Section 638 China's Economic Upgrading (2)
After Siemens put the motor into practical use, only more than ten years ago, the European power industry is still exploring, but it has begun to be applied on a large scale in China.
Due to the natural transmission disadvantage of direct current, resulting in the application and promotion of the factory is difficult, most of the factories use electricity, similar to civil, are for lighting, which can only be carried out during the day in the past, can be started day and night at the same time, the utilization rate of factory equipment has doubled. During the period of economic growth, in order to expand production, factories generally adopted a three-shift work system, which met the eight-hour working day required by the union and allowed machinery and equipment to be kept running.
But electric motors are fast gaining ground in the transportation sector, and the famous elevated railway system in the Chinese capital is almost universally used in China's major cities. But for the garden city of Jiangning, scattered coal ash has always been a troublesome thing, so the face-loving Chinese, under the lobbying of the power company, decided to electrify the elevated railway.
The capital's huge influence and demonstration effect have made electric locomotives quickly popularize in China. Not only did the urban elevated railway system begin to use electric locomotives, but some engineering problems affecting the construction of the subway have also been solved, and a large number of subways have been built in northern cities. At the same time, more cities, such as Jiangning Province, have begun to build subway systems to solve the capital's increasingly frustrating transportation problems.
Due to the abundance of various resources in the capital, and despite some policies to restrict large industries, the population has increased rapidly, reaching the level of 5 million people, making it one of the largest cities in the world. At a time when high-rise buildings have not yet been promoted, and the wealthy are keen to build garden mansions covering a huge area, the urban architecture of Jiangning Mansion is very large. It has gone beyond the outer city of Nanjing, encroached on a large amount of rural land, and the area alone is not less than Nanjing in the 21st century. This is in urgent need of modern means of transportation, and the elevated railway can no longer meet the demand, and the construction of the subway has begun to advance rapidly.
Despite its population of five million, Nanjing is not yet the largest city in China. The largest city is actually Matsue Prefecture, which is no longer a concept of a city, but a concept of an urban belt. From Wusongkou, along the Wusong River, Huangpu River, Shanghai, Huating, Jiading and other banks along the river in Songjiang Prefecture, dense factories have been established, and there is no obvious division in the middle. The Jiangnan Canal Company also built a large number of canals, linking Songjiang, Suzhou and Jiaxing more closely.
Although there may be contiguous farmland between cities and vast rural areas outside the industrial zones, along the river network, contiguous industrial network areas are formed, and urban belts are formed around these industrial network areas. Not only are the counties of Songjiang Prefecture connected by continuous urban areas, but they even extend along the river to the east to Suzhou and south to Jiaxing. It has become China's largest industrial belt, China's largest, and inevitably the world's largest.
The Pearl River Delta has become the most urbanized region in China, with more than 70% of the population living in cities, and the total population continues to expand, with Songjiang, Suzhou and Jiaxing alone, with a total population of nearly 80 million, and nearly 60 million living in cities. This area has developed the world's largest cotton textile industry, machinery processing industry, shipbuilding industry and financial industry.
The commercial district built on the Huangpu Beach, which was almost a wasteland in those years, with convenient transportation and low land prices, has been completely transformed into a financial district, where ordinary commercial companies have their headquarters at most, and direct commercial trade has been transferred to the surrounding areas, and the wharves here have rarely unloaded and are mainly used for passenger transport. It is not only the financial center of Songjiang Prefecture, but also the financial center of the Yangtze River Delta, and has also surpassed Guangzhou to become the financial center of the whole of China. The number of banks, the number of bonds and stocks traded, has surpassed Guangzhou.
Such a vast and economically developed region naturally needs huge infrastructure support. In the age of steam, it could only be laid out along the river, which is why the area covered here is so extensive, in fact, if it is placed in a hundred years, there may not be such a scale of urban belt, because the transportation of later generations is no longer so dependent on the river. The Canal Company not only built a large number of canals, connecting all counties, but also carried out thousands of tons of steamships on the canal. The Canal Company also built a railway network covering the entire urban belt, forming a basic pattern of railway passenger transportation and ship freight.
Like Jiangningfu, the railway network, which is the backbone of the city, is an elevated railway. Like Jiangning, the elevated railway can no longer handle the increasingly dense flow of people. Passenger ships have always had a place, but they are too inefficient. Naturally, the subway also developed here.
Compared with the heavy-duty passenger locomotives on the elevated railway, the subway locomotive pursues not the load, and a subway train will not exceed ten cars. Compared to the elevated railway, which shuttles back and forth between Suzhou, Songjiang and Jiaxing, the metro network is smaller and mainly for local transportation. As a result, an elevated railway, with 30 or 50 wagons, was gradually formed, which ran between residential areas and work areas in various places. The subway is concentrated in the area around the work area.
As land prices in central cities such as Shanghai are getting higher and higher, some private railway companies have taken a different approach, building real estate along their railway lines in the remote suburbs, renting them to the common working class at low prices or selling them alive, and opening special trains to travel between the city and the countryside every day during working hours. Therefore, the phenomenon of living in the suburbs of Suzhou and working in the urban area of Shanghai began to form.
In addition, within a much larger area than the historical Bund, the 10-kilometer-long area is a bustling business district, with Huangpu Beach as the center, and there are eight regional railways radiating outward to connect with Jiading, Huating, Qingpu and other residential areas around Shanghai. The separation of living and working in the surrounding area is a zoning phenomenon in which people live in the suburbs and work in urban areas.
This division is also in line with the laws of the economy, and the expensive urban center will inevitably slowly turn into a commercial area, and the residents will move outward. However, due to the dense population and the fact that the automobile age had not yet developed, there was no migration of wealthy people to the suburbs based on motorization, as was the case in the United States, but rather a shift to the outward movement of railways, similar to that in Japan. Historically, Japan had this state before World War I. In the vicinity of major cities such as Tokyo, flexible private railway companies are not only building residential areas along their own railway lines, but also building commercial areas around residential areas, creating a separation of living and working areas. Some railway companies are so powerful that they can control an entire county and carry out scientific planning in the county.
In the final analysis, this is all based on a huge population, forming a more detailed division of labor.
This division of labour is not only reflected in the degree of production and life, but also in a more subdivided manner than in any European country. A spinning mill is a spinning mill, a weaving mill is a weaving mill, and there are very few combined factories that integrated spinning and weaving in the early days. Because spinning mills and textile mills have begun to develop into gigafactories, the small textile factories on the eastern seaboard have become completely unable to compete with neighbors such as Japan and North Korea with low wages.
It is more obvious in the machinery industry, there has long been a large number of professional production of steam engines, the production of forging equipment, and even some huge parts have begun to be standardized professional production, and some factories specialize in the production of a certain kind of consumable parts, such as shaft products. The huge locomotive factories no longer process their own parts, but entrust them to professional factories. Steelmakers start from the production of ingots and directly produce finished products, and the continuous casting method is very popular.
The division of labor on a huge scale not only makes China's production efficiency higher, but also the industrial system is very complete. As a result, foreign products can enter the Chinese market, but they can often only be used as a supplement to squeeze into China's economic links, and cannot become an irreplaceable link. Because most of the goods entered by foreign countries into China are because of price advantages, and a few because of quality advantages, but alternatives can definitely be found in China, either more expensive or slightly worse quality. Another consequence is that new technologies can find a variety of possibilities here.
When Siemens was still exhibiting and promoting their electric locomotives at various fairs, when Siemens electric locomotives were just a rarity. China has improved, perfected, and found a mature business model to promote. It is because of the technology born in the West, in the West's less complete industrial system, it is difficult to find a suitable way to promote, and sometimes it is necessary to establish a complete set of supporting systems for new affairs, which is costly. In China, it is easy to embed in some of the systems that have already been formed.
Of course, not all new things can be easily embedded in the old system, but it is relatively easy to be applied in China, and the vast market space and subdivisions are easier to find suitable applications than any European country, and what cannot be found in China is basically impossible to find in other countries.
Because of such characteristics, over the years, Chinese have not only developed a large number of new technologies and promoted new models, but many foreign geniuses, after inventing new technologies or discovering new knowledge, often think of coming to China to open up at the first time.
De Xuanlin keenly saw these phenomena, and he did not know that China's economy had unconsciously grown to the most mature stage. Even if new technologies are not born in this country, they will be actively spread to this country in the first place. The world's top talent is more likely to find opportunities to shine in this country. It's like a few decades ago, some unknown talents in their home countries were able to make a career in the UK.