The wave of revolution in France soon spread to the Austrian Empire.

Due to the compromises of the previous Austrian Empire, they were unable to maintain military power in La Spezia, which was seen as humiliation by the Austrians. But this feeling is mainly concentrated among the Germans of the Austrian principality, who are the main people and have the strongest sense of national identity.

But in Bohemia, the richest of the world, Hungary, with the strongest aristocratic tradition, did not have much nationalism, and the sense of humiliation of these two peoples was not even as strong as that of the Germans of the Kingdom of Bavaria.

To put it bluntly, the previous conflict was considered to be between the Germans and the French, not between France and the Austrian Empire, and besides, even if the people of the Austrian principality had this idea, the inhabitants of Hungary, Bohemia, and even Bosnia would not have this kind of feeling, they did not have a strong sense of identity with the Austrian state, they were only ruled by Austria. They were only the domain of the Habsburgs, and their political form was still in the age of the lords, so how could they make people who were beginning to emerge a modern national idea feel identified?

But the effects of the French Revolution spread in again, and the Austrian nationalists' dissatisfaction with the government, especially with Metternich, quickly got them into action. Just like Guizot in France, no matter how strong his political ability is and how good his balancing act is, anyone who has been in power for a long time will accumulate more and more resentment.

Metternich had been in power in Austria for almost forty years, starting with the Napoleonic Wars, and although he used political means to continuously increase the territory of the Austrian Empire, the Austrian emperor trusted him, but the people did not approve of it. Like France, the Austrian Empire at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution was deeply divided between the rich and the poor, traditional social relations were broken, new social relations were not formed, and the people were in a state of disorganization. The government has no way to deal with new problems, and there is no other solution to civil revolt than to suppress it. The more it is suppressed, the deeper the contradictions will accumulate, and sooner or later they will erupt, just one introduction is missing.

The railway crisis has become such an introduction.

The Viennese people took to the streets, and demonstrations broke out to overthrow the Metternich government, and the masses built barricades to fight the government troops, demanding that the Austrian emperor immediately remove Metternich from office and establish a parliamentary regime. The Emperor was forced to back down, reshuffle the cabinet on 15 October, and promulgate the Imperial Constitution on 5 November. If this revolution is an organized act, then it is fine, the problem is that the revolution is unorganized, nationalist groups, radical reformist forces, and national independence forces are all involved, and their respective demands are different, and some of them still want to overthrow the government directly, a large number of people at the bottom are rabble, and venting their dissatisfaction in their hearts is the driving force that directly prompts them to act, as for any political ambitions, there is no such thing at all, to put it mildly, they are the revolutionary masses led by heroes, to put it mildly, They are ignorant mobs bewitched by careerists.

No matter how many concessions the emperor made, it was difficult to satisfy the revolutionary masses, and as a result, the people of Vienna revolted again, and the Austrian emperor and his royal family fled directly from Vienna.

Revolutions broke out in Vienna, the capital of the Austrian principality, which was the main body of the Austrian Empire, and other feudal territories ruled by Austria also spread rapidly. The Hungarian poet Pedolfi led the Hungarian uprising, and the people of Pest (the two cities of Budapest had not yet been united) occupied the town hall and forced the mayor to sign the political program of bourgeois reforms, the "Twelve". The revolutionary masses took control of the Hungarian capital, established a Committee of Public Safety, and the fugitive Austrian Emperor agreed to form a Hungarian responsible cabinet. The Magyar aristocratic Hungarian parliament issued a new constitution that established Hungarian autonomy on the occasion of the Vienna uprising.

The Al-Shabaab of the Kingdom of Bohemia, who met in Prague, also called for a parliamentary government, but they did not want to secede from Austria, but only wanted to give the Czech language an equal footing with the German language.

The revolution that originated in France caused limited damage in France, with Louis Philippe abdicating and a republican government in France; But Austria was the hardest hit by the revolution.

Because the contradictions in France are relatively simple, nothing more than a disagreement between liberals and conservatives, the conservatives in the liberals are trying to establish a constitutional monarchy, the radicals in the liberals are demanding a republic, the revolution is radical, the radicals are victorious, they establish a republic, and that's it.

But in Austria, all kinds of domestic contradictions were detonated.

The Duchy of Austria itself, the bourgeoisie, demanded more power and was dissatisfied with the absolute monarchy; Hungary, on the other hand, sought national independence; What Bohemia demanded was national equality. These are the three main contradictions that have existed for a long time. Across nations and nationalities, there were also reforms in which serfs throughout Austria, Bohemia, and Hungary demanded freedom.

Yes, serfdom was widespread in Europe, and later generations generally only knew about serfdom in Russia, but in fact serfdom was a widespread phenomenon in Europe. English serfdom was broken through commercial development, that is, in the form of the enclosure movement.

In Europe in the era of monarchy, the local society was different from the Chinese gentry landlords who managed the peasants, they were the aristocratic estates to manage the peasants, and these peasants managed by the aristocratic lords were serfs, they were attached to the territorial nobles, although they themselves were not the property of the nobles, not slaves, but they had to serve the nobles, for example, the nobles would requisition them when they built castles, and the nobles would recruit them to fight, and they were subject to the nobility in all aspects, such as marriage required the consent of the nobles, and the nobles in some places, Even because of this, the peasants had the right to the first night, and the married girl slept with the lord on the first night, otherwise she could not get married, and the serfs needed the approval of the nobles to enter the city.

The development of British industry and commerce, especially the development of the wool textile industry, made the British rural aristocracy discover that there was no need for so much manpower, and few people could graze sheep and sheep on large tracts of land, and the output value was more than farming. In the past, the nobles supported the peasants by distributing the land to the peasants for cultivation in their own fiefs, and this kind of fief was the king's fief, not private land in law, but public land in customary law, and the fiefdom only gave them the right to rule the serfs in the fief. It's not that they get private ownership of the land. And this communal land, according to customary law, was allocated to serfs for cultivation. The aristocracy must have also had their own private land, generally contracting the surrounding fields, which were called manors.

Now the aristocracy found it more profitable to raise sheep, but their own private estates were limited. So he used the power in his hands and began to encircle the public land. At first, the serfs drove away their own sheep and enclosed the public land that did not have clear property rights. Later, they simply embezzled the peasants' land and drove the peasants away. This is the British enclosure movement.

At the time of the enclosure of the land by the nobility, there was no law to restrain such behavior, and England was a country ruled by the nobility, and the power of the noble council decided everything, so they began to legislate that such enclosures were legal, and that the enclosed land was their own as long as they were authorized by the government.

The enclosure movement led to the bankruptcy of a large number of serfs, and the aristocracy was unwilling to support them, so they left them to fend for themselves, as a result, a large number of serfs ran into the cities and became free laborers for industrial development, and the British serfdom was shattered in this situation, it was the economic forces that first broke the serfdom, and then the government continued to supplement the legislation, abolishing the feudal obligations of the serfs to the landlords, and also exempting the landlords from their responsibilities to the peasants.

Serfdom in France was abolished during the Revolution. In France before the Revolution, serfdom had largely existed in name only. During the reign of powerful French monarchs such as Louis XIV, the French aristocracy was actually far less powerful than the English aristocracy. Louis XIV disconnected the nobility from the realm by enclosing them to the Palace of Versailles, allowing them to hold balls and spend extravagantly. Later, officials were sent to the provinces to usurp the power of the nobility.

The aristocracy was separated from the countryside and the territory, and as a result, the serfs were legally obliged to them, but the nobility could not use them, and the nobility no longer managed the serfs.

This continued until the French Revolution, when the peasants in France also had their share of the land, and the rural aristocracy was usurping the public land and the peasants' share. France did it another way, and that was to fight the aristocracy and protect the peasantry. They privatized the land by distributing the land of the nobility to the peasants, turning the peasants' share into private property, and issuing legal documents for the new land allocated. The feudal obligation in law was abolished by legislation.

In contrast, Britain turned the land mainly into the private property of the aristocracy, and France turned the land into the private property of the peasants, both of which abolished the feudal obligations of serfs through legislation, and finally completed the reform of serfdom. The result was different, with England establishing a large farm system and France becoming a small peasant society. At the same time, British industry received a large number of cheap labor, and French industry has been relatively slow to develop. But standing at the level of the broadest masses of the people, in fact, the reform of serfdom in France is more humane, and he makes more people profitable, but the cruel thing is that the reform of serfdom in Britain has exploited most people, but it has made the country's capital power grow rapidly, its industrial strength has been greatly enhanced, and the country's efficiency has been greatly improved. In the end, Britain defeated France.

Under the impact of the French Revolution, the rest of Europe also began to reform serfdom, and Prussia was the hardest hit and the most deeply reformed, but still with a large number of remnants.

Austria is actually also carrying out reforms, Austria has not been directly occupied by France, it has been less affected, and the domestic situation in Austria is more complicated, so the reform of the Austrian monarch has been a small jog, gradual reform.