The new trade and friendly trade agreement signed between France and Daming is not much different from the past, the main content is still that the two countries support each other's trade and give certain preferential policies, Daming exempts French silk fabrics and machinery products from tariffs, and France exempts Daming from tariffs on raw silk and tea. Pen | fun | pavilion www. ｂｉｑｕｇｅ。 ｉｎｆｏ

As for the concession issue, it is only explained in the annex, but this is what Zhu Jinglun really values, and the settlement of a concession issue through a peace treaty, although it is a concession in Shanghai, but this may provide a model for solving the Hong Kong problem in the future, if the peaceful means fail, it means that there will be a war with Britain in the future.

As for the nascent Germany, the Bismarck government immediately sent a note to the Ming legation, informing the Ming government that the German regions except Austria were now unified into one country.

This means that Germany now needs to carry out new diplomatic negotiations with the Ming Dynasty, as well as changes in administrative institutions, such as the Ming Dynasty needs to abolish and merge some consulates, and Germany also needs to revoke some consulates, such as Hamburg's consulate in the Ming Dynasty, which needs to be merged with Prussia.

For the Ming government, this nascent Germany needs to be recognized. Treating them as a state at all, a nation-state like France and England, doesn't agree with the Germans' explanations, because some states, like Bavaria, will continue to be independent diplomatically. But it would not be right to think of them as a loose union in the symbolic sense of the word, such as the German Customs Union in the past, because there were many places where diplomacy was managed by the imperial government.

In short, it gives the impression that this is a semi-finished country.

In the process of unification, Bismarck relied on persuasion and negotiation, and did not let any German monarch lose the crown.

The Reich government's own diplomatic documents explain that they are a federal state with a constitutional monarchy.

A new form of government, a new term.

They are indeed a federal state, but the federal states are not the states of the American Union, but the monarchies.

And these monarchies also enjoy the power of the vast majority of countries, even sovereignty. What laws were used in various countries in the past, what laws are basically still used now, what parliaments were used in the past, and they are still those parliaments, and even the stamps have not been moved.

In short, apart from their common recognition of an emperor, basically nothing has changed.

This is where Emperor Wilhelm I was dissatisfied.

In terms of character, William I was a good-tempered man, but as a politician, he appeared to be a little weak.

In 1862, when Bismarck came to power, he told the king that his aim was to unify all of Germany, so he wanted to expand his armaments.

However, in the Prussian parliament at that time, the Social Democratic Party had already occupied the majority of seats, and Germany at that time was the most open and democratic place in the entire German region, so when uprisings broke out in many countries in 1848, the governments established by revolutionaries from various countries decided to elect the Prussian king as the emperor of a united Germany.

But the Prussian king, who had traditionally regarded such revolts as rebellion, rejected them, believing that such an approach was dishonorable.

Bismarck wanted to expand the armament war, but the Prussian Reichstag did not agree to expand the budget.

At this time, Bismarck turned to the king for help, hoping that the king would use his royal power to dissolve parliament and force the passage of the budget bill.

Wilhelm refused to say yes, telling Bismarck that if he did, he would see the angry crowd cut off Bismarck's head on his windowsill, and then his own head would soon be cut off by the populace.

Bismarck told Wilhelm that all the great things of this era were decided by iron and blood, and that if he was beheaded for the cause of unifying the nation, he regarded it as an honor, and hoped that the king would bravely support him for this honor.

Bismarck persuaded the king, Wilhelm dissolved parliament, passed bills, and Prussia defeated Denmark two years later and Austria four years later, forming the North German Confederation, and squeezing Austria out of the German Confederation.

Bismarck told the king that he was iron-blooded, but he never used iron-blooded means, he was extremely soft in diplomacy, and he rarely had the habit of suppressing the people by force, and when he saw the workers' movement, he did not want to suppress it, but chose to improve the welfare of workers and establish a welfare system to resolve it.

Even if they choose war, they will persuade all their neighbors to get as much support as possible so that they do not arouse opposition from other countries. Therefore, when Denmark was attacked, Britain and France did not object, and when Austria was attacked, France and Russia did not object. After defeating Austria, it did not cede an inch of territory and did not ask for a single indemnity, which made Austria choose neutrality in the Franco-Prussian War that followed.

Bismarck used all means to concede everything for one purpose, to unify Germany. To this end, he is almost unscrupulous.

But Wilhelm I did not approve, he was the king of Prussia, and he was proud of it. When Bismarck defeated the Prussian feud, after Austria. Bismarck said that he could not cede the land and could not ask for reparations. William I quit at that time, didn't want land, didn't want reparations, so what was this war for? He insisted on the cession of the Silesian industrial region, which had historically been contested by the two countries. In the end, the two quarreled, and the king said that in this country, he had the final say. Bismarck threatened to resign.

In the end, the king backed down.

After defeating the French, the king ceded the land as he wished. But he didn't get the crown he wanted. It's a false name for selling dog meat on the head of a sheep.

This king, he may not be capable enough, his character is not strong enough, but one thing is very commendable, his political IQ is very high, he can tolerate people.

A person like Bismarck, if he changed any king, I am afraid that he would have been removed from office long ago, and he could still be beheaded in China.

But Wilhelm I tolerated Bismarck again and again, but he did not like Bismarck, did not like it all his life, but used Bismarck for the rest of his life.

Bismarck also knew that the king did not like him, but why did he please the king, if it was for the sake of the future, he did not need to offend the king, his purpose was very simple, to unify Germany. As for this unity, whether it is a substantive unity, even if it is just a false name, does Bismarck not care?

Of course not, it's just that Bismarck doesn't care about fame, he wants reality. He has the ability and the means to turn a Germany into a country that deserves its name. And to become like this, he does not want to go through the way of civil war, he wants to use political means. The most important thing in playing politics is that you need a name, and the so-called famous teacher is easy to operate.

Bismarck's current Germany is indeed a nondescript state, but then he can negotiate step by step for the states to transfer power to the Reichstag.

In fact, before Bismarck stepped down, he did complete the unification of most of the states, most of which gave their diplomatic powers, customs rights, and postal rights to the imperial government, and even finally used the imperial constitution to unify the laws of various countries, and also allowed countries to reformulate criminal laws in one principle. With the exception of a few countries, such as Bavaria, other countries have also relinquished their military power.

Before he stepped down, the empire was no longer as empty as before, but the title of emperor was still so empty.

Everyone says that Bismarck is iron-blooded, but they don't know that Bismarck's wise words are to use the softest means and implement the most resolute policies, this is a praised politician, and he really only plays iron-blooded, that is, a general.

Zhu Jinglun knew Bismarck very well, and he always felt that this prime minister was not only not iron-blooded, but also quite tender.

Zhu Jinglun actually likes this kind of politician very much, although it is difficult to take advantage of the other party, but when dealing with such a rational person, he can talk about any problem, so as not to have conflicts for the sake of inexplicable feelings.

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Ming Dynasty soon entered into close negotiations with Germany, and the two sides signed a new diplomatic agreement to regulate the status of the new consulate. and elevate the diplomatic level to the ambassador level with each other. The power of the ambassador is much greater than that of the minister, and the ambassador can decide on many issues that the minister cannot directly decide.

Another difference between an ambassador and a minister is that a minister usually usually negotiates with the local authorities of the receiving country on matters within the consular scope such as the protection of expatriates, commerce, and shipping, so Britain and France have only consulates in the Ming Dynasty, because they believe that they only have commercial relations with the Ming Dynasty.

But an ambassador implies a full representation of the sending country and diplomatic dealings with the central government of the receiving country. This means that both the Ming and Germany believe that it is necessary to cooperate politically with each other. It shows that both sides are beginning to recognize the political influence that the other has in their own regions, and both believe that their own political activities in the region require the cooperation of the other side in order to succeed.

In fact, it illustrates a problem, in fact, the two countries recognize each other as Asian and European powers in disguise, and they are big powers that cannot be ignored in the two regions.

Britain and France have never upgraded their consulates before, which is an attitude, or they do not intend to cooperate much with the Ming in dealing with the affairs of the Chinese region.

But in fact, they can't get around the Ming Dynasty, and this solution to the Shanghai problem is enough to illustrate the problem. Even the British, without the cooperation of the Ming Dynasty, could not guarantee their interests in the East.

And France, not to mention, after they saw that Germany upgraded its consulate, they also negotiated immediately, and Ming and France also upgraded each other's consulates, obviously the French also admitted to acting in East Asia, and they could not bypass the Ming in the future.

One of the most urgent problems that the French needed to solve now was to guarantee their right to build railways in Vietnam.