall be an Privy Council President, two Vice-Presidents, and a number of Ministers for an unlimited number of hours and periods.
It consists of nine departments, including the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Department of Fiscal Revenue and Expenditure Management, the Ministry of Religious Reform, the Ministry of Social Security, the Department of Supervision and Management, the Department of Construction Engineering, the Department of Administration of Officials' Duties, and the Department of Agriculture and Commerce Management.
Each department has a minister, two deputy ministers, and eight more departments, each of which is responsible for a share of affairs.
England was divided into eight parts by Edward: North East England, North West England, Yorkshire and Humber, West Central England, East East England, South West England, South West England, and South East England.
Each hall has one deacon and two deputy deacons, as well as a number of personnel.
At that time, the Chancellor of the Exchequer had his own independent Treasury Department, which was responsible for collecting and administering His Majesty's tax revenues.
Therefore, the Treasury Department is independent of the Privy Council, and the function of the Revenue Branch is to plan the revenue and expenditure of the Government in the following year, and to keep the funds transferred to the Government by Edward.
Again, the Privy Council is an advisory body set up by the King of England, and he can remove or delete at will, and no one can obstruct it.