The crisis seems to have been caused by France's opposition to the penetration of Austrian forces into the Mediterranean, but in fact the main contradiction in the reaction was the struggle between Britain and France for hegemony in the Western Mediterranean.

Unless France is willing to be a second-rate character, France is bound to expand, and the French really let go of the mentality of being a strong country, and that was after the First World War, and when the French found that the war had dried their blood, they were really afraid.

Napoleon's glory has just passed, although France has suffered heavy losses, but in the wars of this era, the casualties are very small, Napoleon seems to have lost tens of thousands, hundreds of thousands of troops again and again, but most of them were scattered and captured, rather than being killed by machine guns.

The conscription system established in the French Revolution allowed France to quickly restore its military strength, in the case of population, industrial power, are in the first class in Europe, as long as it is not a joint confrontation of the whole Europe, France is actually not afraid, which is why when Belgium became independent, Louis Philippe sent troops while daring to threaten Prussia not to intervene, because Britain also supported Belgium, then the possibility of the whole European union is not large, France has the confidence to fight with Prussia, the Netherlands and even Austria.

Historically, France after Napoleon did not become weak as ordinary people know, and the period when it really became weak was only a short period of time, that is, the period when Louis XVIII was in power before the July Revolution, and Louis XVIII's weakness also led to popular dissatisfaction with him, so as soon as he died, his successor was quickly overthrown, and Louis Philippe was put on the throne, replacing Bourbon, and establishing the Orleans dynasty.

Therefore, France has the confidence not to give in, and what is most worried is nothing more than Britain forming an anti-French alliance again, and if Britain unites Austria, Prussia, and the Netherlands, which is dissatisfied with France, to form an alliance, France will be under great pressure. But France has the support of China, and China is willing to send its navy to help France fight in the Mediterranean, so France is not worried about the land forces of Prussia and Austria alone, and Russia has not recovered after that war, China has not released a million prisoners, and the army is still stationed in Russia.

With the help of the Chinese navy, France was able to suppress the British navy, and the Prussian-Austrian alliance France was confident of defeating.

Therefore, in negotiations, France is confident. On the contrary, Britain lacks confidence, and now the era of ironclad ships has just begun, and the British Navy suddenly lost all its advantages, even in the old era, they are gradually lagging behind China, and in the new naval era, Britain is even lagging behind France, and those seemingly huge battleships have now become live targets, and they cannot compete with ironclad ships.

Therefore, once the war starts, Britain will not only be unable to suppress France, but may allow the Sino-French alliance to gain sea supremacy.

Therefore, Britain is willing to make some concessions, and it is impossible to directly give up supporting Austria to build railways, so Britain only emphasizes that Britain's loan to Austria to build railways is only a business and does not contain political intentions. The French reacted-for-tat, and immediately demanded that Britain remain neutral if there was a war between France and Austria.

Britain held that Austria's construction of railways was nothing more than a means of economic development, and that France's recourse to the threat of war was legally unjustifiable, and that Britain was opposed to such a violation of public law.

Leopold threaded the needle through it, the railroad had to be built, whether it was Austria or England, they all took the right, and what France was worried about was nothing more than the penetration of Austria into the Mediterranean through the railway. After all, the Ligurian Sea in northern Italy is too close to the French port of Marseille.

So what if the Austrian railways were built to La Spezia, and they were not fortified here, and they were used as a free port, only for economic purposes, and not for military purposes? In this way, Austria's railways were opened, and a passage to the Mediterranean Sea was established, but no military power was brought into the area.

France put forward an additional condition, that La Spezia be a free port and that it should not be militarized, that Austria should not have a permanent fleet there, and that even if Austrian warships were to stop temporarily, they would have to be understood by France in advance.

France's attitude is understandable, but it is too hurtful for Austria to accept it directly, so this matter cannot be guaranteed by Austria, but the Duchy of Modena should be involved.

Leopold first communicated with England and then urgently consulted with the Duke of Modena, who, although he was also from the Habsburgs, was the monarch of an independent principality, and he had the power to set policies in his own land.

The Duke of Modena was also worried about war, he was a small monarch, and a war between great powers could destroy his country at any time, and during Napoleon's time, his family lost its throne, and the country was kneaded by Napoleon at will, and it changed several names successively. Such tragedies should not happen again.

So the plan was that the Duke of Modena declared La Spezia an undefended free port, France and England guaranteed it, and Austria reduced the construction of the railroad to a commercial act, thus turning the big thing into a small thing.

On the Austrian side, it was up to Britain to persuade them.

A war crisis seems to be resolved under Leopold's threading needle, and the conflicts between governments and monarchs are actually easy to resolve, but the contradictions between people's hearts are not so easy to resolve.

At this time, everyone has not yet realized that the times have long been different.

When the crisis broke out, the national sentiment of all sides had already been mobilized, and the French nation, the German people, and the Anglo-Saxon nation were all excited.

Suddenly their country said it was not going to fight.

In fact, their governments achieved their own goals, France ensured that Austrian military power did not penetrate into the Mediterranean, and Britain and Austria succeeded in building railways, which indirectly gave Austria a stronger influence in the region.

But the people of the three countries did not accept it, Britain was better, they had completed the industrial revolution, and the main contradiction was shifted. The main strata of the state became the working class, which was anti-war in the early days, and they were concerned with improving the industrial environment, and there were already large numbers of workers' organizations, and strikes were not once or twice.

France and Austria are in the ascendant stage of the industrial revolution, and the new contradictions and new problems that have arisen in the industrial revolution have not yet been resolved.

This fire was the first to burn in France.

After the Great Revolution, France has always been the place where all kinds of contradictions are most intense in Europe, nationalist sentiment is high, national consciousness and national consciousness are very strong, and the concept of revolution is deeply rooted in the hearts of the people, everyone is accustomed to solving problems with violence, and they think that revolution is noble and glorious.

When the news of the rapprochement between Britain and France came, the French were not happy, and Austria was still building a railway, how could they? How dare they?

First a group of city dwellers and students began to demonstrate, first against Austrian railway construction, then against the cowardice of the French government, and finally directly against the French government, at the head of the French government, Guizot.

Guizot had a bad reputation in France, his father was guillotined during the French Revolution, but that was infighting, and his father was also a revolutionary, he was guillotined as a Federalist, a lawyer, not an old magnate.

Guizot was a child and went into exile with his mother in Switzerland, but as a middle-class person, he received a good education, and he was extremely hardworking, with a great deal of knowledge of history, and later, after the Revolution, he was hired as a professor at the University of Paris, apparently a scholarly bureaucrat.

Such people are idealistic, they have their own ideas, and they believe in them. Napoleon built his empire and gained prestige in France, and Guizot dared to criticize Napoleon at that time, he believed that Napoleon was autocratic, he was not against the monarchy, but he advocated representative system, hoping to achieve a constitutional monarchy in France. So when Louis XVIII was restored, he quickly entered the political arena and was reused.

He continued to publish articles such as "On Representative Government and the Present State of France", etc., and has been trying to promote the constitutional monarchy in France, around which a so-called rhetorical political group began to form, which is a semi-conservative and semi-liberal group, to put it bluntly, centrists, talking about the golden mean, using a means of balance. In fact, any stable country is governed by this kind of centrists, tepid, but it can also balance the interests of all parties, not radical and not conservative. But in a state of instability, such characters are two-pleased, with revolutionaries seeing them as weak and conservatives as extreme.

As a result, Guizo's political ideas were not promoted, and he returned to school and was dismissed from his post. After the death of Louis XVIII, the more conservative Charles X came to power, he was a royalist, vigorously liquidated the liberals, and Guizot was also included in it, as a result, Guizot was included in the parliament, together with other forces, launched the July Revolution, overthrew Charles X, Louis Philippe came to power, and established the Orleans dynasty.

During the Louis Philippe era, Guizot was really reused, successively serving as Secretary of State for the Interior and Secretary of State for Education, and became a member of the cabinet, and he was still quite successful. For example, the law on primary education has been promulgated, which stipulates that secular primary education should be accessible to all citizens, and that there should be a public primary school in each municipality and a teacher training school in each province. The law has been instrumental in promoting universal access to primary education, but as a centrist, Guizot has insisted on placing primary school teachers under the watchful eye of secular and religious elites. This is clearly a balancing act that satisfies the traditional ecclesiastical power that holds education and promotes it.

In 1840, when French politics was in turmoil, Guizot was sent to England as ambassador by the protector king, and in the autumn of that year, the Thiers cabinet collapsed and Guizot was recalled from London to form a cabinet. Nominally the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Field Marshal Sirte is nominally Prime Minister of the Cabinet. But in reality, Guizo is the de facto head of government.

Historically, Guizot held the power of the French cabinet until the Revolution of 1848. The fact that a person can stay in power for such a long time or in turbulent France shows that he is more able to balance the interests of all parties and maintain the stability of the regime, and he is a qualified politician, but not a revolutionary.

And his means of balancing the interests of all parties did make him suffer more and more criticism, he compromised too much with the conservatives, and at the same time vigorously supported the big financial groups, this is not a mistake, the financial industry has developed, other industries can develop better, during the economic crisis in the future, which country did not save the big banks first? Guizo also handed over a large number of government contracts to some big aristocratic capital, allowing them to obtain huge wealth. This may just be a political ploy, using economic interests to buy the political power of the aristocracy and make their own ruling more stable.

In the early days of the Industrial Revolution, when industry was developing rapidly, workers were living in poverty, and peasants were paying heavy taxes, this was regarded as an act of rebellion.

The lower classes, the peasants and the workers, were dissatisfied with Kizo. Plus political opponents are always smearing, trying to overthrow him. So a crisis led to a violent riot.

The citizens and students of Paris stormed Guizot's mansion, shouting and hitting Guizot. The other political factions that are organizing and pushing for all of this are really just trying to put pressure on the government to reform the electoral system and give more power to the classes they represent.

The king promised the political factions a parliamentary reform, removing Guizot from office and establishing a new cabinet, but the riots they promoted soon got out of control. These political groups found that they could no longer control the crowd and smashed Guizot's mansion, looted bakeries and banks, and shouted revolutionary slogans.

The revolution spread rapidly from Paris, with hunger riots throughout the country, strikes and clashes with the military and police in the cities.

The historical revolution of 1848 broke out three years ahead of schedule!

As in history, when the revolution broke out in France, it quickly swept across Europe.