The violence occurred mainly in the three counties of Panyu, Shunde and Xiangshan, all of which are considered economically rich places in the Pearl River Delta region. Pen fun and pavilion www.biquge.info

Therefore, the village self-government organizations in these three places are more active, and the gentry are naturally willing to donate money if they have money, and all kinds of welfare organizations, such as the charity hall, the righteous school, the firefighting society, and so on, can be set up.

But the organization they used to surround the school was an organization that included these imitations, charities, and other organizations, the backbone of rural self-government—the public bureau!

In the Jiaqing and Daoguang periods or even earlier, there were institutions controlled and managed by the gentry such as public offices and public bureaus, and some also used names such as sociology and conventions, and they had the power to arrest and inspect by force. For example, in Xiangshan County, in the Jiaqing period, in order to prevent and block foreign bandits Zhang Baozai, "Yicheng Zheng Minda and other seven surnames" donated funds to establish the Guyuan Office, also known as the Fucheng Office. In 1806, He Yingkui, a gentry from Xiaolan in the county, "donated 500 gold to advocate for the township, set up conventions, set up patrol bayonets, built watchtowers, and supervised Yong to block the palace day and night." During the Daoguang period, Zheng Ruizhi, a gentry in Longdu County, presided over the Longdu Bureau, "encouraging Ding Zhuang, patrolling strictly, and repeatedly catching thieves". Lin Qian, a gentry from Dache Township in the county, because in the year of Gengzi (1840), "England provoked a ban on smoking, and took advantage of it", "humbly told the county to gather people in Yunqu Academy, set up a charter, strictly block the emperor, and Dongxiang relied on peace"; In 1847~1848, "the thieves in Western Guangdong rose and spread to the Eastern Province", Lin Qian "then divided Dongxiang into six bureaus, supervised the township regiment, inspected the bandits, and set up the general bureau in the east of Yicheng". However, most of these institutions were established as a result of the war, and due to financial and other reasons, they were disbanded or discontinued after the incident.

In order to maintain local stability and prevent the Taiping Army and the Tiandihui uprising, a large number of squires donated a large amount of money and established a large number of village warriors, and then they began to have relatively regular armed forces.

"Minister, please abolish the regimental training bureau!"

Because of this incident, it was the public bureaus that had organized the township bravery, and Long Yuanxi, the secretary of the Ministry of Rites, asked Zhu Jinglun to abolish the local public bureaus.

On the contrary, it was Shangshu Luo Tianchi of the Criminal Department who was watching the sky from the sidelines, looking like he had nothing to do with himself.

There is a reason for this, because the public bureau is what Long Yuanxi tried his best to keep, and long before Zhu Jinglun pulled the flag and rebelled, he had already standardized the local public bureau in Shunde County.

Long Yuanxi was a squire in Shunde, when the British and French forces attacked Guangzhou, he trained a large number of villagers in Shunde. Later, Emperor Xianfeng was worried that the local power would become bigger, and refused to give funds, so he ran in many ways, hoping to retain these rural bravery, on the one hand, there are these forces, which are his personal capital, on the other hand, these people can also protect the stability of the place, and at the same time, if they are removed, they will fall into the grass, which is greatly detrimental to the local peace.

With the efforts of Long Yuanxi, "visiting the gentry of the township, the county office and the township bureau will handle the fishing affairs", set up a general bureau of regimental training in the county seat, and established a system of public bureaus from the county level to the township level, and the county's general bureau of regimental training took over the fishing affairs and fishing fees that were mainly borne by the government.

Zhu Jinglun was able to choose Long Yuanxi as the secretary of the Ministry of Rites, not only because he was an official gentry of the former dynasty, but also because he saw this person's ability to deal with things, especially his ability to create a system, which made him particularly recognized.

Later, Zhu Jinglun established the Ming Dynasty, and this kind of squire public bureau organization played an objective role in his ability to quickly stabilize the place, so he not only did not cancel this kind of organization later, but promoted this kind of organization, so he let Long Yuanxi preside over it, and established county public bureaus in various places to lead the public bureaus of each township.

Over the years, these bureaus have played a considerable role, and in the case of relatively small government investment, these bureaus have assumed the role of stabilizing the local government and communicating with the government. But on the other hand, the public bureau is also restricting the power of the government, especially at the county level, in terms of arresting thieves and judicial management, there are often conflicts with various county governments, and there is a widespread abuse of the death penalty by the public bureau.

But this time, it was Long Yuanxi himself who asked for the dissolution of the public bureau, because this time the public bureau besieged the school, not only destroyed a lot of rural schools, but also killed several policemen and even soldiers who protected the school. This is already tantamount to rebellion, and Long Yuanxi knows that this kind of organization is no longer able to be tolerated by any government. At that time, Xianfeng refused to let the public bureau continue to lead Xiangyong, and Zhu Jinglun obviously could not tolerate this kind of armed organization.

Zhu Jinglun was not in a hurry to make a decision, but asked Shangshu of the Criminal Department to introduce the situation first.

Luo Tianchi, the waiter of the Criminal Department, quickly reported in detail.

The counties where the outbreak occurred were mainly Panyu, Shunde and Xiangshan counties.

As early as the Qianlong period, and even in the Ming Dynasty, there was a tradition of local gentry forming village warriors to fight against pirates, so they were better at organizing force. Panyu County formed a large number of Xiangyong during the occupation of Guangzhou by the British and French forces. Shunde County was formed by Long Yuanxi.

And the county that smashed the school this time and killed and injured the most police soldiers was Panyu County.

Panyu County Capture Bureau and various divisions, subordinate Nanzhou Bureau, Binshe Bureau, Gangwei Bureau, Shilou Bureau, and Chishan Bureau of the Tantang Division; The thirteen public bureaus of the Shawan Division, including the Renrang Bureau, the Shiqiao Bureau, the Luoxi Bureau, the Aoshan Bureau, the Weiyong Bureau, the Guba Bureau, the Longwan Bureau, the Shating Bureau, and the Shawei Bureau, all had an incident of besieging the school, which was obviously not an isolated incident, but a connected collective act, and any era and any country would treat it as a rebellion.

"What is the situation in Nanhai County?"

These three counties are rich in economy, the countryside is mostly mulberry fish ponds, the land is fertile, and there are a large number of modern industries such as silk reeling and weaving in the city, but the richest is still Nanhai County, which has Foshan, a commercial port that is not lost to Guangzhou, but the situation in Nanhai County is better.

Luo Tianchi reported that there were also cases of besieging schools in Nanhai County, but the number was very small, and they quickly dispersed under the advice of the local squire, and there were no cases of killing people.

Zhu Jinglun nodded, speaking of which, this time the public bureau surrounded the school, in fact, it was not a collective rebellion organized by the public bureau, but the loss of control of the public bureau organization itself, obviously there was a group of squires who could not tolerate the education reform of the government, but there were also a group of people who were more rational and unwilling to confront the government.

These squires have a long history of complaining about education. A few years ago, it was their resentment that was stimulated by Zeng Guofan that gave rise to their enthusiasm for running their own education. After Zeng Guofan's reputation was discredited, many of them gave up on themselves and gave up those schools. But the resentment in my heart not only did not disappear, but deepened.

In the past two years, there have been huge setbacks in rural education. First of all, five years ago, Zeng Guofan was used to encourage the rural gentry class to build a large number of Confucian temple-style schools, and at that time, the enrollment rate of schoolchildren exceeded 80%, which can be described as a good situation.

However, the year before last, Zeng Guofan sacrificed the prestige he had accumulated over the years on the issue of the Tianjin teaching plan, and suddenly became shouted and beaten by everyone, coupled with the promotion of modern communication methods, Zeng Guofan became a traitor to Confucianism and Taoism, and the fall of Zeng Guofan's banner greatly affected the squire's concern for education.

At that time, a wave of counter-currents was set off to smash the schools, and Zhu Jinglun later did not hesitate to use the army to suppress them, not only taking over these schools, but also sending trained teachers to thoroughly improve rural education.

Zhu Jinglun thought that it was the gentry class who abandoned the dominance of rural education, so the reform should not be resisted.

But in fact, this move is tantamount to completely squeezing out the gentry class from the field of rural education, and their tradition of presiding over this field has lasted for thousands of years, how lost these people's hearts are, and even make them feel abandoned by the times, so it is not surprising to do anything.

Zhu Jinglun suddenly found that it seemed that the reform brought too many frustrations to the old class, and the contradiction that abandoned them was generated, which is a situation that is difficult to avoid with any reform, but it is a situation that Zhu Jinglun has always tried to make up, he always hopes to bring the old class to the new era, it seems that at least in the field of education, he has failed.

Zhu Jinglun couldn't help but feel a little lost in his heart.

But at the same time, he sighed a little: "Although it is a little funny to make such a fuss now, this just shows the pride of our nation, not shame." ”

He himself did not expect that in the end of the education issue, there would be violent confrontation, which could not happen in Europe or Japan, but it happened in China.

The most fundamental problem is the struggle for the power of education, which shows the significance of education in this country. It is no exaggeration to say that education for this nation has the same feelings for religion as other countries.

Because of the attention, so they all want to control the discourse of education according to their own understanding, their own concepts, only to produce a huge conflict, this is not ignorance, not conservative, but a kind of faith, when the Manchu Qing moved the hair and clothes of the Han people, a large-scale uprising broke out, just imagine that if the Manchu Qing dared to move education, I am afraid that the backlash caused will not be smaller than shaving hair and easy clothes, let the Chinese not wear wide robes and big sleeves, let the Chinese have braids, they will rebel, let them not speak Chinese, do not write Chinese characters, they will rebel.

That's the greatest thing about this people, they value culture so much. On the other hand, in all the countries of the world, after the Franco-Prussian War, Dude wrote a "Last Lesson" that would be ceded to the French in the Prussian provinces of Alsace and Lorraine, and could not write French in the future, and the frustration of speaking French was vividly expressed, but these two places did not break out in the following decades because of this.

After the Japanese ruled Northeast China and Taiwan, they began to vigorously promote Japanese language education and abolish Chinese education, but a large number of non-governmental forces ran their own education, and even a large number of people fled to the mainland, in order to maintain the right of Chinese education for future generations. In Singapore, during the Lee family's era, Chinese education was abolished, and there was also a lot of criticism. But it still can't stop Singapore's Chinese education, and parents let their children participate in various cram schools, just like the enthusiasm of the mainland's Olympiad mathematics.

Therefore, for thousands of years, the state political system has been destroyed, but the Chinese culture has always been preserved, and many ancient Central Asian countries that were also destroyed by the Mongol Empire, future generations can only dig up their traces of the past in the ground.

As for the public bureau's attack on the Academy, the main problem is not the dissatisfaction of the squire class, the main question is why they have the ability to attack the Academy, and why they chose to attack the Academy.

This is what Zhu Jinglun is more concerned about, they can attack the academy today, the government tomorrow, and the capital the day after tomorrow, which a country in a period of change cannot afford.

"It's time for those villagers to be dismissed."

Zhu Jinglun sighed, these villagers were not abolished before, but were reorganized into forces to maintain law and order in the countryside such as arresting thieves, but as long as it is a force, it can not only be used to maintain law and order, but also to destroy law and order. Now it seems that the squire class was not so rational as well, and they did not have the self-control to use military force carefully.