1. Asking for help: It refers to people in a certain way to deceive natural forces or ghosts and spirits to help them achieve a certain goal. For example, the Han people beg for rain, worship the dragon king more, and when the worship fails, they will perform witchcraft to force the dragon king to rain. Such as carrying the dragon king through the streets, exposing the dragon king, digging up the well water and so on.

2. Conjuring: Use witchcraft to bring back lost souls. It is not limited to people themselves, but also applies to animals and plants. For example, the Kino people summon the soul of the god of grain, the Miao people summon the soul of the cow, and the Han children are sick and often think that the soul is lost outside the village, and the mother will take the child's clothes and go to the village to call the child's name and summon the soul for him. The Yi people also have the custom of summoning spirits for elders who have been away for many years or who have died in a foreign land. Presided over by shamans, they often stand on high mountains, look in the direction of the deceased's departure, call the deceased's name, and use twine to feint the soul of the deceased to return. Zhuang, Maonan and other ethnic groups also have witchcraft to summon the spirits of the dead and lovers. Usually the young man invited the witch, the wizard covered his head with a sheet, asked the god to possess the body, and soon she entered a coma, announcing that the soul had been possessed, so the witch represented the man's lover, and sang to the man, pouring out her heartfelt feelings.

3. Curse: It is to use the magic of language to achieve the purpose of harming the other party. The most common forms are face-to-face curses, no good death, 1,22 cuts, and so on. More often than not, the purpose of witchcraft is achieved by cursing each other's names. The Dai people have a kind of "Fangluo" witchcraft, the purpose of which is to provoke the relationship between other people's husbands and wives and get involved themselves. The practice is to take two pieces of bamboo from the fence of the couple's cemetery, and engrave them: "You have long thorns on your chest, you can't hug each other, you can only look at each other like across the river", and then put them under the other party's bamboo building, thinking that the husband and wife will lose harmony within three days. In the Han and Manchu areas of Northeast China, there used to be a curse of steaming cats, if the lost found that someone had stolen their property and did not admit it, the lost person would write the thief's birth date and name on a piece of paper, and put it in the steamer with a cat to cook, the cat struggled and screamed in the cage, and the lost person cursed the thief to be like a cat, and could not die well.

4. Exorcism: It is an offensive witchcraft performed on ghosts. It is often used in production, house building, treatment, and funeral. This is the main job of a folk shaman. When Bi Mo of the Yi nationality in Liangshan treated the patient, he let the patient sit at the door with a bamboo dustpan on his head, and Bi Mo shouted "Catch the evil ghost, catch him quickly", and at the same time ordered the helper to hold a shovel to scatter the ashes of the fire pit on the patient's head, and use the ashes to drive the ghost away. Another kind of sorcerer of the Yi nationality, Suni, in the exorcism of ghosts, in the fire pond to put a lot of branches of tribute, he walked around the fire pond, while beating the sheepskin drum, while inviting the gods of the mountains to come, and then suddenly opened a clay pot mouth, said: "Catch the ghost and put it in the clay pot", after speaking, immediately sealed the mouth, and shouted: "Harmful ghost, I will burn you!" After saying that, Suni poured the ghost into the clay pot into the fire pit and said, "Ghost, you wait, and when the bamboo basket can hold water, you will come back." "Also: paper boats and candles burning in the sky, shooting the bride with arrows at weddings, walking braziers, etc., many of the exorcism witches of the Han nationality have been inherited by Taoism. Talismans, swords, seals, and mirrors are the main tools used by Taoist priests to exorcise ghosts. Exorcism is also applied to the murderous. The Li people are the most fearful of the murderous dead, and the funeral must carry out complicated rituals: the soul of the murderer must be walked on a winding road, so that the soul of the murderer cannot return, and the body must be crushed with a boulder, or the corpse is nailed with a wooden stake, so that the soul of the murderer can never return to his homeland, otherwise it will disturb the family.

5. Ward off evil spirits: It is the use of certain objects to prevent evil spirits from committing crimes, which is a kind of negative witchcraft. Evil spirits are generally decorated on buildings, vehicles and production tools, and some are worn on the body. The Pumi people have many lime handprints on the door and wall, and it is said that this is a posture to fight various ghosts, and the ghosts are afraid when they see them. Hanging knives, swords, saws, and horns on the lintel can also ward off evil spirits. The Oroqen people hang wild boar teeth and bear noses on the "immortal pillars; The Dong people hang a dog's head on the door to protect their home with a dog. The Miao people hang rice sieves and fishing nets on the door, believing that the rice sieve symbolizes many eyes and can see through the whereabouts of ghosts, and the fishing nets are tools for catching ghosts, and ghosts will avoid them when they see them. The totem is also a kind of evil spirit, and the Yi people mostly draw a tiger on the door. Horseshoes are often hung in the northwest of our country and in Europe. The amulets of the Han people, the sword of the door god and the town house are all evil things.

Fourth, let go of Gu witchcraft

1. What is Gu: It is a kind of witchcraft that uses poisonous insects as a haunt to harm people. It is a relatively ancient mysterious, terrifying witchcraft, which is mainly popular in various parts of southern China and some ethnic minorities. Gu, from the glyph, is to put many insects in one container. Kong Yingda's "Commentary on the Thirteen Classics" said: "Those who use poison to medicine people, and people don't know it, are called Gu poison in today's law." "Compendium of Materia Medica, Insect Part IV" is explained as a kind of poisonous insect fed by people, "take a hundred insects into Weng, after years of opening, there will be a worm to eat all the insects, this is called Gu." ”

2. The production and type of Gu: Most of the Gu accumulators are women, which is a woman's specialty. "Yunnan Magazine": "Yunnan people accumulate Gu... People fight for hiding, children worry about what they eat, and Gu keepers don't be a secret room, so that the woman feeds it, and when she sees a man, she will be defeated, and she will be gathered by pure yin. Zhou Qufei's "Lingwai Answer": Gu poison is "a woman's hair-shaped night sacrifice", and "Yunnan Xinyu": It is pleasing to Yi women. There are many types of Gu, usually including: Golden Silkworm Gu, Chancre Gu, Mad Gu, Swollen Gu, Loach Gu, Stone Gu, Slice Gu, Snake Gu, and so on. Among them, the Golden Silkworm Gu was the most vicious. In the old days, in some counties and townships in Fujian, the superstitious activities of raising golden silkworms were more prevalent. It is said that the golden silkworm is an invisible insect spirit, it can do things for people, the most diligent in hygiene, and the people who are very clean in the room are considered to be the people who raise the golden silkworms. The production method of the golden silkworm is to select 12 kinds of poisonous insects such as snakes and centipedes, bury them at the crossroads, and take them out and store them in the incense burner after 49 days (or another mysterious day) to become a golden silkworm. In the minds of those who believe in the golden silkworm, the golden silkworm is spiritual, which can make the breeder rich, but the owner of the rich family must also tell the golden silkworm how much it owes, otherwise the golden silkworm will ask to spend money to buy people to eat it, otherwise it will be troublesome. If the family who raises the golden silkworm does not want to raise it anymore, they can pass it on, called "marrying the golden silkworm", the method is to use the silver tael, pollen and incense ash (on behalf of the golden silkworm), put it on the road, and the greedy will naturally pick it up. The golden silkworm can cause death to the enemy, usually by abdominal swelling and bleeding from the seven orifices. Chancre Gu, also known as "laying eggs, putting chancre, and putting bees", is popular among the people in Guangdong and Guangxi. The preparation method is to catch centipedes, small snakes, worms, ants, poisonous bees, cicadas, earthworms, etc. on the Dragon Boat Festival day and add hair, dry and grind into powder, enshrine in front of the statue of the plague god, become a Gu for a long time, and can poison people in the diet. Epilepsy is popular among the Dong people, and snakes are mostly buried in the soil with postbiotic fungi to harm people into madness; Swollen Gu makes the abdomen swollen; Loach Gu is soaked in loaches with Gu powder and bamboo leaves to eat with people to poison them; As for the stone Gu and the sliced Gu are all brewed with Gu medicine, they are placed in the middle of the road to harm people, and it is said that they can enter the human body and cause evil diseases.

2 Folk witchcraft collection 3, the method of casting Gu is mostly put into food. Gu girl Shi Gu is mostly placed in meals, "Chiya": "Gu Cheng is put in the food first, and the flavor increases a hundred times", and it is mostly placed on the first piece of food.

Some of the lower Gu are the worms themselves, the advantages are the feces of the worms, and some are saliva foam. Sometimes Gu can also be applied without food.

Liu Nan's "Miao Huang Xiaoji": "Miao's Gu poison is terrifying, and its Gu release does not need special food, and anyone who shushes it with anger and looks at it can pass its poison to others; Those who use food, and those who use Gu are also. "4. Symptoms and verification methods of Gu sufferers: Liu Xifan

"Those who are in the middle of the Gu may have a swollen throat and cannot swallow it; or the face is green and yellow, and the day is barren; or there is a buildup in the chest, coughing; or chest and abdomen distension and numbness of the limbs; or a few days, or months."

Verification method: It can be made to chew raw soybeans, no fishy smell is in the Gu, in ethnic minority areas is to contain a piece of duck protein in the mouth, insert a silver needle on it, if the duck protein and silver needle turn black, then in the Gu.

Methods of prevention and reconciliation of Gu: All cobwebs and dust homes are suspected to be Gu homes, and they should not be contacted; For those who eat such as the master first knocks the cup and bowl with chopsticks, and then serves the rice, it is suspected to be Shi Gu, and you should be especially careful not to eat or break the road; Anyone who goes out to eat, carry garlic with him, it can prevent Gu, Gu is difficult to cure when he enters alcohol, and he can prevent Gu if he goes out without drinking.

The method of detoxifying Gu and breaking Gu: take realgar, garlic, calamus decoction water, or pomegranate root water, which can be laxative; Youyun golden silkworm is most afraid of hedgehogs, and can be used as medicine to treat Gu.

Most of the old medical books have medical Gu home remedies, and there are all kinds of them. The method of breaking the Gu: The road is broken, in the autumn, the Miao women carry cloth bags to sell prickly pears for children to eat, many Gu people, for a long time for the group to see through, when buying, first call and ask: Is there a Gu?

Answer: No, it is not harmful. It is then available for purchase. In addition, it is said that Gu is afraid of saying, and it is said to be in the home of raising Gu, and its Gu is immediately captured.

The purpose of releasing Gu is mostly to dissipate grievances, and sometimes it is also used as a protective measure, such as in the Zhuang people, some people are afraid that others will steal food, so they release Gu, and some thieves will be killed immediately, on the contrary,

"Those who kill a lot of people will benefit the spirit and save the family." 5. Taboo and taboo witchcraft is a general term for certain restrictive concepts and practices concerning social behavior and belief activities.

Its common noun is tabu, which is a Polynesian native language, which originally meant to refer to people, things, and places with supernatural spiritual powers that could not be touched by ordinary people.

There are two reasons why these things cannot be touched by ordinary people, one is that they are considered sacred, and the other is that they are regarded as ominous or unclean.

is a very common form of superstition. Taboo witchcraft is a type of negative witchcraft that requires people not to touch something or do something or else it will bring misfortune.

Taboos arise in a variety of ways, some out of fear of certain natural forces, some out of love for the elderly and children, some out of the worship of ghosts and gods, and some out of superstition about good fortune and bad luck.

If you can't use your fingers after the rain, otherwise your fingers will be rotten; Respect totems, holy places, ancestral tablets, and shamans; Pregnant women should avoid eating ginger and rabbit meat; Marriage taboo male and female attributes, marriage period taboo singular, can not get married during the lunar eclipse, otherwise the husband and wife will be discordant, and so on.

There are also taboos on animals and plants, Mongolians see that the cat is pregnant, and they are not allowed to insert chopsticks into the chopsticks bucket, otherwise the cat will be miscarried, sell livestock, and must cut a handful of hair to stay, otherwise it will be ruined.

6. Divine judgment witchcraft is also known as divine judgment, divine judgment, heavenly punishment, etc. He is a kind of witchcraft that prays to the gods to judge the truth and falsehood of the world and property disputes, and the divine judgment is an ancient method of judgment commonly practiced by all nations in the world under certain historical conditions.

It is an important stage of development of folk customary law. In ancient legends, Gao Tao used the divine method to try cases, and the method was to use sheep, suspects touched by the horns of divine sheep, and were considered guilty.

Later, the divine sheep evolved into a symbol of the upright judge, and later judges wore a pig-deer.

Such as the referee for stealing: Jingpo people have

"Dou snail", the lost person first put a snail in the bowl, and the suspect also caught a snail and put it in the bowl, so that the two snails fight, and finally the snail won or lost the referee to steal the incident.

The Achang people light a candle on each side and decide the rights and wrongs of both sides by the length of time it burns.

There is another kind of Jingpo people

"Egg cloth", so dark that the suspects took a piece of thatch on the roof of the house, put it in a bowl, and then asked the wizard to chant the scriptures, poured an egg into the bowl, stirred slightly, and the suspected people also rushed to the scene to see whose thatch the egg white stuck to the thatch stick of the house first, and who stole something.

Fire Sentence: In Tibet, there is a fire scavenging judgment, in which a stone or a piece of iron is burned in a fire pit or a temporary pile of charcoal, so that the suspect can pick it up with his hands, and if his hands are not burned, he is not guilty, otherwise he is guilty.

The Zhuang people also use the method of stepping on the fire (preparing for fire prevention in advance), and if the foot is not injured, it is reasonable, otherwise it is unreasonable.

Blood Judgment: Under the supervision of the head wizard of the Wa tribe, both sides stretch out a hand and rub each other, until a certain time, if both sides bleed or do not bleed, the fight will stop, and if one side bleeds, it will be compensated or apologized according to the price.

There are also head-beating divine judgments, stabbing divine judgments, and so on. In addition, there are oil pots (vinegar or wax in them), water pots (millet), diving, and so on.

3 Folk Witchcraft Collection

What is Ghost? Legend has it that ghosts are connected to spirits. In ancient times, people believed that there was an independent soul outside of the human body based on phenomena such as dreams, hallucinations, etc. The ancients believed that after death, the soul still exists independently and becomes a ghost, and the ghost is an invisible and qualitative thing attached to the body. When people are alive, it is very dangerous for the soul to go out of the body, and in order to save the soul from the body, there are many ways to summon the soul and call the soul.

The ghosts of people after death have two whereabouts, one is that they still inhabit this world, only on another object, and the other is that they have arrived in another world, that is, the underworld. Of course, there are also many ghosts who have become geists and will never be able to live forever.

When a person dies, the soul is reincarnated into another person or animal, which is called reincarnation. After death, they go to another world, and they go to various worlds, but in people's minds, life in the underworld is the same as reality, good people, good people, and warriors can ascend to heaven and enjoy sacrifices, and those who die unexpectedly often suffer from suffering, such as hanged ghosts and drowned ghosts, it is difficult to substitute for superbirth.

When evil spirits return to the world to worship, they need to be driven away by special people. Either by praying or by purification, such as the use of peach charms by the Chinese, it is also a way to dispel ghosts.

In Shanxi, the peasants thought that the cause of the disease was that they were haunted by ghosts, or stepped on ghosts, and could not be cured by medicine alone, so they had to ask special people and some special methods to conquer ghosts, so that human lives could be saved.

For example, "if there is a disease in Fuyi, it depends on ghosts, and it is known that the medicine is delayed." As for the remote places in the countryside and mountains, medicine is difficult to treat, and when there is a disease, the witch will take advantage of it to confuse it; There are also good women who eat fasting, burn incense and chant Buddha to save people's diseases, and nine leaves are good at beer! Huang Jianwu Huang Jian>wu Huang Jian

In the northern part of Shanxi, a way of "watching intruders" is prevalent. As long as men, women and children are sick, those who believe in this way will go to the paper shop to "see the intruder", the so-called intruder, the ghost. And "watching the intruder" is actually seeking a way to exorcise ghosts. In the old days, the paper shops in the towns and counties all operated a special kind of superstitious paper, such as "money stacks", "empty seats", etc., as well as related books, and those who were good at this way could use these things to find out the methods of reciting ghosts and the utensils used as long as they asked the date of illness. Such as which direction, how many steps to go out, how many five-color paper money, how many money stacks, etc. When sending ghosts, there is a way to use a bowl of sauerkraut field water, light the two ends of the three pillars of incense and turn it around the patient's head three times, and there are words in the mouth, among which there are two clear words that can be heard are "head up, feet up", "where to come, where to go", and then observe the sauerkraut soup, it is said that you can see the place of the ghost and the direction of sending the ghost, and then send all kinds of divine paper to the gate for incineration. In this way, the haunting demons can be sent away to heal the sick and save people.

This custom has been nearly extinct after liberation, and there was a revival after the 80s, but this custom has changed somewhat, the family members of the sick generally go to the paper shop to buy paper, print ghost money and ghost paper by themselves, and then find a Mr. Yin and Yang or witch Shenhan to preside over the ghost ceremony.

Witch Gu exorcism is more popular among Shanxi folk. The witch is known as the witch god.

In folklore, witches and gods are "professional" people who pray to exorcise ghosts through the possession of gods. There are many old men and old ladies. They generally take yellow paper as a rune, incense ash as the elixir, and clear water as the dew, pretend to be a ghost, dance with their hands, and the gods they descend to are not the fox fairies here or the gods and monsters there. In fact, it is just manipulating human life and defrauding money through ghosts and gods.

The ignorant and ignorant peasants were convinced of this, bowed their heads to their ears, and obeyed their orders. There are also witches and gods who use the method of "quiet" to exorcise ghosts, and they are often invited by the patient's family to lie in a room first, without drinking or eating, to indicate that the soul is out of the body, and has gone to the place where the soul of the sick person in the underworld is located to seek relief, and only after half a day or a day, the lying witch and god will wake up and report to the sick family, saying that the soul of the sick person will be difficult to recover if it is not placed somewhere, because the sin in the underworld is not satisfied. After that, he used pen and paper, ghost letters, and charms to summon spirits.

In the Linxian area, the healer must first buy incense, watches, paper, and a red cloth of one foot five inches or three feet, and explain to the witch the time and symptoms of the illness, explain his sincerity in praying to God, and ask the witch to ask God to send ghosts.

When the witch asks the god with a "divine drum" in her hand, she sings and shakes it, and the words of the song cannot be understood, and after a few minutes, the god is invited down and stays on the witch. After the possession of God, the witch began to twist and sing frantically in an even more intense way, and in the name of God, she revealed the cause of the patient's disease. The cause of the disease is generally from the underworld, linking the patient's illness to the deceased elderly, relatives and friends, and attributing the cause to demons and evil spirits. The patient is then asked to eat some paper ashes, dew, and recite charms. This activity of the goddess is carried out at regular intervals. If the patient is seriously ill, ask several witches to work together to ask God to heal the sick. It is said that the witch's singing, dancing, and twisting are to make God happy, to distract the heart, and to pour out God's pain and troubles, so as to drive away evil spirits and heal people's diseases. Witches are paid to heal their diseases, and the fees were low a decade ago, but now the price has risen dramatically.

4 Folk Witchcraft Collection

In the Yanggao area, when judging the ghosts of patients, witches and gods use a common wine jug to test, the method is to put the mouth of the jug downwards, put it in a water bowl, put a ghost paper money on the bottom of the pot, and after the four corners are lit, observe which direction of the water bowl bubbles, and the direction of the bubbles is the direction where the ghosts and gods are located. That night, paper money was burned in that direction to send the ghost to heal.

In the custom of exorcism, the use of yellow sa and black sa to cure diseases is also quite popular in the Luliang area. The so-called yellow sa and black sa are what people call those with special functions, and there is not much difference between the two, but the ability of the former is smaller than that of the latter. According to the villagers, such people can see things that others can't see, what kind of demons and monsters are like, and know many things in the underworld and heaven.

There are several ways to cure diseases in yellow and black saxes. One is in the dead of night, the yellow and black sa take incense, watch, say some words related to the disease, and pray outside the patient's door; The other is the way of sleeping, first by Huang Sa in his sleep to go to the underworld to fight with ghosts, if the opponent is weak and defeated, the disease can be cured. If the opponent is strong, you need to ask Hesa to play. Another is in the middle of the night, taking advantage of the ghost wandering, Huangsa and Heisa light incense, take a table, a charm and a kitchen knife, and recite a spell at the intersection to dance the kitchen knife, which means to fight against ghosts and gods. These almost absurd practices seem ridiculous to scientists, but they are very popular among the people. In recent years, there have been a number of foreign swindlers who have also acted as such people, and their behavior has become even more bizarre, because "foreign monks can recite scriptures", and many believers have been cheated out of a large amount of money.

The witch gods, Hesa and Huangsa are exorcised and cured by some kind of witchcraft and contact with ghosts and spirits, which is actually a kind of "spiritism", which is one of the more common religious superstitious activities and is popular all over the world. The psychic, the so-called witch god who can save the sick from fire and water, is believed to have a supernatural power that comes from his communication with spirits, and he can coax or force spirits to cooperate with people. Objectively speaking, if there is still some effect on the treatment of witches and gods, it can be said that it is similar to today's psychotherapy, so some diseases caused by psychological reasons such as stress, depression, and fear are just relieved and disappeared with the help of the "healing" of witches. Therefore, the popularity of witches and gods is due to the fact that there are some individual examples of "healing" at work. Of course, what is more important is the superstition and ignorance of the peasants, which creates a rich soil for the existence of witches and gods.

The above-mentioned witches and gods pretend to be ghosts, all of which belong to witchcraft, which is a spell that uses imaginary supernatural powers to fulfill a certain wish. For example, Shanxi folk take the grain surface as the shape of the lamp, 12 lamps to make 13 lamps according to December, leap month year, put them in the cage in the second row, wait for steaming, depending on the water in the first few lamps, then there is rain on the first few days, there is no main drought, and more is the main waterlogging. Witchcraft has essential elements such as rituals, spells, runes, spells, etc. Some substitutes are also often used, such as evil spirits, disgusting objects, and suppressive objects; Divine drums, divine knives, divine arrows and other witchcraft paraphernalia.

The practice of séance is often used by shamans, and as mentioned earlier, the exorcism of witches and gods falls into this category. Spells are recited by sorcerers when they cast spells for prayer and exorcism. The spells in witchcraft are quite mysterious, and it is believed that he has a mystical ability to produce some kind of magical effect to achieve the desired end.

For example, when the folk of Shanxi Jinnan summon souls for children, the spiritualists often say: "XX, XX, don't go, there is your longevity in the world." "XX, XX, don't run, your age is not yet reached." Witches or old women often recite mantras when they exorcise ghosts and cure their children and grandchildren: "XX gods (ancestors), don't blame you, don't touch the fool's head more, give you gold, give you silver, and raise your hand early to return to your place." ”

Curiosity is human nature, and it is the hope that people want to clear the mystery and understand the future. Under the control of the concept of the soul, people are often afraid and amazed by some incredible phenomena. Under the fallacious reasoning, a form of belief in omins was formed, and in order to reveal the mystery of the future, a certain method of divination was used to observe and interpret known omens.

In Shanxi folk, there are all kinds of omens, and many slightly curious things can be shown as some kind of omen.

For example, clenching one's teeth in a dream is a physiological phenomenon, but clenching one's teeth for no reason is often seen as a sign, with men gritting their teeth to hate lack of wealth, and women hating their parents for not dying. When drinking tea, if the root of the tea leaves stands upright in the cup, it is a sign that a guest is coming. When their parents are alive, if their children dream of their death, it is a sign of their longevity. When the child stands, the head is tilted between the legs and looks back, which is a sign that he will give birth to a younger sibling; If a chef uses a kitchen knife and hurts his hand for no reason, it is a sign of bad luck.

5 Folk Witchcraft Collection

In addition, like the well-known magpie calling, seeing the rabbit and fox running, the lotus rising and rising, the dream of pigs and meat, the dream of pomegranates and melons without flowers, etc., are all auspicious signs, good signs, or wealth, or get children.

On the contrary, cooking and bowling, falling when going out, stumbling on the front of horses, crying at night, fruit trees blooming twice, and crows crying are all bad signs, or ruined wealth, or disaster.

In short, in the countryside, everything unexpected or extraordinary, no matter how big or small, seems to be endowed with a trillion.

Those strange sounds, the sounds of inanimate things such as furniture, coffins, etc., abnormal things, if plants do not bloom in season, some things encountered the day before the festival and New Year, marriage or going out, as well as the physical reactions of individuals, strange phenomena in the sky, etc., all have some kind of signs.

Witchcraft is a primitive belief activity, and people often rely on witchcraft when science cannot explain some natural phenomena.

Therefore, in ancient times, the official set up a special official to take charge of such activities. The Chinese history book "Five Elements Chronicles" records many witch blessings.

With the development of science and technology, witchcraft in the strict sense gradually faded, and the witches and gods who used to make money replaced them.

Their practices are nothing more than curses, divinations, taboos, and other folk customs. (4) The practice is different from that of the lower gods, although it is also witchcraft, but it not only invites the gods to possess itself, but also directly performs spells on the person who asks for help.

In Rongcheng, most of the practitioners were gods, and some were gods and witches. Most of Rongcheng's witchcraft practices are in two categories: exorcism and spiritualism, commonly known as them

"Jumping God". There are not many people who directly invite the gods to dance the gods, most of them first ask the witch to go down to the gods, and get the revelation of the witches.

When exorcising ghosts, the gods and men are the same as witches, first asking the gods to possess their bodies, and then wrapping their heads in colored cloth, beating gongs and roaring and dancing, and the dance movements are very exaggerated.

After making a fuss for a while, he either held a peachwood sword or a peach branch and pumped it indiscriminately on the patient, which was called fighting ghosts, and the patient was drawn to roll around the kang and add three points to the disease.

This kind of thing, Rongcheng is rare. One of the most common forms of practice in rural Rongcheng is the so-called

"Round Light". Rongcheng's Yuanguang is mostly the house of thieves who invite professional wizards to come to the house to do the work, point out the thieves and chase down the stolen materials.

The person of Yuanguang is different from witches and gods, he does not go down to the gods, nor does he invite the gods, he wears more robes and dresses quietly.

After inviting Mr. Enguang to come to the house, he should first state the time and materials of the theft, and Mr. Enguang will determine the location and time of Enguang.

When the scheduled time came, half a basin of water was filled with a copper basin and placed under the sun, Mr. Yuanguang turned the edge of the basin, carefully observed the water lines, and kept muttering: "Well, I saw it, I saw it." Don't look at you changing your clothes, you can't change your clothes if you change your clothes! When he had reached a certain point, he stopped, found a child leaning down on the basin, and asked him if he had seen it.

If the child said he saw it, he shouted to the onlookers: "Look, even the child recognizes you, what are you hiding!" I'll save face for you, don't say your name, you can be a man in front of people! As for the stolen things, you can only deliver them to xx place tonight, or you can send them to my house, and I will hand them over to the owner. If it is past tonight, I will be ruthless, your wife and children don't blame me for being cruel and cutting off your way of life!" After this mysterious and intimidating round light, it can sometimes start to deter, and the stolen things are returned to their owners.