The customs handover between the Ming Dynasty and the United Kingdom was resolved through negotiations, and the United Kingdom had no reason to control the customs of a sovereign country, and they could not find any basis in international law. Pen | fun | pavilion www. ｂｉｑｕｇｅ。 ｉｎｆｏ

If there is, it is that Britain can resist by not recognizing the annexation of the Manchus by the Ming Dynasty, but under the premise that the Ming Dynasty has effectively controlled all the provinces of the Manchu Dynasty, Britain believes that forcibly maintaining it will only lead to war, and the result of the war will be defeated.

Britain could not have fought a ground war with Russia or either the Ming Dynasty on the East Asian continent, and if it was blockaded by the navy, the Ming Navy might be inferior to the British Navy, but it had the ability to greatly weaken the British Navy, and a full-scale war would draw India into the flames of war.

Britain couldn't find any helpers at this time, Germany wouldn't help, Russia had just gotten the sweetness and was digesting it, France was staring at Germany, the United States was busy suppressing blacks and Indians at home and weakening the power of the Chinese, and Japan had not yet grown up.

Although it is difficult, it is still necessary to talk about the fact that Britain used the British Empire to preside over customs because the Manchus were incapable of managing their own customs, and the Ming thought that they were capable of managing their own customs; Britain used the excuse that Britain controlled the customs so that the debts owed by the Manchus to other countries could be paid off, and the Ming said that the debts of the Manchus would be borne by the new Chinese government.

Britain could not find any excuse but to delay by not recognizing the annexation of the Manchu Qing by the Ming Dynasty, and the Ming Dynasty drew a timeline for the British to unilaterally withdraw the customs power before June this year, if the two sides still could not reach an agreement.

Without the cooperation of the British, it will not be so easy for the Ming Dynasty to recover the customs, because the entire customs agency may be paralyzed with the withdrawal of British officials, Li Tai built the Manchu Customs, and Hurd is different, Li Tai is a very arrogant person, he grew up in the bottom society of Hong Kong, he knows the Chinese very deeply, but he despises the Chinese the most, this is a character defect caused by the fierce competition of the lower classes, and the same is true for people from other countries, so in the customs he built, almost all of them are British, The Great Powers were already dissatisfied, but he remained the same, and once these customs officials were withdrawn, the customs in North China would be paralyzed.

The Ming Dynasty threatened that any damage caused would be compensated by imposing special tariffs on British goods.

The British were annoyed by the threat, but by now they could no longer control the fledgling empire, and it would take time to build a siege against it, and the timeline for the other side to demand the return of customs was looming.

Britain is, after all, a business-minded country, and in the end, in order to minimize losses, they decided to give up control of customs in exchange for a guarantee to maintain a low tariff policy on the United Kingdom.

The tariff rate of the British in North China is very low, of course, the tariffs of other powers here are also very low, the basic principle is that the tariff rate is worth 5%, that is, the tariff rate of 5 percent, and at the same time add no more than half of the tariff, that is, the highest tariff rate of 7.5 percent, which is the lowest tariff rate in the world, lower than the British tariff that claims to be free trade, and it is one-size-fits-all, and there are no protective tariffs for any special industry.

The biggest beneficiary of this low tariff was the Britain, which had been developing for the longest time, and they accounted for most of the export volume of cotton textiles, opium and mechanical products, and controlled the export of raw silk, cotton and other agricultural and sideline products for a long time, and were the biggest beneficiaries of the Manchu foreign trade.

It is impossible for Britain to continue to maintain such tariffs, because if the Ming Dynasty wants to unify the national tariff system, it is necessary to unify the tariff rate.

In order to get the support of the British and take over the customs smoothly, the Ming could only give up the tariff rate within the old territory of the Ming Dynasty, so as to flatten the tariffs of the entire country, so the customs tariff rate in the territory of the Manchu Qing Dynasty increased, and the tariff rate in the territory of the Ming Dynasty decreased.

In the end, an average tax rate was drawn up, which was 15 percent, compared with 30 percent in the previous Ming Dynasty.

Of course, such a big sacrifice is not just because one Britain, rashly raising all tariff rates, will offend all the powers, including Germany. We can only temporarily protect our political interests at the expense of economic interests.

At the same time, with such low tariffs, the Ming Dynasty was also qualified to claim itself as a free trade country, and the Ming government decided to start advocating the benefits of free trade around the world.

In May, the negotiations between Britain and Daming on customs authority finally ended, and Britain agreed to hand over the North China Customs to Daming management, and at the same time cooperate with Daming to complete the takeover, all British people working in the customs department, the British government does not take the initiative to withdraw, they will work as Daming employees, until they resign themselves or the Ming government dismisses them; The Ming Dynasty announced that it would reduce customs tariffs on many goods to 15 percent, and that they would remain unchanged for 10 years.

In June, the handover began. The handover process was full of conflicts, but it was generally smooth, at least in the general direction, the difficulty of integrating the northern Chinese customs of the Ming Dynasty was more than the difficulty of integrating the northern administration. Because the customs of the Ming Dynasty was actually built by the British, the two sides are actually similar in terms of important positions and management methods. The main thing is to let the Ming Customs annex the Manchu Qing Customs and move all the whole system of the Ming Dynasty. However, when it comes to work procedures, job changes, and personnel adjustments, it is still very complicated, and it is really difficult to maintain stability as much as possible, and it is more difficult than rebuilding a system.

The Manchu customs were already the most modern administrative organs, and it was so difficult for the Ming Dynasty to merge, and it was naturally even more difficult for the local governments to merge.

The appointment of officials at the prefectural and county levels was completed last year, and Guangxu had not yet abdicated at that time, but was completed under the deterrence of the police force formed by the Ming Dynasty and with the voluntary or involuntary cooperation of the local governor.

However, this kind of appointment and dismissal of local officials can only achieve the effect of not chaotic, and the price and cost that need to be paid to build the entire northern administrative institution are the same as those of the Ming Dynasty.

The Ming government even greatly reduced its own administrative efficiency for this reason, and transferred two-thirds of the administrative officials to serve in the Manchu Qing Dynasty, most of whom were promoted to the next level. And the vacancies they left behind, many of them are replaced by newcomers, lack of experience and ability, resulting in a decrease in the administrative efficiency of the Ming Dynasty, which is very obvious.

The people under the general education, the officials who were generally accustomed to idle management, also had an instinctive resistance to the new administrative system brought by the Ming Dynasty. However, after Guangxu issued the edict of Chan Concession, the Ming Dynasty no longer needed to maintain the stability of local government agencies, and the resignation of individual officials could not affect the overall situation, on the contrary, it could free up important positions for more suitable people.

The drastic reform of the Ming Dynasty did not improve administrative efficiency for a time, and even caused chaos in local administration for a time, and at this time the rural autonomy balanced these chaos well, because more problems were solved through the clan practices in the countryside. In response to this situation, the Ming Dynasty promoted the public bureau system in the north of the country, and invited celebrities and gentry from all over the country to form a county-level public bureau, from the county level downwards, with the assistance of these gentry, which greatly facilitated the management of the government. As a result, the tradition of rural autonomy in the north has not only been maintained, but has been greatly strengthened. Because they have taken on greater obligations in times of chaos, they must have retained greater power afterward.

In the first year of the merger, Daming completed the coverage of county-level public bureaus in the north, established county-level police agencies, court institutions, and began to promote county-level educational institutions. It can be said that all the political power organs above the county level have been covered, but the efficiency has been greatly reduced. Moreover, in order to cause the existence of the Dao-level administrative organs of the Ming Dynasty due to the transfer of a large number of officials, the Daming government decided to abolish the provincial-level administrative organs and divide the administrative organs of the whole country into three levels: provinces, prefectures and counties. The former Daotai of the Ming Dynasty were all transferred to the provinces to be provincial-level officials. The Manchu governor-level position was temporarily retained.

Beginning in 1897, the key work of the unification of the Ming Dynasty was promoted to the field of education.

Large-scale replication of the effective education system that the Ming Dynasty had already explored, but still followed the old path of the past, with teachers of natural sciences appointed by the Ming Dynasty, and teachers of traditional knowledge, employing a large number of rural readers, giving them a job, and also saving from spreading discontent everywhere.

The reform of education is the most complicated, because it must go deep into the vast countryside, it took 20 years for the Ming Dynasty to reach 80 percent of the education coverage rate, and now it has only reached 90 percent, and Zhu Jinglun out of consideration for bridging the gap between the north and the south as soon as possible, requires that full coverage must be completed within three years, so that the enrollment rate in the north can reach the level of the south.

After the merger of East and West Germany, the West German government levied a special tax called the solidarity tax on all citizens in West Germany to improve the transportation and infrastructure of the East German region and promote the economic development of the East German region.

At present, the cost of reform and development in the north can basically only be borne by the south, resulting in a deficit in the second year after the US war.

Obviously, it is impossible for the Ming Dynasty to bear this kind of financial cost for one or two years, and compared with the gap between East and West Germany, I am afraid that it will have to bear one or two decades, or even longer, because the difference between the economy of the south and the economy of the north at this time is even greater than that between the east and the west and Germany in later generations.

After all, although the industrial development system of East and West Germany is different, at least they are both industrial countries, and now the north and the south, one is a high-speed industrialized economy, and the other is a natural economy that has been inherited for thousands of years.

In order to support the development of the north, the Ming Dynasty issued two long-term economic policies.

First, capitalists from the south should be encouraged to invest in the north.

Second, it is necessary to promote the transformation of commercial capital in the north into modern industrial capital as soon as possible.

The biggest beneficiaries of these two policies are, firstly, the industrial giants in the south who have completed their industrial accumulation, and secondly, the powerful old commercial capital groups such as the Jin merchants in the north.