Section 269 Sino-British hegemony in the Indus River
The demands of the Chinese were simple: Chinese immigrants and expatriates in British-controlled Sumatra enjoyed the same political status as the British, and did not seek privileges over Europeans.
But the British believed that once the Chinese were given equal status, they would soon use various means to quickly gain an advantage in the local area, which was achieved hundreds of years ago in the Dutch colonies, and all areas where the Dutch did not use political power to protect them were all dominated by the Chinese.
The British wanted to retain the original customary law, that is, Europeans were righteous and others in Nanyang, enjoying privileges, and the Chinese, as a link between the colonizers and the local natives, enjoyed certain preferential treatment, but their political status was lower than that of the colonizers, and they could not own land, could not open plantations, and so on.
But China has become very impatient with this, issuing an ultimatum to British representatives that if the Chinese are not treated fairly on British territory, then China will no longer guarantee fair treatment for Britain on Chinese territory. In Chinese mainland, including the Chinese colonies, the same policy that the European colonizers have implemented in Nanyang for hundreds of years will be implemented.
Once China begins to implement a discriminatory policy against the UK, then the UK's trade with China is estimated to be over.
China is now Britain's third-largest trading partner, after the United States and continental Europe, and has just overtaken India.
The Chinese are no longer limited to importing cotton from India, but also began to import British cotton yarn, after the beginning of the Chinese textile industrial revolution, the expansion rate is extremely fast, and the expansion of production has appeared endless demand for raw materials, which is far beyond the British comparison.
If the Chinese market is lost, it is tantamount to losing a large market of tens of millions of pounds, and I believe that the United States and other European countries are happy to fill this vacancy.
At a time when the two countries are deadlocked over the South Seas issue and the contradictions are getting bigger and bigger, the competition in India is also heating up.
Since Britain demonstrated its ambitions for the Indus Valley, China has tightened its grip on the region.
Although Henry Pitt was still the Viceroy of India for the Chinese East India Company, the Chinese Emperor had greatly limited his power.
Earlier, due to the war in Europe, the British East India Company began to maintain a contraction in India and no longer adopted an offensive strategy, and British officers and armies such as Wellington were also transferred back to Europe to fight; Henry Pitt could only rely on China's military might, and with the end of the war between China and Russia, China had already sent 30,000 troops to it.
Now the Chinese company has expanded along the Indus River to Peshawar, seizing it from the divided Afghan forces and forcing Baluchistan to become a protectorate of the Chinese company. Persia and Afghanistan, which had controlled Balochistan in history, not only could not stop the footsteps of the Chinese, but the Qajar dynasty of Persia even gave Chinese companies trade privileges, and Afghanistan lost Peshawar, an important passage in and out of India, and completely lost control of the Indus River.
But what worries the British the most is that China has sent a large number of administrative officials here.
Two years ago, the Chinese emperor sent his confidant Huang Qiuwei here.
They had already implemented a Chinese-style system in the countryside of Sindh Province, which had co-opted the landed class of Sindh Province, and Huang Qiuwei began to implement the imperial examination system after arriving here. Huang Qiuwei was appointed governor of Sindh, and although he was nominally under the orders of Governor Henry Pitt, he united the civil officials and local social elites who controlled the local government, but in fact set Henry Pitt in the air.
As a result, he successfully implemented the imperial examination system and reformed the county system in Sindh Province.
Xinde Province, with a population of 5 million, is divided into 10 counties, each with county administration, almost copying the structure of the Chinese government, but the content of the examination is different, the Chinese test is the Confucian Four Books and Five Classics, here the test is the Muslim classics, not only does not change the local traditional culture, but also has strong support from religious forces.
Now Henry Pitt is the Governor, but he is shamefully unable to extend his influence beyond Karachi.
The Chinese have taken care of the iron bucket of the Indus River basin and continue to penetrate into the Indian Peninsula, the British have not yet defeated the Marat Alliance, most of the Indian princely states are still waiting, and at the same time began to select suitable dependents, and the 145 small princes of the Katiava Peninsula have intensively become the protectorate of the Chinese company for two years, and this was originally the sphere of influence of the Marat Alliance. Because the British attacked the Marat Alliance, they let it turn to the Chinese. Especially the Muslim forces, because of China's successful rule in Sinde Province, the religious forces are welcoming to the Chinese, and the small and medium-sized landed classes are not excluded. As a result, the more fragmented the area, the closer it was to China, the more it was not ruled by a powerful prince.
There was also the case of the natives being Indians and the lords being Muslims, a peculiar case of the process of Muslim conquest, which had a weak ruling base and also tended to rely on Chinese companies that were more respectful of Islam, because China sent basically Muslim officials, and the British could not compete in this regard.
This worried the British that once they had eliminated the remnants of the Marat League, most of the Muslim lords would have taken refuge in the Chinese company.
The competition for hegemony between the two sides in India has already made the British feel a sense of crisis, and now this opponent is more powerful than the French back then, because they are not like the French, who just blindly forcibly promote the French system, but here they build a local Indian cultural system based on the Chinese political system, and even the ruling officials have begun to use the imperial examination to select local elites, and it will not be long before their system will be formed.
Attempts to use Henry Pitt and the stake in the company's board of directors as a counterweight to the growth of Chinese companies now seem to have failed completely. Because of the development and expansion of the company, which was supposed to be a positive thing, it could not be interfered with by any factors, and Henry Pitt, a gentleman, had been trying to expand the company's power, basically ignoring the attitude of the British East India Company. This makes him an accomplice to the Chinese.
The Chinese East India Company was established entirely on the model of the British East India Company.
The lands conquered by the British East India Company, according to the privileges granted by the King and Parliament of England, were colonies of the Company and were ruled by the Company. So after the conquest of Bengal, it was up to the corporation to establish power. The board of directors of the company in London has become the highest authority in India, exercising power from the formulation of guidelines and policies to the appointment of civil and military officials, and the government in India is its executive body. However, the charter law also stipulates that the British king has supremacy over the company's territory, which means that the British government can intervene in the administration of India, and it also means that it can be taken over by the state in the future.
In the same way, the supreme right of the East India Company of China to belong to the Emperor of China is irrefutable, because if the British wanted to take the territory of the British East India Company to Britain, he had to recognize the right of the Emperor of China to return the territory of the East India Company to China.
Therefore, from the legal level, at the level of the company's shares, it was no longer possible to organize the Chinese emperor, and the British East India Company could only compete head-on. They hastened the final conquest of the Marat League, and the Third Marat War was fought immediately after the Napoleonic Wars. At the same time, to prevent Chinese companies from grabbing territory, they began to intervene in other regions.
The two sides began to clash head-on, culminating in an exchange of fire in the Kashmir region, during which they were contested.
In the end, through negotiations, the Chinese company took the place, because this was the Indus Valley, and at the same time, the Chinese government minister in Tibet sent Tibetan troops to enter and establish the rule of the Tibetan area, and the British East India Company did not want to be attacked from both sides, so it had to back down.
By this time, they found that the Chinese regime had established their traditional dominion over the surrounding countries, reasserting the Tibetan areas of northern India, occupying not only the Tibetan areas around Kashmir, but also the Indus Valley controlled by the Chinese East India Company. It also re-established its sovereignty with the princes of Nepal and other places, which encircled the core of British rule in India, Bengal.
Now that the Chinese are not only dominating the Indus Valley, but have even begun to squeeze the British core, the situation is extremely serious, so they decided to expand the outer security zone as soon as possible.
The resistance of the Marats soon ended, and the British set their next target on Burma!