The characteristics of British justice is the jury adjudication system, the power of the jurors is quite large, in fact, it is to let the people judge the people, which is in line with human nature, for example, two women quarrel, in fact, it is just a trivial matter, but it can quarrel very fiercely, everyone is not actually trivial, just hope to get a justice. Pen %Fun %Pavilion www.biquge.info so they often quarrel while pulling people to judge them. Letting the public recognize oneself is often more important than suffering a loss or taking advantage of itself, and this pursuit of justice is a kind of human nature.

The jury system can be understood as the two sides of the dispute, looking for the lively public to give them a comment, the starting point is not from any legal theory, but directly from the public's personal feelings, so it is more in line with everyone's concepts and cognition, so this kind of trial method is often affected by the customs and folklore of different regions, the same thing, may be unreasonable here, it is reasonable in other places, so the same case, there may be different results.

After 20 years of accumulation, there are many cases of such contradictions and ambiguities, which are difficult for judges to grasp as precedents.

So it's time for a reform.

Cases from all over the country are collected, compared and analyzed, and the same cases are comprehensively compared, and then debated by professional judges to determine the most correct cases as precedents, and form formal precedents.

It is in this way that the British have been slowly unifying the different views of different regions on the same thing through precedents for hundreds of years, so British law also has the role of a unified world view.

The collation of these precedents is very slow because they deal with a huge amount of data.

But judicial reform is not only this work, the law of the Ming Dynasty is not sound, because the economy of the Ming Dynasty and the West in the form of the era of the times, the Ming Dynasty from the Manchu Qing Dynasty, the classical dynasty began to change, only more than 20 years, the West has entered the modern society.

Therefore, in the legal system of the West, there are still a lot of content lacking in the Ming Dynasty, such as the lack of a large number of economic and commercial legislation in the Ming legal system, and the laws of the Ming and Qing dynasties in the past were mainly focused on criminal aspects in this regard, such as how to adjudicate disputes arising from business activities and so on.

However, there is a lack of laws aimed at promoting economic development, such as the Joint-Stock Company Act and the Patent Act.

However, in the more than 20 years of innovation, when encountering related problems, Zhu Jinglun will always introduce policies in the form of government decrees or imperial orders, and now these policies will be concentrated to form regulations. At the same time, with reference to European and American commercial laws, a complete set of Daming commercial laws has been introduced.

Through the form of law, the legal status of the joint-stock company is officially confirmed, the legitimacy of limited liability is protected, and the method and process of the establishment of the company are clearly stipulated.

After 10 years of experimentation and exploration, Zhu Jinglun decided to use the legal situation to promote joint-stock companies on a large scale and encourage the use of fund-raising to complete capital accumulation in a short period of time.

The previous implementation, such as the reorganization of the shipping industry of the Fujian Association and the shipping industry of Shanghai sand ships, are actually just experiments, which have accumulated certain experience for large-scale promotion and explored a feasible plan.

In terms of educational reform, it was decided to further immediately take the imperial examination and urge the students who regard becoming an official as their lifelong ideal to learn more knowledge. So he began to abolish the old way of only taking mathematics and Confucian classics, and made a rule on the age, only when he was eighteen years old, he could participate in the imperial examination. This is in response to the phenomenon that in recent years, there have always been some demons who can not only do excellent moral essays at the age of eleven or twelve, but are also very proficient in mathematics. As for why it is not directly stipulated that only those above primary school can take the imperial examination, it is to give the common people an equal opportunity, not all families can let one laborer leave work and one student who studies to be over 18 years old, and if only students above the middle school (county school) are given the opportunity to take the imperial examination, it will cause great public resentment.

For example, the Department of Foreign Affairs needs to test the history of Western countries, and encourage students to understand the humanities and history of foreign countries and understand the general trend of the world, rather than immersing themselves in the illusion of four books and five business creations. Of course, students who take the court judge examination must master the knowledge of law, and they should not be like traditional officials, or even those who do not understand the law at all, and recruit a criminal master to help them.

Taking advantage of the imperial examination and the concept that the Chinese people are keen to be officials is obviously not a long-term solution, nor is it the concept of modern education, but can only be an expedient measure.

The fundamental goal of education is to cultivate qualified citizens for the society, the universal education of the Ming Dynasty, Zeng Guofan injected a spirit into it, Zeng Guofan later became famous, but the Department of Education retained some of Zeng Guofan's concepts, that is, to train gentlemen for the country, Zeng Guofan believes that the role of the school is to cultivate gentlemen with high morals, which is obviously much higher than the goal of cultivating qualified citizens.

The reason why Zeng Guofan's concept was retained was naturally because it echoed the concept of Ming officials, such as the vast number of popular primary schools (township schools), which often attached great importance to the education of etiquette, and how could they become a humble gentleman if they didn't know how to be polite.

Unlike last time, the focus of this education reform is no longer on rural education, and although a small target of more than 90 percent of the school enrollment rate has been proposed, it is not a big goal compared to the 80 percent enrollment rate that has now been reached.

However, this enrolment rate refers only to the enrolment rate of boys, and the enrolment rate of girls is still in the single digits. In ultra-conservative rural societies, it is not acceptable for girls to attend classes with boys, and the so-called gender at the age of seven is not at the same seat, or that men and women are not allowed to be kissed at the age of seven.

In fact, not only China, but also Western countries are relatively conservative in this era, the stronger the religious concept of the country, the more conservative, but women's reading has been accepted by some advanced thinkers, and the solution of Westerners is to run girls' schools, and the United States is a big country for girls' schools.

In South Korea in the 21st century, men and women are even branched out before universities.

Obviously, the conservative concept of the West has reached a tacit understanding with the East, and the solution of the Ming Dynasty is also to run a girls' school, and the few girls who are enrolled in the school are also in the girls' school, and the girls who go to the southern school are just outliers, such as some old masters who don't care much about these things, he will personally teach his daughter and other male students, under his own personal supervision, he doesn't care about the system, but this is just a case.

The goal of the Department of Education for the next 10 years is to bring girls to school on par with boys, which is equivalent to rebuilding a set of educational institutions, which requires a huge investment, mainly from the State, and this time it is no longer possible to encourage the participation of the gentry, because the gentry do not think that girls need to study, they say that women are not talented and virtuous.

The real big move in education reform is that Daming plans to open universities.

Before the Ming Dynasty, there was no university, but it was not without a university-level education. In fact, in the arsenal and the Guangfu Academy, they can already be regarded as university-level education, but both institutions are not formal enough.

The arsenal adopted an apprenticeship system, in the past, it was to recruit apprentices and give them supplementary lessons through night schools, and the first batch of apprentices went from being illiterate to the level of engineers step by step. With the development of education in the Ming Dynasty in recent years, the arsenal no longer needs to train apprentices from the basics, but the night school system is still retained. The students that the arsenal can recruit are only some elementary school students, whose knowledge level is limited to mathematics and literacy, so they need to continue to supplement some modern knowledge, such as chemical knowledge, geometric knowledge, and higher mechanical knowledge, mineral knowledge, and so on.

In short, a ten-year-old apprentice must work hard for at least ten years to grow from the education system of the arsenal to a master. In fact, it only takes three or five years for them to become helpers from apprentices, because the technical work of the arsenal can be mastered in about three or five years, so it can be said that most of the time is spent learning theoretical knowledge.

There are still more than 20 Swedish technicians left in the arsenal, and basically these people do not plan to return to China, but plan to die in the future. And most of these people graduated from the Stockholm Institute of Technology, the school where the old Nobel studied, which can be called the cradle of Swedish engineers.

These people not only trained a large number of engineers in the arsenal with their own knowledge, but also translated a full set of textbooks of the Swedish Institute of Technology.

With a little transformation, this is an industrial university with majors in mining science, mechanical engineering, chemical technology and engineering, and civil engineering.

The Guangfu School Palace is mainly a private school where those students have never been able to take the imperial examination, but in fact, the knowledge level has been qualified, and even quite excellent, so they continue to study, from the middle school nature of the county school to the high school nature of the school of the nature of the school, from the school to the palace, in fact, the courses learned are basically the textbooks in Western universities.

At present, Xuegonggui is a university-level educational institution, and professors from foreign universities are hired to teach with professional translators, but these students still have the purpose of becoming officials, and do not have the concept of engaging in research, and would rather sign up to become a teacher in the countryside than go to a company to do technology.

The reason for this situation, Zhu Jinglun believes that it is still a matter of ideology, and he needs to establish a real university, not a school that teaches university knowledge.

Therefore, the Guangfu Academy will be reorganized to recruit students who are not for the purpose of becoming officials, and the enrollment brochure makes it clear that this is a place to do academics, and those who want to be officials are not allowed to enter, and students in universities will not have any privilege to take the imperial examination, let alone directly get the opportunity to become government employees as teachers.

In order to introduce a serious university spirit, Zhu Jinglun decided to hire a group of professors from Germany, the originator of modern universities, to use ideas to fool them if they can, after all, to this level of scholars, money often cannot be moved, but to spread scientific knowledge to the East, on the contrary, it is likely to arouse some people's religious enthusiasm.

Therefore, the focus of this educational reform is to establish two universities in the formal sense, and the purpose of establishing these two universities is not to study the teaching materials in the university, but to cultivate the spirit of the modern university, and the spirit of the modern university was put forward by Humboldt of Humboldt University in Germany, that is, the significance of the university is not to disseminate knowledge, but to create knowledge.

This is exactly what the previous school palace lacked.