Blindness, arrogance, self-belief in invincibility, and a penchant for the use of violence are all characteristics of militarism. Pen × fun × Pavilion www. ｂｉｑｕｇｅ。 ｉｎｆｏ

The more typical ones are Prussian Germany and Japan, which admires and imitates Prussia, but in fact, most countries in modern times have some militaristic colors to a greater or lesser extent, which is inseparable from the historical environment.

Britain, as the most advanced country, invented the concept of modern diplomacy, while China in its long history believes that it should be gentle to treat Yidi and adopt economic means to control the surrounding nomads. But it's a sign of maturity.

What kind of country is prone to militarism, which will place extreme emphasis on the military and attach importance to the military, must be those countries that have a long history of humiliation and are often victims of military invasions to form this kind of thinking.

Typical is Prussia, after two world wars, although Germany lost, but the military performance of the Germans is obvious to all, so there are a large number of fans all over the world, thinking that Germany is not losing in the battle, but the comprehensive national strength is inferior to others. But looking at the history of Europe, Prussia or Germany as a whole is one of the worst countries to be bullied in Europe, second only to Poland, and even in the history of Prussia, it has to exist as a vassal of the Polish king for a long time, and the Prussian princes still need to bow down when they see the Polish king.

Sima Qian said, "Those who are disgraced, the courage to decide", humiliation is often the driving force that makes a country, a nation, and even an individual strive for self-improvement, and there are countless idioms in China to describe this phenomenon, what is shameful and then brave, shame is almost brave, and so on.

Therefore, Prussia, a country that has been humiliated for a long time, has very strong spiritual conditions for self-improvement.

Japan's militarism is a bit strange, because in history, they rarely suffered from foreign aggression, most of the time they were a perpetrator, and fought two wars with the Chinese dynasty on the Korean Peninsula, although they lost, but it was not the mainland countries that invaded them, but they took the initiative to enter the mainland.

However, in such a country and national culture, there is a strong culture of shame, and Japan's culture of shame and loyalty basically constitute the two spiritual pillars of Japan, and seppuku is a phenomenon that is unwilling to be humiliated. The strong culture of shame makes Japan naturally have a victim mentality when it has not really suffered substantial violations, as if others owe him, so there is a kind of extremism and greed in the national temperament, in fact, no one owes them, and the most ruthless humiliation of the Japanese is only their own people.

The Japanese nation's innate victim mentality and sense of shame, with just a little mental stimulation, immediately developed a strong sense of crisis and a sense of need for self-improvement, so they easily accepted that militarism while studying Prussian military affairs.

In Chinese history, although the vast majority of them were powerful, only in the Yuan and Qing dynasties, the main ethnic groups lost their independence and were conquered by the grassland peoples, but in the long history, far more than any country, the prosperity has made China the hardest hit area of aggression, so China is actually a real victim of military invasion, and the Chinese should have a victim mentality.

But on the contrary, the Chinese are not very serious in their mentality, appearing peaceful and tolerant, at best this is called great national temperament, at worst it is called insensitivity, spineless.

In short, in this case, militarism also appeared in the Ming army, which is quite surprising.

Of course, this militarism, like the national spirit, is not very intense, what really makes the Chinese national character intense, in fact, is that the Republic of China suffered from foreign invasions again and again at the end of the Qing Dynasty, especially the invasion of the Japanese, which can be said to have created the modern character of the Chinese nation, the impact of the Sino-Japanese War on the psychology of the Chinese is huge, but the Sino-Japanese War affected only some literati doctors, and they did not hate Japan, but really began to face up to the power of modern civilization and began to learn from Japan, During the Russo-Japanese War, the Chinese literati who held public opinion actually supported the Japanese and called on everyone to donate money and materials to the Japanese army.

It was not until the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression that the nationalism of the Chinese nation really awakened, and it was only then that the Chinese nation really hated the Japanese.

The current Ming Dynasty obviously has not yet given birth to a strong concept of nationalism, and the worldview of the common people and even literati and doctors is more of a concept of imperial subjects, and the national concept exists, but it is not strong enough. The strong modern national concept of the Western style is still those who were the first to be influenced by Western culture.

The middle and high-level officers who now hold power in the Ming army obviously belong to this kind of person, because from 1866, when the Ming Dynasty was founded, until after the Franco-Prussian War in 1870, they have been studying in Europe, and their five-year study experience has been impregnated in the modern militarist culture of Europe.

After comparing Chinese and Western cultural concepts, many people also think that the Chinese are insensitive, humiliated and obedient under the rule of the Manchu Qing, and do not know how to resist, believing that this insensitivity is because they have lost the martial spirit of their ancestors, so under the banner of restoring the martial spirit, militarism has been greatly admired by them.

After these officers returned to China, they quickly grasped the actual power and carried out profound changes in the Ming army, adopting the military region system, forming a large corps, and establishing reserve soldiers, these Western-style military innovations. They also looked at various military periodicals and newspapers to encourage military personnel to write, and through their articles, these middle and high-ranking officers popularized the militaristic ideas that had been contaminated from the West with the concept of martial spirit.

As a result, nationalism and militaristic culture began to explode in the army, and a large number of educated recruits were soon contaminated with this spirit in the army, and their demands naturally became to demand the Northern Expedition to the Central Plains, the expulsion of the Tatars, and the restoration of the Han people.

Even enlightenment thinkers like Wang Tao only recognized the merits of Western civilization, opposed blind xenophobia, advocated the critical absorption of advanced Western culture and thought, and really reached the complete denial of self-culture, which was still a matter of the May Fourth period, Lu Xun and a group of radical cultural elements criticized their own culture for nothing, and even believed that only by abolishing Chinese writing could China be saved.

Blind xenophobia is not right, blind denial of oneself is certainly not right, now this kind of peaceful mentality is actually very good, on the one hand, some people can see the advanced points of the West, on the other hand, they can still retain their own excellent qualities, which can be regarded as the goal that Zhu Jinglun has been trying to guide.

It's just that I never expected that the army under my own control would be the first to become radical.

But when I think about it, this seems to be an inevitable thing, a group of young and vigorous young officers were suddenly sent to Britain, France, and other countries, the most powerful military forces in Europe, and stayed for five years, and they really saw the powerful military thinking and military system of the West, and it would be strange if they were not contaminated with a little not very good spirit.

Besides, the issue of militarism is also divided into two sides, and from a historical point of view, this is not a good thing, because it has brought great harm to mankind.

However, in the context of the current times, militarism is not necessarily a means of self-protection.

Which of the Western countries does not have militaristic colors, a republic like France, when World War I broke out, the young people on the streets were full of joy, celebrating that their great motherland had declared war with their sworn enemy Germany, it is conceivable that without such fierce nationalism and militaristic spiritual support, how could France resist the attack of the powerful German army for four years, and they surrendered in one or two months during World War II.

The 19th century was the time of industrialized Europe, with the remnants of medieval barbarism, which imposed on the world the barbarism of using violence to solve problems, and brought the world to the age of barbaric and bloody dark jungles. In this era, everything is decided by military strength, and no one talks about justice and morality.

In this case, if the Chinese nation cannot arm itself with ideas such as nationalism and militarism, how can it protect itself in this dark jungle age.

Therefore, when he saw that the army had developed militaristic tendencies, Zhu Jinglun did not intend to stop it, and his only concern was the blindness, barbarism, and irrationality in militarist thought.

This kind of blind self-confidence can make the army look down on the enemy too much, and when the First World War broke out, the young people of France and Germany cheered loudly, thinking that they could easily defeat their opponents, which was the result of this blind confidence.

In fact, Zhu Jinglun had already discovered the signs of this situation, and when he clashed with France over the Vietnam issue, he asked Wen Yuan and other senior officers, and they were unanimously optimistic that the Ming army would be able to defeat the French army.

They judged the true strength of the French army very low from the poor performance of France in the Franco-Prussian War, which was obviously blind. Being able to fight the Germans for four years during World War I, although they did not drive the Germans out of the country, they also successfully resisted the German army, and in the face of the best army at that time, they were able to fight at this level, proving that the French army was quite strong.

However, the officers of the Ming Dynasty, in the absence of a perfect military system, were obviously too blindly optimistic to defeat the French army without rigorous analysis.

This kind of blindly optimistic attitude is precisely the reason why the militarist countries have launched wars recklessly and rashly, and in the end they have led to the defeat of their arrogant soldiers and the inevitable death of belligerents.

War is certainly also a means for the Ming Dynasty to solve many problems in the future, so militarism and nationalism in the army will help to improve combat effectiveness, Zhu Jinglun does not intend to strike at the army in a muddy way, without a little spirit, just like the Ming and Qing armies of the Ming and Qing dynasties where the literati suppressed the warriors, but he also did not intend to let the army be blindly optimistic to the point of arrogance.

Even if the army begins to become arrogant, Zhu Jinglun must ensure control of the army, and he needs a reins that can always hold the military power, a tiger that may go crazy at any time.