Witchcraft is the practice of influencing or exercising control over certain people or things with the help of supernatural and mysterious powers. "Séances" and "spells" constitute the main content of witchcraft. It is highly idealistic and mythical, and the mysteries of supernatural powers and entities still need to be further studied by science.

1. In ancient times, the female name of the caster was witch, and the name of the man was Qi. Witchcraft uses and manipulates some superhuman power to influence human life or events in the natural world through certain ritual performances to achieve certain purposes. Ritual performances of witchcraft often take the form of symbolic singing and dancing

2. A specific person with natural abilities has been cultivated to become an ability to manipulate any thing, mainly qi and blood, spiritual wisdom, forethought, soul dementoring, spiritual medium, and sichen. (Anatomy of the Classic of Mountains and Seas)

Qi and Blood: It is a white witchcraft that can make an injured person recover as quickly as possible for a period of time.

Linghui: In ancient times, the combination of strength and wisdom could dictate the fate of others, and Linghui was the great sorcerer, whose wisdom was supreme and could call the wind and rain to force his own people to sacrifice to their gods at the cost of their lives. There is a major leadership position in the clan.

Forethinking: Take the most handsome man or woman of the tribe as an example, and train them to have a hunching ability, so that they can easily observe the heavens, govern the place well, and make friends better.

In the later period, it was transformed into Taoist thought: "People send the earth, the earth sends the heavens, and the heavens are all many." ”

Soul Dementor: Similar to the current Taoist priests, but he is good at performing the art of red death, the art of bringing people back to life and resurrecting the soul, and the magic of immortality and immortality. Don't look them in the eye.

Medium: Those who marry the dead and the living, have special sympathy for the dead, and do not care about the life of the living.

Sichen: Gay, beautiful. Beautiful boys are very short-lived, and I heard that they are all detached from nature and detached from reality. They can imagine whatever they want, and it will become a reality!

Origin

Witchcraft comes from the Shundi tribe, and legend has it that when Emperor Shun was in order to produce salt for the common people and meet the lives of the people. Shun let one of his sons go to Wuxian to become a chieftain, and Xian is good at boiling brine for salt, so he got his name. The people of Wu Xianguo handle the green snake with their right hand, and the red dragon with their left hand, located in the great wilderness, and it is called the Ten Witches with Wu Ji, Wu Pan, Wu Peng, Wu Gu, Wu Zhen, Wu Li, Wu Di, Wu Xie, and Wu Luo. Wuxian country is in the south of Anyi city, there is a salt pond legend, the salt water is inherited, the water comes out of the southeast thin mountain, the northwest flows, through the north of Wuxian Mountain. Wuxian Mountain is in the south of Anyi County.

The history of Luyan in Yuncheng, Shanxi Province has existed in ancient times. The name of "Lu" in Yuncheng was first called "Lu", that is, the "Lu" that produces salt, and later because of the same sound, it was usurped as "Lu". "Lu" is now Yuncheng, and the land is in the west of Gu'anyi.

Legend has it that Shun's son became the chief of the kingdom of Wuxian. Led the country of Wuxian to produce salt. Because the local Wuxian people have mastered the technology of making salt from brine clay, they steam and cook the brine clay to precipitate the salt and become crystals, and outsiders think that they are "changing the art". In addition, in the process of salt making, the Wuxian people held various sacrificial activities, hoping that the south wind would bring them a good climate, so as to facilitate salt precipitation. Their sacrifices are performed in various ways, and they are accompanied by various words of vows and prayers. Finally, the process begins until the white crystalline salt is produced.

This whole process, in other tribes, is seen as a kind of magic, so people call this kind of magic that turns soil into salt. This is where the term "witchcraft" comes from.

Nowadays, people know that "witchcraft" is to "change magic", in fact, witchcraft first refers to the salt making technology of the Wuxian people. This salt-making technique is called "witchcraft", in fact, it is "the art of witchcraft salt making". This is how today's wizards get their name.

origin

There is little hope of tracing the roots of witchcraft, but many interested scholars have not given up their efforts. In the industry, there are roughly three recognized theories about the origin of witchcraft: the theory of natural existence that was born with the emergence of human beings; Animism; Psychology that accompanies the emergence of human emotions and spirits says. However, at the latest, around 80,000 years ago, when the Neanderthals had begun to bury the dead and possess the consciousness and belief of the soul, humans already believed in witchcraft.

The French sociologist Durkheim (1858-1917) believed that witchcraft originated from the beginning of human religiousness.

The German sociologist Max Weber (1864-1920) believed that pre-animistic beliefs originated in the unwritten period.

The French anthropologist Levi Stor (1908~2009) believed that witchcraft is a reality in which the normal mind is trying to understand the universe it faces, but is unable to grasp it, and produces pathological thoughts and explanations to enrich the insufficient reality.

Witch hunting: from the 12th century to the 14th century. At that time, Christianity had been introduced for some time and had become the dominant religion in Europe, and in order to consolidate its power and end the policy of tolerating paganism, it began a policy of exclusivity, that is, the hunt of witches.

In the 14th century, there was also a book in Germany dedicated to dealing with and distinguishing witches, the Witch's Hammer. However, the accuracy and veracity of the descriptions are debatable.

classify

From the perspective of the nature of witchcraft, witchcraft can be divided into black witchcraft and white witchcraft. Black witchcraft refers to witchcraft used when blaming someone else; White witchcraft is the witchcraft used when praying for good fortune, so it is also called auspicious witchcraft.

From the perspective of the means of performing witchcraft, witchcraft can be divided into two categories, one is imitation witchcraft, and the other is contact witchcraft.

Imitation of witchcraft

A form of sorcery that uses similar things as a substitute for good fortune or disaster. If you hate someone, you will take the form of a human and write the date of birth of that person, or burn them with fire, throw them into water, or slash them with a needle or a bayonet, so that they will die. By nature, this is black witchcraft. Another example is that children often fall into the well, in order to avoid disasters, often make a puppet instead of children into the well, this behavior is called disaster breaking. In ancient production customs, when the rice flowers bloom, men and women meet in the field to promote the formation of rice ears. If a person has sores, he can draw them on plant leaves or yellow paper to remove the disease, which is also called imitation witchcraft. In Baiyun Temple, tie dolls, folk "stealing melons" and other prayer customs.

Exposure to witchcraft

It is a kind of witchcraft method that uses a part of a thing or an item related to a thing to seek good fortune. This kind of witchcraft can serve its purpose as long as it comes into contact with a part of someone's human body or a person's utensils. If a person is sick and puts a coin or something more valuable in the sick person's pain and throws it on the road for others to pick up, it is considered that the sick person has transferred to the person who picked it up. Put the bowl, Jiang Yuan's traces of the ancestors of Zhou are all in contact with witchcraft. In the past, the dark arts used to collect the hair, beard, nails, and beloved objects of the discordant in case they were harming the other person. A child's name should not be given to anyone else, otherwise he will be subject to others.

In the Liangshan Yi tribe, the slave owner found that the slave had escaped, in addition to sending people to find it, but also asked the wizard to perform witchcraft, by summoning the rags left by the slave and grinding it in the stone mill, because the cloth was not easy to grind down, it was thought that the slave must also go around in the mountains and could not find a way to escape; In order to escape from the tiger's mouth, the slave also fights with witchcraft, and generally when escaping, he carries a small stone mill on his back and puts it on his head, so that the cloth milled by the slave owner will fall off quickly, and he can escape successfully.

Black Witchcraft

Usually curses and witchcraft. Seek the power of darkness or evil to punish the caster's enemies, but generally at the same cost. For example, when an ordinary person uses a curse, they generally use their own blood as a medium to summon evil spirits/evil spirits, and if the curse is successful, the caster must use their own life force (spiritual power) as the source of the curse's power. Otherwise, the curse will not work, and even the evil spirits will turn against the caster.

It is mostly used to avenge people or take revenge on others, and can also be used as a curse to cure diseases, punish evil spirits, and fight against black witchcraft. There are also two kinds of wizards, one is passed down from generation to generation and taught by old wizards; The other is the so-called sorcerer taught by the gods in dreams, called the Dream Witch. The witch doll is a means of revenge in black witchcraft. The concept as opposed to black witchcraft is white witchcraft.

With the rise of human civilization, especially the formation of cities, man and nature are gradually separated, a new spirit also emerges, natural selection, the survival of the fittest, in the city more intense than any place, human beings begin to develop his ambition and aggressiveness, only to ride on the head of others, can he come out, in this case, witchcraft has become a terrible tool for personal struggle, has become the black witchcraft that people fear, witchcraft has been spurned by most people.

Dark sorcery, the darkest of all black magic, is undoubtedly Necromancy! The word ncy comes from the Greek word for death and supernatural divine power. And necromancy itself refers to a method of communicating with the world of death in ancient times. Necromancy can be traced back to ancient Persian, Greek, Roman, and medieval wizards. Necromancy can be divided into two branches: one that summons and dominates ghosts (necromancy), which is more common; One faction is in control of the Dead Corpse Sect (Dead Corpse Sect), and both factions have an inseparable relationship with the forbidden Dark Arts. The Necrons usually do this by opening altars and spells, while the Necrons use exhumations and grave robberies to obtain the terrifying black magic they need. Necromancers are usually surrounded by horrific deaths, dressed in clothes stolen from the dead, contemplating the meaning of death...

It is impossible to understand the mysteries of necromancy without a certain level of attainment in the knowledge of the soul and death, and the consequences are very dangerous if it is done rashly. Since, under normal circumstances, dead people do not return to the human world (either in the form of entities or ghosts), if this happens, it must be for a very specific reason. If a living person wants to connect with another world and dominate the soul without heeding the pleas of the dead, be careful to learn about the dark arts, lest you become a victim of the wraith!

Initially, those who communicated with the necromancy were motivated by profit. Because everyone believes that everything can be seen and seen after death, necromancers summon dead people to a large extent by those who want to know the location of the treasure, and these summoning rituals are usually performed 1 2 months after the death of the person, because it is believed that for 12 months after the death of a person, the soul has been wandering around the cemetery and cannot see what the living want. But corpses that are too old are usually not chosen, because in the case of the Necrophy, corpses that are too rotten cannot answer the question clearly. Later, necromancers summoned necromancers and corpses to attack others, mostly in ancient Egypt and Greece.

For these purposes, it is common to suppress the resentment of the necromancy, which requires special magical help, which is usually only possible for very experienced wizards. In the ancient books of wizards in England, there is a record of necromancers drawing charms on the chests of dead corpses to cast spells. Sometimes, necromancers need to summon powerful demon gods to protect themselves or drive dead bodies and ghosts into obedience. In ancient Greek incantations, necromancers were recorded as having summoned Kore, Persephone, Ereshkigal, Adonis, Hermes, and Thoth to protect themselves and control the necromancy. In Roman plays, the depiction of necromantic rituals also included burning and blood. In other rituals, necromancers eat dog meat symbolizing the hachet (the patron saint of witches); Also eat unsalted and unfermented brown bread, unfermented grape juice, which symbolize rot and death.

In continental Europe, the requirements for necromancy rituals are even stricter. The location of the ritual is usually carefully designated in some deserted crossroads, basements, ruins, inaccessible forests, or withered bushes. Once the time of the ritual was decided, concentric circles and indescribable symbols symbolizing power were painted in the venue and given sacred names.

The circles are magically cursed, and the necromancer's assistant stands in the center of the circle and protects it with magic. In the end, the necromancer has the power in his hands and summons the spirits of the underworld. If successful, the necromancer emerges from the circle, and the necromancer is confronted with unbearable screams and terrifying and incomprehensible grumbling... Sometimes, powerful necromancers roar in the circle in the form of monsters, threatening to tear the necromancer to shreds! When the necromancer finally succumbs to the wizard's feet, it usually transforms into a naked ghost and then answers the wizard's questions and requests.

When the séance is over, the dead usually disappear into the poisonous mist of brimstone, and the dead are burned by the sorcerer with quicklime. Until then, the necromancer must remain in the Sacred Circle, and if he has to leave, he must perform some other rituals. The necromancer also removes all flowers and plants from the site before and after the ceremony, burns them, and buries their ashes deep in the ground. The entire ritual is fraught with terrifying dangers, and the slightest blunder can lead to the death of the necromancer, or even permanent trauma to the soul... 1 In the 7th century, the famous Egyptian necromancer and prophet Chiancungi was crushed by resentful spirits because he was anxious to leave the Sacred Circle...

The Church has a necromancer, a very special tribe of the dark arts. The necromancer uses a very peculiar form of dark magic. Legend has it that at midnight, the necromancer would recite the Dark Psalm in the cemetery, "The Resurrection of the Dead Nears Me" and disperse into the churchyard. When calling, they will cry, "E go sum te peto et uidere queo", and when they are gone, they will command, "Return to the kingdom that God has ordained."

Here are the greatest church necromancers of all time: John. Dr. Di Yi John Dee and his assistant: Edwood. A description by Edard Kelley shows that while the assistant illuminates the ritual of death with a torch, the Doctor stands in the graveyard, holding a power and reading a spell at the same time. In the firelight, a newly summoned spirit of death could be clearly seen trembling in the white cloth... The other two sorcerers were chanting incantations to protect themselves in the Sacred Circle, and vaguely heard the names of angels: "Raphael, Rael, Miraton, Tarmiel, Rex..."

Another of the most famous necromancers of all time is Endor. In the Bible, it is recorded that he once summoned the dead prophet Samuel for King Samuel, and prophesied the destruction of King Samuel.

Also in 1st century Greece, there were the famous necromancers Apollonius and Tyana.

In 16th-century England, there was the aforementioned John . Deyi and his rice bucket assistant Edwood. Kylere.

In France in the 17th century, there was the great Elifas. Eliphas Levi. He tried to summon the great Apollonius, but was intimidated by the spirit of Apollonius!

To the necromancer, the numbers 9 and 13 are of great significance. 9 represents the nine realms that the soul passes through from birth to death in ancient beliefs. 13 represents Jesus' Last Supper and His resurrection.

In voodoo, the corpse is resurrected by Ebalon. Baron Samedi (the ragged zombie god) appears. In Haiti, the necromancer is ritualized in the incarnation of Papa Nebo (the father of death), in which white wax is dripped on the feet and lips of the corpse, the necromancer wears a monk's robe and a silver hat, and Papa Naib's charm hangs on the cross. When the sorcerer's robe and hat vibrate, it proves that Baron has been awakened. Samedi, the ceremony was also successful.

The reason why necromancy is spurned by people, in addition to its improper purpose, is that in rituals, dead corpses are often used as raw materials for spells. And necromancy believes that dead bodies that die or die in violence are the best medicine! Because they think that such dead people have more unused spiritual power. In the witchcraft of the ancient Norsemen, the strongest necromancer could resurrect even those who had just died on the gallows! 1 6th century Inquisitor Paulus. Paolus Grillandus wrote, "Necromancers use charred fragments of corpses, especially those who have been hanged and humiliated... With small pieces of nails or teeth... Hair, ears or eyes... muscles, bones, or fresh meat...", and some necromancers have the practice of eating corpses, especially unbaptized babies. So at that time there were a lot of graves that were stolen. And the most famous case in history is the Irish female necromancer-Alice. Alice Kyteler has been prosecuted for stealing and using the hair and skulls of dead bodies, saying that the moss that grows on the heads of dead bodies is very precious to necromancers...

In the 16th and 17th centuries, a large number of necromancers were inevitably targeted. The church shouted that they were servants of the devil, and the biblical description of Indar proved that the necromancer was a symbol of destruction. Necromancers, on the other hand, have been arguing about the distinction between the undead and the devil. After centuries of struggle, necromancers evolved into the psychics they are today, thus escaping religious persecution. Not only that, psychics are further worshipped and accepted by the media under the rendering of the media. One of the more famous psychics in modern times is Joseph. Joseph Glanvill, Francis. Feng. Dr. Hellmet Francis van Helmont), Henry. Dr. Moore Henry More), Robter. Boyle, et al.

White witchcraft

It is usually based on praising and praying to the gods. Seeking the power of light or goodness to help others does not cost much. For example, if you use special materials to pray for the blessing of others, you only need to inform the gods of the purpose and offer a tribute. At the end of the prayer, thank the gods to complete the blessing.

White witchcraft is a kind of witchcraft, that is, ordinary people pray for sunshine, pray for rain, exorcise ghosts, destroy evil spirits, remove insects, find objects, summon spirits, and even make infertile women give birth to children, so that men and women without feelings love each other. It's relative to black magic.

White witchcraft is subjectively intended to anticipate future situations in a mysterious environment, or to take effective ways to cure diseases and give people health. Divination was the most common form of witchcraft used for healing during the Shang and Zhou dynasties. In addition to this, there are:

1. Forbidden spells. Before performing some witchcraft, it is necessary to use language, such as the art of curing malaria with jujubes, which is the opposite of respecting ghosts and gods, but using language to imitate witchcraft activities, and the prohibition of witchcraft may have a certain effect on encouraging the courage and confidence of the sick in a specific cultural environment.

2. Offerings. It is expected to be protected by the emperor, ancestors and gods, and has a certain spiritual effect, "Historical Records" contains: "The first king was sick when he was young, and the Duke of Zhou was self-rubbing his flea (claw), sinking the river, in order to bless the gods...... Cheng Wang's illness is miasma. ”

3. Congratulations. It is a witchcraft that uses language as the main means and is supplemented by some rituals to get rid of the evil spirits, and the "Su Wen Treatise on Transferring Essence and Transforming Qi" says: "The cures of the ancient Yu Wen are the only ones who move their essence and change their qi, and they can only wish for it." It can be seen that the witchcraft of wishing for healing has existed since ancient times, and both practitioners and patients want to remove the evil by wishing the cause of the disease, which has a certain element of psychological treatment.

4. Yu step. Legend has it that Dayu himself often presides over sacrifices and divination activities. "Forbidden Scriptures" is forbidden to swell in the law said: "Five days of the day is to do the law Yu footwork, hold the breath and hold firmly, if the disease, think of this hand as a hot iron, righteous thought of the predecessors of the disease like snow, the hand disease (place) that is dispersed." If the patient's head is swollen, it should not be cured immediately, and it should be left for tomorrow. "Regarding the use of Yu steps, there are still three, seven, and nine steps, and the method of matching with the breath is recorded. The method of Yubu was gradually formed, but it was inseparable from the inheritance of Xia, Shang and the same period.

5. Elimination, dance and peach. These are all behavioral witchcraft, and the "Zhou Li Witch" "plucks out the provocative bath when the palm is old." This kind of bathing and body cleansing, in the concept of witchcraft, is believed to be able to eliminate disasters and diseases, especially the use of spring peach blossom water to wash the uncleanness of women's bodies, called cleansing the body and washing dirt, and its purpose is to drive away ghosts and seek education.

The style of the Wu dance, quite prosperous in the Zhou Dynasty, Da Da is a kind of witchcraft activity to expel the plague ghosts before the wax moon, in order to drive away the plague ghosts, so the name is beating, or expelling the ghosts.

The peach is a peachwood handle broom made of reed flowers, and the ancients believed that it had the effect of driving away evil spirits and epidemics.

6. Divination for disease. There is nothing more diagnostic than the inference of pregnancy and childbirth. In the Book of Changes, it is said that "there is no disease without delusion, and there is joy without medicine." "Damage their illness, so that there is joy and no blame." It is a summary of medical practice experience.

Simulate witchcraft

Simulated witchcraft is witchcraft that can simulate something or a certain state, such as beast magic. Some people even believe that the witch's flying art is also a kind of simulated witchcraft, because this kind of witchcraft may not actually fly in the air, but give people the feeling of soaring in the air.

Resist witchcraft

Defiance is a type of witchcraft that can reflect or resist the opponent's attack on oneself, and it can also be called defensive magic. The most common is the use of amulets. However, in Western sorcery, orthodox defensive magic requires drawing circles around the body with a short dagger in the magic array, which is a relatively simple process.

Gu Dao witchcraft

Gu Dao witchcraft is literally a form of witchcraft that uses worms to cast spells; However, nowadays it has been used in general terms to make people sick. The most famous person who uses Gu Dao witchcraft in China is the Miao people in China, but not all Miao people can use Gu poison, but it was prevalent for a while in ancient times. In addition, Gu is also a very popular method of casting spells in Southeast Asia.

apply

Pray for help

It refers to the way in which people behave into invoking natural forces or spirits to help them achieve a certain goal. For example, the Han people beg for rain, worship the dragon king more, and when the worship fails, they will perform witchcraft to force the dragon king to rain. Such as carrying the dragon king through the streets, exposing the dragon king, digging up the well water and so on.

Necromancy

Use sorcery to bring back lost souls. It is not limited to people themselves, but also applies to animals and plants. For example, the Kino people summon the soul of the god of grain, the Miao people summon the soul of the cow, and the Han children are sick and often think that the soul is lost outside the village, and the mother will take the child's clothes and go to the village to call the child's name and summon the soul for him. The Yi people also have the custom of summoning spirits for elders who have been away for many years or who have died in a foreign land. Presided over by shamans, they often stand on high mountains, look in the direction of the deceased's departure, call the deceased's name, and use twine to feint the soul of the deceased to return. Zhuang, Maonan and other ethnic groups also have witchcraft to summon the spirits of the dead and lovers. Usually the young man invited the witch, the wizard covered his head with a sheet, asked the god to possess the body, and soon she entered a coma, announcing that the soul had been possessed, so the witch represented the man's lover, and sang to the man, pouring out her heartfelt feelings.

curse

It uses the magic of language to achieve the purpose of harming the other party. The most common form is face-to-face curses, not being able to die well, a thousand cuts, and so on. More often than not, the purpose of witchcraft is achieved by cursing each other's names. The Dai people have a kind of "Fangluo" witchcraft, the purpose of which is to provoke the relationship between other people's husbands and wives and to intervene themselves. The practice is to take two pieces of bamboo from the fence of the couple's cemetery, and engrave them: "You have long thorns on your chest, you can't hug each other, you can only look at each other like across the river", and then put them under the other party's bamboo building, thinking that the husband and wife will lose harmony within three days. In the Han and Manchu areas of Northeast China, there used to be a curse of steaming cats, if the lost found that someone had stolen their property and did not admit it, the lost person would write the thief's birth date and name on a piece of paper, and put it in the steamer with a cat to cook, the cat struggled and screamed in the cage, and the lost person cursed the thief to be like a cat, and could not die well.

Exorcism

It is an offensive sorcery performed on demons. It is often used in production, house building, treatment, and funeral. This is the main job of a folk shaman. When Bi Mo of the Yi nationality in Liangshan treated the patient, he asked the patient to sit at the door with a bamboo dustpan on his head, and Bi Mo shouted "Catch the evil ghost, catch him quickly", and at the same time ordered the helper to hold a shovel to scatter the ashes of the fire pit on the patient's head, and use the ashes to drive the ghost away. Another sorcerer of the Yi nationality, Suni, in the exorcism of ghosts, in the fire pond to put a lot of branches of tribute, he walked around the fire pond, while beating the sheepskin drum, while inviting the mountain gods to come, and then suddenly opened a clay pot mouth, said: "Catch the ghost and put it in the clay pot", after saying that, immediately sealed the mouth, and shouted: "Harmful ghost, I want to burn you!" After saying that, Suni poured the ghost into the clay pot into the fire pit and said, "Ghost, you wait, and when the bamboo basket can hold water, you will come back." "Also: paper boats and candles burning in the sky, shooting the bride with arrows at weddings, walking braziers, etc., many of the exorcism witches of the Han nationality have been inherited by Taoism. Talismans, swords, seals, and mirrors are the main tools used by Taoist priests to exorcise ghosts. Exorcism is also applied to the murderous. The Li people are the most fearful of the murderous dead, and the funeral must carry out complicated rituals: the soul of the murderer must be walked on a winding road, so that the soul of the murderer cannot return, and the body must be crushed with a boulder, or the corpse is nailed with a wooden stake, so that the soul of the murderer can never return to his homeland, otherwise it will disturb the family.

Ward off evil

It is the use of certain objects to prevent evil spirits from committing crimes, and it is also a form of negative witchcraft. Evil spirits are generally decorated on buildings, vehicles and production tools, and some are worn on the body. The Pumi people have many lime handprints on the door and wall, and it is said that this is a posture to fight various ghosts, and the ghosts are afraid when they see them. Hanging knives, swords, saws, and horns on the lintel can also ward off evil spirits. The Oroqen people hang wild boar teeth and bear noses on the "immortal pillars; The Dong people hang a dog's head on the door to protect their home with a dog. The Miao people hang rice sieves and fishing nets on the door, believing that the rice sieve symbolizes many eyes and can see through the whereabouts of ghosts, and the fishing nets are tools for catching ghosts, and ghosts will avoid them when they see them. The totem is also a kind of evil spirit, and the Yi people mostly draw a tiger on the door. Horseshoes are often hung in northwestern China and Europe. The amulets of the Han people, the sword of the door god and the town house are all evil things.