This economic crisis, and the social crisis it brings, is not unique to China, but worldwide.

But just like the last European revolution, Britain and the Netherlands managed to avoid the social crisis, because they had a balance of power adapted to the industrial age, the parliament and the constitution were working well, and the workers' struggles could be expressed in the parliament, and they could not carry out violent revolutions.

Moreover, the ethnic groups of Northwest Europe tend to be more rational and have a traditional concept of the rule of law. It is not France, Spain and other countries where the weather is more stable and warm, and Chinese people are too emotional and emotional.

Britain and the Netherlands can avoid the social crisis, but the economic crisis is unavoidable, especially the United Kingdom, which is also the hardest hit area of the economic crisis, because this is a crisis of industrial surplus, and Britain is the world's leading industrial country, the largest proportion of industrial production, it is impossible to have no crisis.

Textile prices in the UK have fallen, and businesses have had to scale back production. Steel exports fell, with flat iron prices down 15% and pig iron prices down 11% compared to pre-crisis levels. Large-scale dumping of British goods, under the impact of British goods, industrial production in the United States, France, and Germany all declined.

The Bank of England raised the discount rate to an unprecedented 10% in order to maintain the credit of bank bills, resulting in the bankruptcy of a large number of small and medium-sized banks, with a total loss of 80 million pounds in bankrupt banks and marketable securities, and a total loss of 25000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

In the United States, which was under the impact of the United Kingdom, and in Philadelphia, which was competing with New York for the position of the country's financial center, almost all banks stopped making payments. Sixty-two of the 63 banks in New York were run on and payments were halted. The discount rate rises to 60 to 100 percent. The price of the railroad company's stock fell by 85%-87%.

In Hamburg, Germany's economic and trade center, exchanges are in disarray, hundreds of banks and businesses have collapsed, and the discount rate has risen to 12 percent. The situation in France is the best, because in recent years, France's industrial growth has been slower than that of Prussia, slow means that there is little speculation, French economic growth is mainly based on the financial industry and the production of luxury goods, luxury goods employ fewer people, consumption for the rich tends to be less affected, most of the assets of the French banking industry are used to invest in foreign bonds, not to invest in industry, and the risk of national debt is relatively low, so there is no wave of bankruptcies in the financial sector.

But there were also 12,030 bankruptcies, with the share price of the chattel credit company falling by 64 percent, the Darmstadt credit bank by half and the Société de l'Orientale de France by a third. But compared with China, there are tens of thousands of bankrupt factories in Songjiang Prefecture alone, and the bankruptcy situation in France is nothing.

Bankruptcy is brought about by the economy, and bankruptcy will solve the problem of overproduction in the economic crisis. The most serious decline in production is not actually the United Kingdom, but other countries, because Britain has advanced technology, cost advantages, during the economic crisis, the British domestic market shrank, a large number of dumping to foreign markets, causing other countries to make the crisis more serious At the same time, the decline in production in other countries is even larger.

Production and trade in France have been curtailed more severely than in Britain, with railway construction falling by more than two-thirds and pig iron prices falling by half. Exports from the silk textile industry fell by 75 million francs, and prices fell by 30 to 40 percent. Wheat prices have fallen by half, and farmers are miserable. The output of the cotton textile industry in the German Confederation fell by 28 percent, raw silk production by 24 percent, cotton textile exports by 42 percent, woolen woolen exports by 15 percent, and linen exports by 82 percent. At the same time as production decreased, prices plummeted. The price of raw silk fell by 25%.

The United States was also hit hard, with a 20 to 30 percent reduction in production in the metallurgical and textile industries, a halving in railroad construction and a three-quarters reduction in shipbuilding. Weekly coal shipments have fallen by 150 million tons, many coal mines have been closed, and coal prices have fallen sharply. Agricultural losses in the United States were even more severe, with a surplus of grain in Europe under competition from Russian wheat, and a bumper harvest of wheat in the United States and an expansion of the sown area, resulting in a sharp drop in food prices. Grain prices in the western region have fallen by 60 to 70 percent, and more than 90 percent of peasants are unable to repay their debts.

Britain, which dumps goods abroad, will certainly not have a good time, with more than 10,000 of Manchester's 45,000 factory workers unemployed and 18,000 semi-unemployed. Total wages for workers at the metalworking centre in Sheffield fell by two-thirds year-on-year. UK exports of cotton textiles increased from £23.3 million to £39.1 million, while domestic consumption fell from £21.5 million to £17.1 million.

In fact, the total production of cotton textiles in the UK has increased, but domestic demand has shrunk, which means that people's living standards have declined.

And through dumping, Britain gradually resumed production, and it only took a year to get through the economic crisis.

By the autumn of 1855, Britain had completely overcome the economic crisis, and it was India, if not all, that helped Britain through the economic crisis, and it was one of the most important, if not all, reasons.

It is not surprising that Britain's technology and equipment are advanced, its industrial products are highly competitive, and it has the ability to dump industrial products at low prices, and it is not surprising that British industry was the first to recover from the crisis, but it only took a year, which is still amazing.

In the autumn of 1855, British exports began to grow significantly. Textile exports to India increased from £39 million to £48 million. India accounted for nearly 90 per cent of the increase. Britain exported almost twice as much cotton cloth to India as it did to continental Europe and the United States.

Compared to the UK, the rest of the country is not doing very well.

Although China's production scale is larger than that of the British, it is not technologically advanced than the British, and is even in the stage of importing a large number of machines from the British, and it is impossible to be more advanced than the British. China's colonial market has never pursued a variety of local-oriented policies like the British. Basically, the policies implemented are the same as those in China, and there is no difference except for corporate management. Therefore, wherever possible, the colonies have developed their own advantageous industries, and it is difficult for China to dump industrial products.

Because the standard of living in the colonies and overseas territories has always been high, it has led to a large number of immigrants in this crisis, and the number of immigrants who once fell to 900,000 before the economic crisis has doubled to 1.82 million, and the situation of immigrants is not the same as before, which used to be dominated by agricultural immigrants, but this time the number of urban immigrants is as high as 1 million, exceeding agricultural immigrants for the first time.

These urban populations are not immigrants because of the land in the overseas territories, nor are they organized by the government, they are completely attracted by the wages of the overseas territories, and they go to the overseas territories to make a living when they are unable to find employment at home. The North American Territory absorbed half of the immigrants, and Australia absorbed one-third.

This is true for China, and even for those countries that have no overseas colonies and have been hit by the dumping of British industrial products.

At this time, European countries, stimulated by nationalism, began to cry for colonies, and their strongest evidence was that a well-managed colony could balance the local economy, such as India versus Britain.

However, at this time, the overseas colonies had been carved up completely, and in terms of the area of the colonies, occupying Australia and the Pacific islands, China was the first in central Africa and most of India, Britain was the second to occupy the main body of the Indian Peninsula, British North America, and West Africa, Spain was the third to occupy the eastern part of South America and the Caribbean islands, the Netherlands was the fourth to occupy the South Seas, France was the fifth to occupy North Africa, and the sixth was Portugal to occupy the partial coast of Africa.

This deprived some of Europe's rising powers of the opportunity, and if they wanted to colonize, they had to seize it from the colonial empire. However, Germany has not yet been reunified, Italy is not strong, the challengers still need time to grow, the colonial contradictions are not fierce for the time being, and the struggle for hegemony between the major powers is still the mainstream.

World hegemony is naturally contested between China and Britain, because China has changed more than Britain in this social crisis, from an imperial autocratic country to a parliamentary state, the corresponding political forces are very immature, and the balance of power has not yet been completed, so the country is very unstable.

This allowed Britain to take the lead and get out of the economic crisis, and Britain, which did not have a social crisis, began to change its passivity for so many years in diplomacy and launched a counteroffensive.

Uniting European countries has always been the focus of British diplomacy, and he has used China's trade protectionism to bring relations closer to many countries. Britain has successively reached trade reciprocal agreements with France and the German Confederation, and Britain has given preferential tax rates on French silk fabrics and handicrafts in exchange for France to reduce British textile tariffs, and given preferential tax rates on agricultural products and coal in Germany in exchange for the other party's reduction of British textile tax rates.

However, this kind of alliance of Britain can play a small political role, the contradiction between France and Germany, so that the two forces can not unite, France is gearing up to suppress Prussia, whose power has grown too much, and Prussia is secretly planning to give the French a national war.

In the Americas, the United States continued to unite against China, and this alliance was relatively stable, but no war broke out anytime soon. Because there are a lot of internal problems in the United States, and the division between the North and the South has become more and more obvious, the abolition and slavery have become the focus of congressional debates, not the China issue. The tariff issue that the North and the South are arguing about is far greater than the level of concern between the two sides about China.

Britain's diplomatic action is global and persistent, with or without interruption with or without economic crisis. As a result, they really found a breakthrough in a corner of the world, but close to China. Britain succeeded in winning the support of the Japanese forces, or rather, they used all kinds of aid in exchange for the support of the Japanese political forces.

This force is not the shogunate, but the shogunate faction.

Under the impact of the economic crisis and the support of Britain, the contradictions in Japan intensified, and the war finally broke out!