Germany's world policy has shifted from maintaining the balance of power in Europe under Bismarck to expanding into the world, or Wilhelm II's world policy of dominance. Pen % fun % Pavilion www.biquge.info

Germany positioned itself as a force to maintain the balance in Europe, they were the natural allies of Britain, Bismarck did not need an alliance with Britain to get British support, Wilhelm II licked his face to get closer to Britain, and he would not get British friendship.

Now, in the face of the conflicting world policies of the two sides, they have begun to win over China, hoping to bring China's world policies into line with theirs.

Chinese diplomats have reached considerable agreement with Germany, in which China has pledged to safeguard German interests in the Far East, to guarantee German rights and interests in Nantong and Pusan, to cooperate in safeguarding the interests of their respective colonies in the South Pacific, and, if necessary, to ensure that their naval forces in the Far East and the South Pacific surpass those of any third party, in fact, Britain or Britain and Japan combined.

In dealing with Russia, Germany was willing to maintain consistency with China, and they were willing to provide military guarantees for China when Russia took the initiative to attack China, and while maintaining neutrality, they would move their troops to the western border to contain Russia; In the event that a third party enters the war, that is, France enters the war, Germany will also enter the war. In the event of a war between Russia and Germany, China will also remain neutral, and if Russia takes the initiative to attack Germany, China must send troops into the Sino-Russian border area to contain Russia.

But the additional condition offered by Germany was that China lease to Germany a 10-square-kilometer piece of land on the other side of the Yangtze River in Nantong.

With the agreement with Germany almost complete, substantial progress has been made in negotiations with the United Kingdom.

In order to prevent China from uniting with Germany against Britain in the Far East and the South Pacific, or for the sake of the interests of the Yangtze River and the security of the colonies of Australia and New Zealand, Britain could not allow China to form an alliance with Germany. In any case, by co-opting Japan as a thug, it will not be possible to achieve absolute naval superiority in the waters of the Far East. Once China and Germany form an alliance and enter into a naval arms race with Britain, it will be quite difficult for Britain to maintain its dominant position in the South Pacific.

As a result, Britain began to make considerable concessions, saying that they could amend the agreement with Japan and remove the provisions that were aimed at China or that could affect China. Abolish the extraterritorial restrictions that weigh on China's head. Coordinate relations with China in the South Pacific, and the two sides will work together to maintain the balance in the region and ensure the overwhelming superiority of the two navies in the region. They pledged to protect the security and rights of their respective colonies and to oppose any attempt by any country to expand its colonies in the region.

With regard to Russia, Britain made the same commitments as Germany. In the event of a war between China and Russia, Britain would remain neutral and deny Russian warships access to its ports and military bases. In the same way that Russia went to war with Britain, China would remain neutral and refuse to allow its military bases and ports to be used by Russia. In the event that a third country enters the war, such as when France attacks China or Britain, both sides promise to provide unreserved military support to the other.

Unlike Germany, Britain did not make any additional demands, because maintaining the status quo was their greatest aim.

With the two outcomes in front of us, it is now up to the Chinese government to make a choice.

The two factions argued, and most people believed that an alliance with Germany would bring greater benefits, because Britain could not help the Ming on land, while Germany could mobilize the world's most powerful army forces, and the war between China and Russia could basically be said to be the main battlefield on land.

Zhu Jinglun did not openly support either side, and he raised the question that the terms of the two sides that they negotiated with China were basically using their world policies to win over China, but what about China's own world policies?

Indeed, by cooperating with each other's world policy, China can get security and other benefits from it, but the problem, fundamentally this is a passive acceptance and adaptation, China did not take the initiative to promote its own world policy, they all said that Germany's world policy is stupid, but at least he took the initiative, but his initiative challenged the hegemony of Britain, and finally failed, everyone said that he had a problem, but if he succeeded, whether everyone would naturally think that it was an inevitability, and would not even question it.

At this time, China's diplomats suddenly discovered that for so many years, China has not had a foreign strategy of its own, and all its policies have only been passive reactions to the external situation, and have never tried to dominate the overall situation.

He has learned these two basic principles from the West in safeguarding national security and expanding economic interests, but all policies are only passively adjusted in accordance with these basic principles, and he has never taken the initiative to formulate any major principles and policies, which are too inconsistent with the current status of a great power.

This is a common problem of big countries, big countries often don't care too much about dominating everything, because they themselves are a world, where they stand, every move is part of the general trend of the world, most of the time in China, within the scope of national power projection, it can be said that China itself is almost the world that he can see, so he doesn't need to plan anything.

In this period, the development of internal space is enough for the development of the country.

The same is true of the United States, which had barely expanded outside the Americas until the United States completed its westward expansion, and when they completed their westward expansion, they immediately snatched the Philippines from Spain.

Among the great powers, this kind of national grand strategy is better maintained, in fact, Russia, which does not match their crude appearance, and their strategy of foreign expansion has been maintained for hundreds of years, so it has created the largest empire.

No one's success is a fluke, Japan has had a policy of outward expansion since the beginning of the Restoration, and the main target is aimed at Korea, and it cannot be said that they are wrong, because this is a necessary breakthrough for them to develop from a small island country to a big empire, but they failed, so what they did was wrong, what if they succeeded? There are many who sing their praises.

Historically, in the Chinese concept of nature, China is the world, and this concept constitutes China's unique world view, called the world view.

It is clear that in this era, China is not the world, but only a part of the world, or a relatively marginal part.

Zhu Jinglun's question made everyone think deeply, and after deep thought, a heated discussion ensued, and the result of the discussion was the new policy.

The universal principle of diplomacy is always to safeguard national security first, and to expand national interests second.

But before they lacked a goal, a goal based on two principles.

Based on these two major goals, Japan chose to enrich the country and strengthen its army, and chose to invade Korea. Britain chose naval priority and chose to build a colonial empire. Following in the footsteps of the British, Germany also developed its naval and army forces and expanded its colonies. France chose to co-opt Russia and expand its colonies. Russia chose to expand on land.

These already well-defined national policies have inspired the officials of China's foreign affairs department, but they have also made them conflicted.

They were shocked to find that the current situation in China is not as good as they thought, because China's national security and national interests are seriously inconsistent in direction.

In terms of national security, the main threats to China are on land and sea, with Russia being the biggest threat on land and Britain being the biggest threat at sea. However, China's national interests are not in the West, not in the direction of Russia. Oceanically also not in the south, not in the direction of the UK.

The current situation is clear that the direction of China's interests is in the east, in the Pacific Rim interest chain, and the main opponent in that direction is the United States. In the south, the British invaded Vietnam and Siam as buffers, and the likelihood of British invasion of mainland countries was already low. In the West, Russia already borders China directly, directly annexes Xinjiang into its territory, and controls the Manchurian and Mongolian regions in the north.

Therefore, starting from the national security level, it must be aimed at Russia, and the national strategic direction should be in the West. In terms of economic interests, it is in the east and in the Pacific direction, which means that the direction of China's national security and national interests is seriously inconsistent, and the direction of projection of power is seriously divided.

Focusing the main force on safeguarding national security will lead to a weak direction in the expansion of interests. Focusing the main force on expanding interests will lead to ineffective safeguarding of national security.

The findings of this study made the officials of the foreign affairs department break out in a cold sweat, and they thought that China was now geographically detached and could be isolated from European disputes and not enter Africa, where European countries are fiercely competitive. But I didn't expect that the world situation had developed to the point where it was impossible for China to clean itself.

Moreover, they seriously neglected one country before, that is, the United States, and they found that the position of the United States in the chain of interests of the Ming Dynasty was more important than they expected.

At present, there are 5 million Chinese living on the west coast of the Americas in the Pacific Rim, including 3 million in the western part of the United States and 2 million in California. The five million Chinese have woven a dense network of interests, forming a complete network, ranging from import and export, to wholesale and retail, and there is a Chinese business network.

The advantage of this network is that the Americas region is already the largest export destination for Daming goods, and more than 60% of Daming goods are sold to the Americas from Canada in the north to Brazil in the south. It is three times that of the United Kingdom, the largest exporter of the Ming Dynasty, and there will be no trade friction like the United Kingdom. At the same time, it is also an important source of raw materials for the Ming Dynasty, with silver from Mexico, copper ore from the United States, saltpeter from Chile, and timber from these countries all exported to China on a large scale.

But once the United States is hostile to China, they only need to cut off California, and they will cut off this hub. Hawaii cannot completely replace the role of San Francisco, so the United States has the ability to cut off the chain of interests of the Ming Dynasty, not to mention the chain of interests itself, the United States is the most important link.

At this point of analysis, the Department of Foreign Affairs suddenly felt that the role of Britain should be re-examined, Britain could not provide China with land security, but in terms of protecting China's foreign interests, Britain had an incomparable advantage over Germany.

Security on land is not irreplaceable, at least China itself is a land power, with a huge military and industrial strength, and it is enough to protect itself. However, on the seas, China has no way to completely suppress the United States, and even if the last war has been extremely successful, it will not be able to completely obtain the United States' sea supremacy in the end.

However, once the British started a war with the United States in history, they could successfully blockade the United States, and with their current naval strength, Britain still had the strength to blockade the United States.

So the benefits offered by Germany are replaceable, but the benefits offered by Britain are irreplaceable.

Gradually, everyone's attitude began to shift towards the British side, but there was one condition, that Britain was at least willing to defend China's overseas interests.

This has to be discussed with the UK.