Ethnic policy in the Western Jin Dynasty

It can be said that the ancient Chinese ancestors were far more civilized than our modern people on the issue of national consciousness, but this does not mean that the ethnic policy they adopted was reasonable. Because although there is little blood discrimination in the consciousness of the ancients, but multicultural discrimination, for example, the rulers of the past dynasties will always have the word "disobedience to education" in the crusade against foreign people, and Fu Xuan, the commander of the Western Jin Dynasty, has the following record in his advice to Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty: "The minister thinks that Hu Yi is a beast, not the same as Hua, and Xianbei is the worst. ("The Biography of the Book of Jin") "The Biography of the Four Yi Lie of the Book of Jin" said: "The disciples of Yidi are famous and famous." Even Deng Ai, who took the initiative to move the Xianbei bald hair department inward, also mentioned to Sima Shi the opinion of moving the Hu people from the interior to the outside of the Saiwai, and the remarks were as follows: "Rong Di beast heart, not righteous relatives, strong is violent, weak is attached, so Zhou Xuan has the Kou of Xuan, and Han Zu has the siege of Pingcheng... Those who live with the people of Qianghu should gradually come out, so that the residents can show the religion of honesty and shame and stop the road of adultery. ”

Since the Han and Wei dynasties, the rulers of successive dynasties had very serious discrimination against the Hu people who moved inward, so the ethnic policies of this period were mostly discriminatory policies, and even many policies laid the root of the later Wuhu Chaohua.

The ethnic policy of the Western Jin Dynasty was inherited from Cao Wei, and its main content was "immigration to the real border", but this "immigration to the real border" was different from the migration of the Han people to the border during the Qin Emperor and Han Wu period. The reason for such a change in the Wei and Jin dynasties is mainly due to two reasons:

1. During the Three Kingdoms period, the number of hukou that the imperial court could control was sharply reduced, and the reasons for the sharp decrease in hukou are described in Chapter 1, Section 3 of this book. The reduction in household registration meant that the rulers needed to pay taxes and soldiers and to solve this problem, the most common way for the ruling circles to do so was to take the population by force, including hostile countries and neighboring ethnic minorities.

For example, Eastern Wu repeatedly crusaded against the Shanyue tribe in the southeastern mountainous area, captive their people as soldiers, and Sun Quan even sent Wei Wen and Zhuge Zhizhi to Yizhou (present-day Taiwan) to capture the local Yi people. At the same time, there were also a lot of Qiang people in the Shu Han army, after Zhuge Liang Ping Nanzhong, there were also ethnic minorities who moved inward, "Huayang Guozhi Yuanzhong Zhi" contained: "Move to the south in the strength of the Qingqiang more than 10,000 families in Shu, for the five, so there is no front, called the flying army." After Cao Cao's crusade against the Wuhuan Clan, he also collected more than 200,000 people from Hu and Han, and the "Three Kingdoms Zhi Karasuma Xianbei Dongyi Biography" contains: "And Youzhou, and the Zhou Rou Command Karasuma more than 10,000 falls, all migrated to live in China, and the handsome man from his marquis and the king of the people and the conquest. It is the three counties of Karasuma for the world's famous ride. There are many similar records, and these are the Central Plains regime's forced internal relocation of the Hu people by force, especially the history of the internal migration of the Qiang people, can be traced back to the Western Han Dynasty.

Second, in East Asia, the north belongs to the bitter cold land, the northwest is a desolate desert, the southwest is more high mountains and mountains, in the science and technology underwater at that time, the living environment is very harsh, but these areas are mostly ethnic minority inhabited areas, tribes do not belong to each other, plundering each other, so many of them also have a strong desire to move inward. For example, in the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Southern Xiongnu attached to it, as well as the Di, Qiang, Xianbei, Wuhuan, Ding Ling and other ethnic groups all took the initiative to attach relevant records, which were naturally welcomed by the Wei and Jin rulers who seriously lacked hukou, which could not only weaken the power of the Hu people outside the Saiwai, but also place them in various parts of the Saiwai tribe, live together with the Han people, pay taxes and serve as servants, and naturally enhance the strength of the country.

Under normal circumstances, the attachment of foreign ethnic groups is a good thing for the ruling group, after all, in ancient times, human resources were more important than land resources, and after they were attached, they became more and more frequent contact with the Han people, and the process of sinicization began. After all, these Hu people are different from the common people of the Central Plains, they have different languages, different costumes, very different production activities, their own way of thinking, their own special culture, they are very independent compared to the Han people, and their sense of identity with the country is naturally not high, which is indeed a difficult problem for the ruling group. Therefore, Fu Xuan believed: "Ben Deng Aigou wants to take temporary benefits, and does not worry about future troubles, so that tens of thousands of Xianbei are scattered in the world, which will be harmful." ("The Biography of Jin Shuqi")

When talking about the ethnic issues of the Wei and Jin dynasties, we must first pay attention to one point: there is a difference between the Hu people who moved inside and the Hu people who moved outside the Sai Dynasty, and the two should not be confused. "Jin Shu Food and Goods Chronicle" contains: "Yi people lose cloth, one horse, one far away or one zhang... Those who are far away do not teach the field lose righteous rice, the household is three, the far one is five buckets, and the far-reaching person loses the money, and the person is twenty-eight Wen. It can be seen that in the Western Jin Dynasty, the Hu people who moved in the Western Jin Dynasty had to pay taxes as well as the households, and they were also the objects of conscription by the imperial court, and there were many records in the history books about the Central Plains imperial court requisitioning Xianbei, Wuhuan, and Xiongnu tribes, which showed that the Hu people who moved inward had accepted the rule of the Central Plains. According to modern terms, the Hu people who moved in the interior already belonged to the people, and there was an essential difference between them and the foreign people who did not accept the title of the imperial court and were not sure of the relationship between them.

On this issue, it is obvious that the experience of the ancients is far less than that of today, the internal migration of the Hu people does have a harmful side, but there is also a positive side, and on the whole, the advantages outweigh the disadvantages, the main reason for the intensification of ethnic contradictions in the Wei and Jin dynasties is that the ruler's ruling policy on the internal migration of the Hu people is too rough.

The Western Jin Dynasty's management model for the internally displaced ethnic groups was very complicated. In order to manage the affairs of the surrounding ethnic groups, the Western Jin Dynasty set up the school governor's mansion in the ethnic settlement area. For example, in Chang'an, Xirong was set up to manage the affairs of Guanzhong, Qiang, and Zahu; At the beginning of the Jin Dynasty, Ningzhou was abolished, and Nanyi was set up to govern Dianchi (now Kunming, Yunnan), and manage the southwest Zhuyi; Set up Xiyi school captain in Chengdu to manage the barbarians of Bashu, Qiang, and Banyu; Set up Dongyi Lieutenant, govern Xiangping (now Liaoyang County, Liaoning Province), and manage the departments of Liaodong, Xianbei and Wuhuan in Liaoxi; In Xiangyang, he set up a captain of the Southern Barbarians to manage the affairs of the barbarians in the Jingzhou area.

Since the Han Dynasty and the Han Dynasty, the Central Plains regime also set up the Captain of Huqiang, the Captain of Wuhuan, and the Captain of Xianbei to govern these ethnic groups, and these captains were not removed during the Western Jin Dynasty, and the positions of captains were mostly part-time by local governors and county magistrates, for example, when Zhang Hua served as the military governor of Youzhou, he also led the captain of Wuhuan, and Du Pre-served as the captain of Dongqiang when he served as the assassin of Qinzhou. The Captain's Mansion is a military institution in charge of conquest, while the general civil affairs of the Hu people are managed by the local prefectures and counties, which are similar to household formations.

According to the records of the "Jin Shuzhi Official Chronicle", the Western Jin Dynasty also set up generals to protect the Xiongnu, Qiang, Rong, Man, Yi, and Yuezhonglang, which were higher than the rank of school captains, "or leading the history of assassination, or holding the festival for it". During the period of Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty, he also set up the Pingyue Zhonglang General, who lived in Guangzhou and protected Nanyue. From this, it can be seen that the management of Zhuhu in the Western Jin Dynasty was very complicated.

If it is only the overlap of management institutions, it can only cause chaos in management, but it is not enough to intensify the national contradictions, and there are two main reasons for the intensification of contradictions in the Wei and Jin dynasties:

1. Since Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the powerful Han Dynasty has made the Siyi subordinate with its rich material life, developed civilization system, and strong military strength, which has caused the ruling group to have a tendency towards Han nationalism, regarding foreign races as grass mustard, and the phenomenon of discrimination has become more and more serious.

2. Since the Eastern Han Dynasty, the ruling circles of successive dynasties have regarded the internal relocation of the Hu nationality as the object of exploitation, which is the main reason for the intensification of ethnic contradictions. Let's take the Qiang people as an example, the Eastern Han Dynasty pursued the "Qiang and Hu attack... The phenomenon of "stealing their livestock and wives" (Hanshu Xiongnu Biography) was very common with the policy of ethnic discrimination and oppression ("Later Han Shu Xun Xun Biography"), which led to several large-scale ethnic uprisings among the Qiang people. As Ban Biao said in "The Biography of the Later Han Dynasty": "Qianghu was sent to the left, and mixed with the Han people, the customs were different, the language was incomprehensible, and the number was seen by the small officials and the people, and they were poor and bored, so they rebelled." The husband is barbaric and chaotic, and it is all for this. ”

The Qiang uprising during the Eastern Han Dynasty can be said to have run through the entire history of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and the largest uprising lasted for decades. In order to quell the uprising, the Han court often mobilized hundreds of thousands of troops, and even had to mobilize the Hun cavalry, which cost a huge amount of money. As stated in "The Biography of the Later Han Dynasty": "For more than ten years, the soldiers and divisions have been old, and they will not rest temporarily...... With more than 24 billion yuan, the treasury was exhausted, extending to the inner counties, and the death of the border people was innumerable, and the two states of Liang were wasted. "And all this could have been avoided.

By the time of the Western Jin Dynasty, the ethnic contradictions were far more acute than those of the Eastern Han Dynasty, because the Western Jin ruling group had more heavily exploited foreign races and deepened their distrust of them. For example, Liu Yuan, the left marshal of the Xiongnu who is quite sinicized, has a literary and military talent, but is not trusted by the Western Jin Dynasty, so it has not been reused, and his uncle Liu Xuan, the Xiongnu Zuoxian King, said: "In the past, my ancestors and the Han were brothers, and they were worried." Since the death of the Han Dynasty, the Wei and Jin dynasties, although I have a virtual number, there is no business of recovering the soil, since the princes, descended to the same household. ("The Biography of Liu Yuanhai in the Book of Jin") can be seen in the situation of the Xiongnu in the Western Jin Dynasty.

Jin Chen Ruan Chong was aware of the serious ethnic problems at that time, and he believed that there were two reasons for the sharp ethnic contradictions at that time, one was the mixed living of ethnic groups, and the other was the oppression and humiliation of local officials. Ruan Chong said in his advice to Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty: "Now the ugly captives live in the interior, mingle with the people, the border officials disturb the habits, and the people forget to fight. Those who are appointed by the party are not their materials, or they use sniping to insult the border; or rewarding and profiting, and wantonly slaughtering. Even Jiang Tong, who advocated the use of force to drive out the Hu people who moved inward, pointed out in his "Treatise on Migration": "Shishu plays with habits, insults their weakness, and makes their resentment poisonous to the bone marrow." ("The Book of Jin Zhang Tongbiography")

Since the Eastern Han Dynasty, the ethnic contradictions have become increasingly intensified, and after nearly 200 years of fermentation, the contradictions between ethnic groups have intensified to the brink of eruption. Several ethnic conflicts in the early years of the Western Jin Dynasty had actually sounded the alarm for the rulers of the Western Jin Dynasty, but the ruling group did not change the previous ethnic policy, and the history of the Wuhu chaos in China became inevitable.

3. The formation and rise and fall of the Southern Xiongnu

During the heyday of the Western Jin Dynasty, there were only 19 states, and only 6 prefectures of Si, Henan, Xu, Qing, Yan and Hebei were inhabited by the Han nationality and were not affected by or were less troubled by the ethnic problems, which shows the severity of the ethnic problems in the Western Jin Dynasty. In the early years of the Western Jin Dynasty, there were four main turmoil caused by ethnic issues, one was the Xianbei Bald Tree Functional Uprising, the second was the rebellion of the Xiongnu Liu Meng, the third was the Xiongnu Hao San Uprising, and the fourth was the Qi Wannian Uprising, which were finally quelled by force in the Western Jin Dynasty. Considering that these events occurred on the eve of the Wuhu Chaohua, the author will spend some chapters detailing the migration, distribution, and situation of the ethnic groups at that time, so as to make it more convenient for readers to understand the background of the Wuhu Chaohua.

Since the Han and Wei dynasties, there have been records of internal migration in the history books such as Xianbei, Xiongnu, Wuhuan, Ding Ling, Yueshi, Di, Qiang, Qian, Goguryeo, etc., and in the Western Jin Dynasty since ancient times, there are still Ba, Jia, Man, Fang, Yi, Yue, Slang, Shanhu and other ethnic groups. Each ethnic group also has a number of tribes that are not affiliated with each other, and the ethnic tribes live together to form new populations. Among these tribes living in the Sene, especially the Xiongnu forces living in the area of Bingzhou were the most threatening to the Western Jin Dynasty.

The Xiongnu is an ancient nomadic people living in the Mongolian steppe, "Jin Shu Beidi Biography" contains: "Xia said: Xun Man, Yin said Ghost Fang, Zhou said Lynx, Han said Xiongnu. It can be seen that the history of the Xiongnu can be traced back to the ancient Xia Dynasty. On the occasion of the Qin and Han dynasties, the Xiongnu rose outside the Saiwai, "the Xiongnu were slightly stronger, encroaching on the princes, so they broke the Yueshi, because of the military might, migrated to a small country, led the people of the bow, and was a family, with one mind, so it was difficult to control it." The Xiongnu first took advantage of the struggle between Chu and Han to recapture the Hetao Plain, which was occupied by the Qin general Meng Tian, and in 200 BC led an army of 400,000 to besiege the Han army of 320,000 Yu Baideng. At this time, the strength of the Xiongnu made the Han lose face, and he could only adopt the strategy of harmony, and even Empress Lu, who was known for her fortitude, had to endure the humiliation of the letter of Dun Danyu.

Although the Han court "served the Xiongnu with wine and food" ("Hanshu Xiongnu Biography"), the Xiongnu were greedy and violent, and there were many raids on the border, as ("Hanshu Chao Wrong Biography") said: "Since the Han Dynasty, the Hulu have entered the border land, and the small entry is a small profit, and the large entry is a big profit; After the high time, he entered Longxi again, attacked the city and slaughtered the city, and drove away the livestock; Later, he re-entered Longxi, killed the officials, and robbed the people. Since the high queen, Longxi three trapped in the Huns, the people's morale is broken, and the death has a sense of victory. ”

In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, after many years of war and turmoil, the national strength withered, and the country was newly determined, there were still a lot of problems to be solved, and the Han court had to endure the Xiongnu. However, after decades of Wenjing's rule, by the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the country was solid and had a sufficient material base, and finally launched a counterattack against the Huns. The Han army began to take the initiative to attack the Xiongnu from the siege of Mayi in 133 BC, although this battle did not achieve the expected results, but opened the prelude to the Han counterattack against the Xiongnu. After the battle of Henan in 127 BC, the battle of Monan in 124 BC, and the battle of Hexi in 121 BC, the Western Han Dynasty successfully drove the Xiongnu forces to Mobei, and launched the battle of Mobei in 119 BC. After these battles, the power of the Xiongnu gradually declined, and the national strength was greatly reduced. However, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty did not give up and continued to pursue the Xiongnu, "The Han soldiers pursued the Xiongnu for more than 20 years, and the Xiongnu were pregnant and lazy, and they were extremely bitter." Self-reliance on the following often has desires and schemes. ("Hanshu Xiongnu Biography")

Due to the continuous use of troops, the national strength of the Western Han Dynasty has also been depleted, especially in the later years of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, who was in a hurry to achieve success, and had many defeats in the war against Hungary. After the counterattack of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the plundering of the Xiongnu was greatly reduced, and during the period of Emperor Xuan of the Han Dynasty, the Huns wanted to capture the princess of the Han Dynasty who married to Wusun, and at the request of the King of Wusun, the Han army made an appointment with Wusun in 72 BC to attack the Xiongnu. So the Xiongnu declined and complained about Wusun. ("Hanshu Xiongnu Biography") this winter, Mongolian steppe rare snow disaster, people and animals frozen to death very much, the surrounding Xiongnu oppressed by the various ethnic groups took the opportunity to counterattack, Ding Ling attacked its north, Wuhuan into its east, Wusun attacked its west, the Han Dynasty also sent cavalry into the grassland in three ways, the Xiongnu suffered heavy casualties. In this way, the Xiongnu's national strength declined, and its vassal countries also defected, and the Xiongnu not only did not dare to offend the Han Tianwei, but even put down their faces and took the initiative to propose peace, so "the border is less troublesome" ("Hanshu Xiongnu Biography").

In 60 years ago, the Xiongnu Xulu Quanqu Shan Yu died, and there was civil strife in the country. Zhizhi Shan Yu defeated Hu Han Evil Shan Yu, and Hu Han Evil was forced to attach himself to the Western Han Dynasty and became the first Xiongnu Shan Yu to meet the Son of Heaven in the Central Plains. Zhi Zhishan was afraid, led his troops to the Western Regions, and then Hu Han Xie led his troops to return to the north, and the Xiongnu were safe. In the first 36 years, the Han general Chen Tang entangled the Tuntian officials in the Western Regions and the soldiers of various countries to destroy the Zhi Zhi Yu, Hu Han evil was both happy and afraid, and entered the court to ask for peace, and the Han court took Wang Zhaojun out of the fortress and was named Ning Hu Yan, and the two countries had nothing to do for 40 years. Wang Mang usurped the Han Dynasty, the relationship between the two countries deteriorated, Wang Mang and the Xiongnu had no way to communicate, and the Xiongnu were troubled again, "Shan Yu told the left and right lieutenants, the kings of the borders, and the thieves, more than 10,000 seniors, thousands of middle-aged people, hundreds of less, killing Yanmen, Shuofang Taishou, Du Wei, and the people and livestock are innumerable, and the edge is wasted." Wang Mang originally wanted to gather an army of 300,000 troops, chase and attack the Xiongnu, and drive them to Ding Ling, but only part of the army and horses were gathered, and they could not attack, and the food was wasted in vain, coupled with the plundering of the Xiongnu, "In a few years, the north was empty, and there were violent bones in the wild." ("Hanshu Xiongnu Biography")

After the establishment of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Huns were increasingly disturbed, and the Central Plains experienced many years of civil strife, and the situation between the two countries can be compared with the early years of the Western Han Dynasty. And only arrogant, self-comparison, slow to the envoy's words, the emperor treated him as before. ("The Biography of the Xiongnu in the Later Han Dynasty") Emperor Guangwu took into account the initial decision of the Central Plains, and he could only endure the arrogance of the Xiongnu. However, the Xiongnu Kou plundered day by day, the state and county could not be banned, Emperor Guangwu was forced to send the Great Sima Wu Han to command 50,000 troops to attack the Xiongnu in the north in 33 AD, but the division was in vain, and could only migrate more than 60,000 people from Yanmen, Daijun and Shanggu to the east of Juyong and Changshan Pass to avoid Hu Kou. The left part of the Xiongnu then reverted to the Senei, and the Han court could only increase the border soldiers, with thousands of people in each division, and in general it was only a passive defense. In 45 AD, the Eighteen Kingdoms of the Western Regions were oppressed by the Xiongnu and hoped that the Han court would restore the capital, but Emperor Guangwu was busy with internal affairs and could not manage the Western Regions, so he refused.

However, the luck of the Eastern Han Dynasty was much better than that of the Western Han Dynasty. After Wang Zhaojun married Huhan Yedan, he had a son, named Yitu Zhiyanshi, who was the king of the Xiongnu right and the sun (later the king of the right valley). Before his death, Hu Han Xie Shan beware of the struggle for power among his sons, so he set up the eldest son as Shan Yu, and agreed to pass on the throne to his younger brother in turn after his death, so that the Xiongnu could be stable for decades. When the throne was passed to Hudu and the corpse Dao Gao Ruo Yu Shan Yu, he did not want to pass the throne to his younger brother Yitu Zhiyanshi, but wanted to pass the throne to the eldest son, so he made the eldest son King Zuoxian and killed Itu Zhiyanshi.

The eldest son of the former Wuzhu Liuruo Danyu was named Luan Tibi, who commanded the southern border and the Wuhuan tribe, and he was very resentful of the killing of Itu Zhi's master, "He complained: 'In the words of brothers, the king of Yougu Lili should be established, and in the words of his son, I should be established in front of the eldest son.'" ("The Biography of the Xiongnu in the Later Han Dynasty") "Luan Tibi was worried that Shan Yu, the Marquis of Wuda, would kill him, so he rarely attended royal court gatherings. Alone was suspicious of the comparison, and sent two Gudu Marquis to monitor the subordinates of the comparison.

In 46 years, Hudu and the corpse Dao Gao Ruo Shan Yu died of illness and passed the throne to his son, named Wu Da Yu Hou Shan Yu. It happened that a serious natural disaster occurred in the grassland, "the Xiongnu suffered from drought and locusts for two years, thousands of miles of red land, the grass and trees withered, the human and animal diseases, and the death of too half." ("The Biography of the Huns in the Later Han Dynasty") Shan Yu was afraid that the Han army would take the opportunity to attack, so he sent an envoy to the Central Plains to ask for peace. Emperor Guangwu agreed. In 47, Luan Tibi sent people to present a map of the Xiongnu and asked for annexation. When the Marquis of Uda Shan learned the news, he sent 10,000 cavalry to attack. However, Luan Tibi's eight troops and horses totaled 40,000 or 50,000 people, and the cavalry alone did not dare to make a mistake, so he withdrew. The following year, he called himself Han Xie Danyu, who had the same name as his grandfather, hoping to be at peace after joining the Han Dynasty like his grandfather. In 48 years, Luan Tibi established himself as Nandan Yu, and the corpse of the corpse was chased by Shan Yu, and he was a vassal to the Eastern Han Dynasty, and the Xiongnu were officially divided into two parts: the north and the south. Emperor Guangwu agreed to the annexation of the Southern Xiongnu and built the royal court in Wuyuansai (now Baotou, Inner Mongolia), and his subordinates were placed by Emperor Guangwu of the Han Dynasty in Yunzhong, Wuyuan, Shuofang, Beidi, Dingxiang, Yanmen, Shanggu, and Daibai eight counties, in today's Inner Mongolia Hetao, and the northern part of Shanxi. In the following year, Nandan Yu sent 10,000 troops to attack the Northern Xiongnu and captured the Northern Xiongnu Zuoxian King alive. Beidan was terrified, retreated more than 1,000 miles, and more than 30,000 people were attached.

In 50 years, Emperor Guangwu sent an envoy to the Southern Xiongnu, Nandan Yu received, the envoy ordered him to lie on the ground to worship the edict, although Nandan Yu was unwilling in his heart, but he had to bow down, it can be seen that although the Southern Xiongnu Khanate at this time had its political power, the situation was no different from that of the subject country. The Han Dynasty also set up the Xiongnu Zhonglang to guard the Southern Xiongnu, one can protect the security of the Southern Xiongnu, and the other can participate in the internal affairs of the Xiongnu. In the summer of the same year, Nandan Yu captured the Northern Xiongnu Zuoxian King was unwilling to surrender to the Han Dynasty, led more than 30,000 people to flee north, and then there was an internal bar, mutual attack, Zuoxian King committed suicide, only 3,000 people returned to the south, and were intercepted by the Northern Xiongnu. In the same year, the Southern Xiongnu moved south to Meiji County (now northwest of the Jungger Banner in Inner Mongolia).

At this time, the Southern Xiongnu had been a vassal of the Han Dynasty, and still set up tribal kings to help the Eastern Han Dynasty defend the northern frontier. Beidan Yu was very frightened when he saw that the Southern Xiongnu had been protected by the Han Dynasty, and sent back the Han people that had been plundered to show goodwill. The history books say that every time the Northern Xiongnu invaded the Southern Xiongnu and passed through the border fortress of the Han Dynasty, they would apologize: "Since the ear of the Emperor of the Xiongnu (more than the original Xiongnu Richai King), he did not dare to offend the Han people." ”

During the same period, the Xianbei people who originally lived in the northeast moved south to Liaodong Saiwai, and the Liaodong Taishou sacrificed to lure the Xianbei leaders to attack the Xiongnu with money and property, and offered their heads to the government to receive rewards. "Then they attacked each other year after year, and sent their heads to receive rewards. Since the Xiongnu were weakened, there was no police on the border, and Xianbei and Wuhuan were incorporated into the tribute. ("Zi Zheng Tong Jian Mian 44") The border defense situation in the northern part of the Eastern Han Dynasty has improved.

In 73 years, Emperor Ming of the Eastern Han Dynasty sent generals such as Sai Wei and Dou Gu to unite the Southern Xiongnu, Qiang, Wuhuan and other armies to crusade against the Northern Xiongnu. In the same year, the Eastern Han Dynasty sent a squad beyond the Western Regions, and the countries that were originally subject to the Xiongnu began to switch to the Eastern Han Dynasty, and led the army to attack the Xiongnu subordinate country Che Division, defeating the Northern Xiongnu reinforcements. Prior to this, the connection between the Western Regions and the Central Plains had been interrupted for 65 years.

In 85 years, the Northern Xiongnu Lord Cheli, Zhuo Bing and others entered the fortress and annexed, and there were seventy-three generations before and after. "When the north is declining, the party is leaving, the south is attacking the front, Ding Lingkou is behind, Xianbei is attacking the left, and the Western Regions is invading the right, and it is no longer self-reliant, but it is led away." ("The Biography of the Huns in the Later Han Dynasty")

In 87, the Xianbei people moved south into the original Xiongnu left land, the Liaohe River area in the southeast of present-day Inner Mongolia. The Xianbei people attacked the Northern Xiongnu, broke it, cut off the excellent Shan Yu, and peeled off the skin of the single Yu. So the northern Xiongnu royal court was in turmoil, and for a while, Qu Lan, Chu Bei, Hu Duxu and other 58 Northern Xiongnu departments, with 200,000 mouths and 8,000 victorious soldiers, went to the Eastern Han border to surrender.

The situation of the Northern Xiongnu became more and more difficult, "when the northern captives were in turmoil, they were starved with locusts, and those who descended came before and after." ("Later Han Shuyuan Xiongnu Liebiography") Nandan Yu wanted to take the opportunity to annex the Xiongnu, the Han court agreed, so in 89 A.D. sent the cavalry general Dou Xian to command the northern expedition of the armies, the Southern Xiongnu out of the fine cavalry 10,000, the two armies assembled in Jiluo Mountain and the Northern Xiongnu Shan Yu battle. The Northern Xiongnu were defeated, the Han army beheaded the famous king of the Northern Xiongnu has been down to 13,000 levels, and the number of people who have been born is very large, more than 100,000 heads of miscellaneous animals, and the small king of Zhu Pi led the people to surrender, more than 200,000 people in 81 before and after. In this battle, the Han army "went out of the fortress for more than 3,000 miles, climbed Yanran Mountain, (Dou Xian) hit the guard Ban Gu carved Shi Legong, and Ji Hanwei returned. The following year, the Southern Xiongnu attacked the Northern Xiongnu, and Beidan Yu was seriously injured and was spared. After several battles, the vitality of the Xiongnu was greatly injured, and the southern Xiongnu gradually became stronger, "at that time, the southern Lianke was accepted and surrendered, and the party was the most prosperous, with 34,000 households, 237,300 mouths, and 51,170 victorious soldiers." ("The Biography of the Huns in the Later Han Dynasty")

The living conditions of the Northern Xiongnu in Mobei continued to deteriorate, not only had to face the pursuit of the Han army and the Southern Xiongnu, but also the invasion of Xianbei and Wuhuan in the east became more and more frequent, and the Eastern Han Dynasty united with the countries of the Western Regions to drive away the Northern Xiongnu forces, and the Northern Xiongnu forces were further weakened, and they had to retreat thousands of miles to avoid the war.

In 91 A.D., Dou Xian went out of the fortress for 5,000 miles and defeated the Northern Xiongnu army in Jinwei Mountain (now Altai Mountain), and there was no living space for the Northern Xiongnu in the Mongolian steppe, so he had to lead the remnants to begin to move westward. The Xianbei people took this opportunity to migrate and occupy the homeland of the Xiongnu. The remaining more than 100,000 Huns on the grassland also all call themselves Xianbei people. Only the Northern Xiongnu Right Valley Liwang led thousands of troops to be stationed in the area of Puzihai (now Balikun Lake, Zhenxi County, Xinjiang) to graze, and claimed to be Shan Yu, and continued to suffer from the Western Regions.

The Southern Xiongnu had great development in this period, but they were full of tribes and were strictly supervised by the Han court. Moreover, the officials appointed by the Eastern Han Dynasty were not Suiyuan's talents, and they humiliated and deceived the Huns, resulting in the rebellion of the Southern Xiongnu from time to time, such as the "Later Han Book Chen Gui Biography": "The shepherd's guard is bad, or the middle official, afraid of disobeying the decree of the gods, and taking the present." "However, in general, the Southern Xiongnu were the barrier to the northern part of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and the threat to the northern frontier during this period mainly came from Xianbei. In the face of this foreign enemy, the Southern Xiongnu often coordinated with the Han army to resist, and their subordinates were often recruited by the Han court. Moreover, the Xiongnu tribes lived together with the Han people, and the process of sinicization had begun. "The Biography of Beidi in the Book of Jin" contains: "(During the Han and Wei dynasties), its tribes lived in the counties and counties, so that the slaughter and herdsmen were the same, and the households were the same, and they did not lose tribute. It can be seen that the Southern Xiongnu tribes are not much different from the households, and are managed by local officials, the only difference is that they do not need to pay tribute.

Generally speaking, the Eastern Han Dynasty's control over the Southern Xiongnu was gradually strengthened, but the local governors were greedy and violent, and the Xiongnu troops were frequently recruited. If the Xiongnu rebelled, they would be harshly requisitioned by the Han army, and if they did not rebel, the oppression of the local officials would only become more serious, so the Xiongnu Shan Yu was often caught between the Han court and the tribe, which made Shan Yu's status lower and lower, and there were those who were forced to commit suicide by the Han court, and those who were killed in the tribal rebellion.

In 94, the Xiongnu Shan Yu Anguo and Zhonglang disagreed with Du Chong, and Shan Yu wrote a letter to accuse Du Chong. Du Chong implied that Xihe was too conservative to intercept Shan Yu's recital, so that Shan Yu could not appeal his opinion. Shan Yu was about to defect, and the Han court sent troops to attack and kill Shan Yu, and set up Zuo Xianwang's master as the new Shan Yu. Soon, more than 200,000 people from the 15 tribes of the newly subjugated Northern Xiongnu rebelled, and they coerced the son of the former Shan Yu Tun Tu He, and made him Shan Yu, preparing to flee to Mobei. The Han court ordered a crusade, and the rebels were defeated and suffered heavy losses, but they also managed to escape to the outside of the Saiwai.

In 109, the Southern Xiongnu was provoked by the Han Han Cong, led his troops to rebel, besieged the Xiongnu Zhonglang general Geng Zhong for several months, and plundered Changshan and Zhongshan with cavalry. The Han army counterattacked, but in fear, surrendered to the Han army, and returned more than 10,000 people who had been plundered by the Han people and the Qiang people who had been plundered and sold into the Southern Xiongnu, and the Han court pardoned their crimes.

In 119, Xianbei entered the Kou and killed and plundered the people. Duliao general Deng Zun and Zhonglang general Ma Xu led the Southern Xiongnu Shan Yu to pursue and defeated the Xianbei army.

In 123, more than 10,000 Xianbei cavalry attacked the Southern Xiongnu, and the Xiongnu were killed in battle, and more than 1,000 people were killed. The following year, the Southern Xiongnu Shan Yu Tan died, and his younger brother Tu succeeded to the throne, that is, the corpse of the Marquis of Wuji chased Shan Yu. At that time, Xianbei repeatedly violated the border, and Geng Kui, the general of Duliao in the Eastern Han Dynasty, led the Southern Xiongnu Wenyu and the king of Huyouhui, who led the newly surrendered tribes to fight in successive years, and after returning, they were stationed in various fortresses. Geng Kui's requisition of the Xiongnu was very frequent, and the newly surrendered people were very resentful, so their leader Albane and others rebelled and coerced Hu You Hui to leave with them. Hu Youhui disagreed, and said: "I am old, I am favored by the Han family, and I would rather die than accompany me!" The Albanians led their troops to flee north, and the Han army pursued them, and the rebels were almost completely annihilated.

In 140, the Southern Xiongnu Julong King Wusi, Che Niu and others rebelled, and lured the Right Xian King to join forces to surround Meiji. Chen Gui, the general of the Huns, believed that Shan Yu Huli could not control his subordinates, so he forced Shan Yu and his younger brother Zuo Xian Wang to commit suicide together, causing the Huns to become even more resentful, and the rebellion intensified, and it was not until 144 that the rebellion was put down.

In 158, the Southern Xiongnu were dissatisfied with the tyranny of the county magistrate of Eastern Han Prefecture, and all the tribes rebelled, and bordered nine counties with Wuhuan and Xianbei Kou. The Han court adopted the strategy of Jingzhao Yi Chen Gui and reappointed Youzhou and Bingzhou Assassins, and the commanders of Jingzhao Huya Camp and Fufeng Yongying, and the officials below the county Taishou and Du Wei were also replaced. At the same time, the one-year rent of the state and Liangzhou will be exempted. Zhang Huan, the commander of the subordinate state, was the general of Beizhonglang to fight the Xiongnu and Wuhuan, and soon broke the Xiongnu tribes. Zhang Huan was unable to manage state affairs in the south of Shan Yu Juche'er, so he was detained and asked to set up the king of Zuogu Li as Shan Yu. Emperor Huan of Han thought that Juche'er was yearning for the education of the imperial court, so he let him continue to serve as Shan Yu.

In 187, Zhang Chun, the former chief defender of Zhongshan, united Wuhuan to attack the four prefectures of Qing, Xu, You, and Hebei, and proclaimed himself the king of Mitian Anding. The Eastern Han Dynasty ordered Shan to send troops to help Liu Yu, the pastor of Youzhou, to ask for it. Qiangqu ordered Zuoxian King to lead the troops to the expedition, but the people in the country were worried that the Han Dynasty's conquest would not stop, so more than 100,000 people rebelled, Qiangqu Shan Yu was killed, and the people set up his son Youxian Wang Yu Fuluo as the corpse to drive Hou Shan Yu.

In the Cao Wei period, the status of the Xiongnu Shan Yu was further reduced, after the Central Plains experienced serious wars, the household registration was greatly reduced, and the ruler mobilized the Xiongnu cavalry to fight in order to make up for the lack of soldiers, and the local Haoqiang in order to fill the gap in labor, recruited the Xiongnu as tenants was also very common.

After Yu Fuluo succeeded to the throne, the Southern Huns who killed Qiangqu Shan Yu rebelled and jointly supported the Marquis of Subu Bone as Shan Yu. Yu Fuluo was unable to control the form, so he had to go to Luoyang to complain to the Han court. Just in time for the death of Emperor Ling, the world was in chaos, and Yu Fuluo led thousands of cavalry and rebels to plunder the county and county. However, at that time, the people gathered in the dock fort to defend themselves, and Yu Fuluo did not loot anything, but his own troops suffered many casualties. Yu Fuluo originally wanted to return to the Xiongnu, but the Xiongnu did not accept it, so they had to stay in Pingyang County (now Linfen City, Shanxi), and later participated in the melee of the princes. The Marquis of Subu Gudu died the following year, and the position of the Southern Xiongnu Shan Yu was vacant, and the father of the Marquis of Subu Gudu took over the power of Shan Yu. In 195, Yu Fuluo died, and his younger brother Hu Chuquan succeeded him and led his troops to Binh Duong. In 202, Yuan Shao died of illness, and his son Yuan Shang sent Hedong Taishou Guo Yuan to attack Hedong together with Gao Gan and Nandan Yu Huchuquan, and Cao Cao made Si Li's lieutenant Zhong Xuan besiege Hu Chuquan in Pingyang, Zhong Miao defeated Guo Yuan, and Hu Chuquan surrendered to Cao Cao.

In 216, Cao Cao was worried that the rapid increase in the number of Xiongnu households would gradually become difficult to control, so he ordered Hu Chuquan Shan Yu to come to the court, and Cao Cao took the opportunity to leave him in Yecheng and sent Hu Chuquan's uncle Youxian Wang to supervise the affairs of his country. According to the Xiongnu tradition, King Zuo Xian was the successor of Shan Yu, and Hu Chuquan took Liu Bao, the son of his brother Yu Fuluo, as the king of Zuo Xian, that is, he was preparing to take Liu Bao as the heir of Shan Yu. Cao Cao led state affairs with the right virtuous king, and the purpose was naturally to drive a wedge between the left and right virtuous kings. Later, when Sima Shi was in power, Liu Bao, the king of Zuoxian, had the most prosperous subordinates, and Deng Ai, who was the Taishou of Chengyang at the time, suggested supporting Liu Meng, the son of Qubei, and letting him live in Yanmen to divide the Xiongnu trend. Sima Shi agreed.

Not only that, Cao Cao also divided the Southern Xiongnu into five divisions, each set up a nobleman as the commander, and selected the Han as Sima to supervise them. At the end of the Wei Dynasty, he changed his commander to the commander, and the left commander led more than 10,000 falls, living in Taiyuan Guzi County (now belonging to Fenyang); There are more than 6,000 lieutenants on the right, living in Qi County; There are more than 3,000 governors in the south, living in Puzi County (now Xi County, Shanxi); There are more than 4,000 governors in the north, living in Xinxing County (now Xinzhou, Shanxi), and more than 6,000 in the central part of the city, living in Tailing County (now Wenshui, Shanxi). Since then, although the Xiongnu tribal organization has been nominally preserved, its power has all fallen into the hands of the Cao Wei regime, and it is just a false name, and the political situation of the Southern Xiongnu Khanate has perished. As stated in "The Biography of the Three Kingdoms": "Shan Yu is obedient, the name is the king, and the ministry serves and serves, which is the same as making up households." ”

Despite this, the power of the Southern Xiongnu was still very strong, and Jiang Tong said in his "Treatise on Migration": "Today, the people of the five tribes have tens of thousands of households, and the population is more prosperous than that of Xirong." However, its nature is brave, and the bow horse is convenient, which is twice as good as Di and Qiang. If there is no worry about the wind and dust, then the domain of the annex state can be chilling. ("The Book of Jin Zhang Tongbiography")

4. The situation of the Xiongnu in the early years of the Western Jin Dynasty and Liu Meng's uprising

In the early years of the Western Jin Dynasty, there were still remnants of the Huns attached to the outside of the Saiwai. The migration of the Xiongnu in the early years of the Western Jin Dynasty recorded in the historical books is as follows:

In 265 years, there was a big flood outside the Saiwai, more than 20,000 Xiongnu fell inside, the Western Jin Dynasty let them live under the city of Yiyang in Hexi, and lived together with the Han people, so Pingyang, Xihe, Taiyuan, Xinxing, Shangdang, Leping counties (now Shanxi Province) everywhere have the figure of the Huns. The Xiongnu living outside the Saiwai were mainly active in the northern part of present-day Shaanxi, the southern part of Inner Mongolia, and the southeastern part of Gansu, where they mixed with other ethnic groups, or merged with other ethnic groups, or formed new races.

In 284, the Xiongnu chieftain Hu Tai'a Hou led more than 29,000 people from his tribe to join him.

In 286, more than 100,000 Xiongnu tribes surrendered.

In 287, the Xiongnu governor Dou Deyi Yuju and others led more than 11,000 mouths and more than 100,000 cattle and sheep to surrender and pay tribute.

At that time, there were many kinds of Xiongnu people who moved into the Saine, mainly including the Tu Division, the Xian Branch, the Kou Tou, the Wu Tan Division, the Chile Division, the Leech Division, the Black Wolf Division, the Chisha Division, the Yu Xuan Division, the Withered Division, the Bald Tong Division, the Bo Mi Division, the Qiang Canal Division, the Helai Division, the Zhong Jie Division, the Building Division, the Yongqu Division, the True Tree Division, the Liqi Division, all nineteen species, all have tribes, and they are not mixed with each other. Among them, the slaughter of the various departments is the most noble, and the successive Southern Huns are all out of this department. There are also Qi Wu and Le, all of whom are brave and rebellious. Moreover, in the battle of Wu, Emperor Wu of Jin is likely to mobilize the Xiongnu troops, "Jin Shu Beidi Biography" contains: "When Emperor Wu, there was a cavalry governor Qi Wuling evil Wu Yougong, moved to Chisha Duwei. ”

With the demise of the Southern Xiongnu Khanate, the Central Plains court's control over the Xiongnu became more and more strengthened, and the process of Xiongnu sinicization during this period also accelerated a lot. Hu people change the surname of the Han naturally belongs to the phenomenon of sinicization, and the degree of sinicization of the Xiongnu is much higher than imagined, the son of Liu Bao, the king of the Xiongnu Zuoxian, is named Liu Yuan, as a hostage in Luoyang, "Jin Shu Liu Yuanhai Biography" said: "Young and studious, the teacher is on the party Cui You, Xi "Mao Poems", "Jingshi Yi", "Ma's Shangshu", especially "Spring and Autumn Zuo's Biography", "Sun Wu Art of War", slightly recited it, "History", "Han", Zhuzi, all overview. It can be seen that he is so deep in sinicization that he can be regarded as proficient in sinology. His son Liu He is also "studious, learning "Mao's Poems", "Zuo's Spring and Autumn", and "Zheng's Yi". "There is also Liu Xuan, the son of Qiangqu Shan Yu, "Good "Mao's Poems", "Zuo's Biography"... Every time I read the "Book of Han", to "Xiao He" and "The Biography of Deng Yu", I never sang it repeatedly. It can be seen that the Xiongnu aristocracy at that time should have generally had different degrees of sinicization.

At this time, in addition to the gradual sinicization of the Xiongnu, on the other hand, their status was further reduced, as Liu Xuan said: "In the past, my ancestors and the Han were brothers, and they were worried about the same. Since the death of the Han Dynasty, the Wei and Jin dynasties, although I have a virtual number, there is no business of recovering the soil, since the princes, descended to the same household. ("The Biography of Liu Yuanhai in the Book of Jin") This is still the situation of the Xiongnu nobles, and the situation of ordinary tribes is even more difficult. "The Biography of the Book of Jin" contains: "The Taiyuan tribes also took the Xiongnu Hu people as tenants, and many of them were thousands." It can be seen that a large number of Xiongnu people were forced to become local powerful tenants for their livelihood at that time, and it also shows that some Xiongnu people at this time had changed the traditional animal husbandry production mode and turned to farming, which was no different from the Han people.

In the early years of the Western Jin Dynasty, the Qianqu people from the Qiangqu tribe of the Xiongnu tribe mainly lived in the Shangdang area, that is, in the southeast of today's Shanxi, and their situation was no different from that of the Xiongnu. Shi Le, the founder of Later Zhao, was a member of the Qian ethnic group, and when he was young, he also farmed for the Han landlords for a living, and when he encountered natural disasters, he captured a large number of Hu people and sold them into slavery by state officials, and Shi Le was unfortunately arrested. According to the law of the Western Jin Dynasty, if you sell good families, you will be punished with heavy fines. "Huayang National Chronicles" recorded a story: Yang Nandi, the king of Di, once sent his adopted son to Liangzhou to sell and trade, and sold a good family without permission, but was caught by the government, and Zhang Guang, the assassin of Liangzhou, killed him. It can be seen that the status of ordinary Hu people in the Wei and Jin dynasties was low, and the most basic rights and interests were not guaranteed.

Because of the difficult situation of the Hu people who moved inward, and they were oppressed and humiliated by local officials, there were rebellions from time to time, as recorded in the "Zizheng Tong Jianmian 81": "Since the Han and Wei dynasties, the Qiang, Hu, and Xianbei have been subdued in many Senai counties. Later, out of resentment, he killed the chief officials, and gradually suffered from the people. "With the deepening of national contradictions, the defense of Yixia has become more and more serious. Let's take Liu Yuan's experience as an example.

At that time, the minister Wang Hun came from the Taiyuan Wang family, and the Taiyuan area belonged to the Hu and Han mixed places, so Wang Hun's national consciousness was relatively civilized. Liu Yuan is quite talented in civil and military affairs, and Wang Hun values him very much, and has recommended him to Emperor Wu of Jin many times. Emperor Wu of Jin summoned Liu Yuan to talk to him and was very fond of his talents. Later, Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty said to Wang Ji, the son of Wang Hun: "Liu Yuan's appearance and wit cannot be compared even with You Yu in the Spring and Autumn Period and Jin Riyan in the Han Dynasty." Wang Ji then took the opportunity to recommend, and then said: "Liu Yuan's appearance and wit are really as the saint said, but his literary and military talents are far better than the two. If His Majesty can entrust him to deal with the affairs of the southeast, then Soochow will not be able to deal with it. Emperor Wu of Jin happily approved after hearing this. However, Kong Sui and Yang Jue, who were serving on the side, hurriedly persuaded and said to Emperor Wu of Jin: "Looking at Liu Yuan's talent, there is no one in today's world to compare, if Your Majesty gives him fewer troops, it will not be enough to succeed; If he is given enough authority, after pacifying Wu, I am afraid that he will not continue to be a vassal in the north. Those who are not of my race will have different hearts. Entrust the affairs of his own ministry to others, and the ministers will chill His Majesty. If you want to give him a high and dangerous land, I'm afraid it won't work!" Emperor Wu of Jin then put Liu Yuan aside. Later, the Xianbei bald tree in Hexi rebelled, and the Western Jin Dynasty sent troops to quell the rebellion, but was defeated by the rebels, and Liangzhou fell. Emperor Wu of Jin was deeply worried, so he asked who could be used by the servant to shoot Li Xi to pacify Liangzhou. Li Xi replied: "Your Majesty should mobilize the five Xiongnu, give Liu Yuan the title of general, and let him lead the Huns to the west, then the rebellion is just around the corner." Emperor Wu of Jin was still thinking about it, but Kong Sui on the side said: "Li Gong's words are not the truth to eliminate disasters. Li Xi said angrily: "With the strength of the Huns, the Xiaobing of Liu Yuan, and the power of the Holy Heaven, why not do it!" Kong Sui said again: "If Liu Yuan can really kill the tree function, then the disaster in Liangzhou will be even deeper. Jiaolong gets clouds and rain, and it is not a compound pool. Although Emperor Wu of Jin appreciated Liu Yuan, he was still not at ease with him, and when he heard Kong Sui say this, he didn't dare to use him.

Liu Yuan was very unambitious during his time in Luoyang, and he had no skills but could not contribute to the country. Liu Yuan had a good friend named Wang Mi, and later Wang Mi was preparing to return to his hometown, and Liu Yuan made a trip for him on the Jiuqu Riverside. After a few glasses of wine, Liu Yuanbei came from it, and said to Wang Mi with tears: "Wang Hun and Li Xi know me because they are fellow villagers with me and know me well, so they recommend me in front of the saints, but they always cause some people to take the opportunity to slander, which poses a danger to me. I didn't want to be an official, I hope you understand. I'm afraid I'll die in Luoyang and say goodbye to Jun Jue. So he sang a song of generosity and sorrow, and drank and howled, and his voice was so loud and loud that the seaters wept for it. Unfortunately, Sima You, the king of Qi, was in Jiuqu at the time, and when he heard about this, he immediately sent someone to inspect it, and sure enough, he saw Liu Yuan drinking there to express his dissatisfaction with the Jin court, and then entered the palace and said to Emperor Wu of Jin: "If Your Majesty does not get rid of Liu Yuanhai, I am afraid that the state will not be peaceful." Wang Hun was also present at the time, and he said: "Liu Yuanhai is an elder, and I, Wang Hun, can vouch for the king." Besides, the Great Jin is about to show friendship to the foreign land, and with benevolence and virtue and Huairou Far Away, how can he kill the hostages of the subject country because of unfounded suspicions, so as to show that the kindness of the Jin Kingdom is not widespread?" Emperor Wu of Jin thought that what Wang Hun said was reasonable, so he did not kill him.

Liu Yuan was a Xiongnu nobleman, and was even appreciated by the emperor's relatives (Wang Ji was the son-in-law of Emperor Wu of Jin, with Princess Changshan), and his situation was so worrying, let alone ordinary Hu people. The defection of Liu Meng, the right virtuous king of the Xiongnu, also occurred in this context.

Liu Meng was the son of the right virtuous king, and took over the throne of the right virtuous king after his death. In order to split the Xiongnu forces, Cao Wei deliberately gave preferential treatment to Liu Meng in order to divide the power of Liu Bao, the king of Zuoxian. However, Liu Meng's situation is not necessarily stronger than Liu Bao's. Liu Xuan once explained the reason for Liu Meng's defection, he believed: "Jin is unreasonable, and the slave controls me, and it is the right virtuous king who is fierce and angry." (The Biography of Liu Yuanhai in the Book of Jin)

The historical records of Liu Meng's defection are very brief, and there are only a few paragraphs in the historical records, as follows:

"Jin Shu Ying Emperor Ji": "(Taishi) the first month of the seventh year of spring... The Hun handsome Liu Meng rebelled out of the plug... In the first month of the spring of the eighth year, the prison army He Zhen begged the Huns Liu Meng, tired and broken, and the left marshal Li Ke killed and surrendered. ”

"Jin Shu Yan Wei Biography" contains: "At that time, the imperial court was (Du) foretold in the strategy, and the Xiongnu Marshal Liu Meng raised troops to rebel, and since the west of the state and Hedong and Pingyang, the edict was predetermined by the scattered marquis, and the Obaidu branch was still in the book. ”

"The Biography of Beidi in the Book of Jin" contains: "In the first seven years of Tai, Shan Yu rebelled, and the evil city of Tunkong. Emperor Wu sent Lou Hou He Zhen to hold the festival to ask for it. Zhen has always had ambitions, with fierce fierceness, not controlled by a small number of soldiers, but lured the fierce left governor Li Ke to kill fiercely, so the Huns were shocked, and they did not dare to rebel for many years. ”

"The Biography of Hu Fen in the Book of Jin" contains: "The central Xiongnu commander Liu Meng rebelled, so that Xiao rode the road to ask for it, and took Fen as the supervisor of the army, the fake festival, and the Dun army in the north of the city, as the successor of the Tibetan. Hit fiercely, broke it, and slashed Li Ke down fiercely. ”

"The Biography of Tiefu Liu Hu in Wei Shu" contains: "Tiefu Liu Hu, a descendant of Nandan Yuzhi, the grandson of Zuoxian Wang Qubei, the son of Liu Mengzhi in the north, lives in the north of Xinxing Yu. The northerners called Hu's father and mother 'Tiefu', because they thought it was a number. Died violently, and the deputy Lun came to run. The Tiger Father ascended to lead the tribe on his behalf. He ascended to death, and the tiger replaced him. ”

Based on these historical materials, we can completely analyze the general situation of Liu Meng's rebellion.

Liu Meng's defection occurred in January 271 and was not pacified until January 272, which lasted a year. The Book of Jin called Liu Meng the commander of the central part of the Xiongnu, while the Book of Wei called Liu Meng the commander of the northern part of the Xiongnu. Therefore, although Liu Meng was the right king of the Xiongnu, he was not in command of the right part of the Xiongnu, but in the northern part of the Xiongnu, and his station should be in Xinxing County (now Xinzhou, Shanxi), with more than 4,000 troops. According to the "Du Pre-Biography", after Liu Meng's rebellion, he first went south to plunder the two counties of Hedong and Pingyang, that is, the area of Linfen and Yuncheng Basin in the southwest of Shanxi today, which is the most socially developed area in the Western Jin Dynasty and the state. After that, Liu Meng fled north, crossed the Shenling Mountains (now the Hengshan Mountains) and went out of the fortress, and stationed in Kong Evil City (this place is unknown). After Liu Meng's rebellion, Du Pre entered the palace as a Marquis of Sanhou (a marquis who had no duty or a fiefdom in ancient times, and Du Pre was previously exempted from official office for crimes) to set up a strategy, and Emperor Wu of Jin decided to ride Lu Fan to discuss, and Hu Fen and He Zhen were the supervisors of the army as Lu Bo's backup, and the troops were stationed north of the Shanling Mountains. Among them, He Zhen is the festival, and Hu Fen is the false festival, in the Western Jin Dynasty. In peacetime, you can kill people who have no official position, and in wartime, you can cut down 2,000 stones; False festivals can only kill those who violate military orders in wartime. Therefore, He Zhen's level is higher than Hu Fen, and he should be the commander of the Western Jin Dynasty's crusade against Liu Meng, which is also the reason why "Emperor Wu Ji" only records He Zhenping and Liu Meng. According to the "Biography of Beidi", He Zhen has always had ambitions, thinking that Liu Meng's troops were strong and fierce, and although the Jin army had a small victory, their existing forces were not enough to quell the rebellion, so they used counter-tactics to secretly lure Li Ke, the governor of the left who participated in the rebellion, to kill Liu Meng, so the Xiongnu were subdued. After Liu Meng's death, his son Liu Vice-Lun took refuge in the Xianbei Tuoba Department outside the Saiwai, and his subordinates were led by Liu Meng's brother Liu Hesheng, and after the death of Liu Meng, Liu Meng's subordinate Liu Hu became the commander of the northern Xiongnu. At this time, the activity area of the northern Xiongnu moved north compared with that of Liu Meng, and they lived in the north of Xinxing County's Xianyu County (now Wutai County, Shanxi), very close to Biansai, and located about 100 miles northeast of Xinxing County. There are a large number of Xianbei people living in the border area of the Western Jin Dynasty, Liu Hu's tribe and Xianbei live together, intermarry with each other, the northerners call the son born to the Xiongnu's father Xianbei mother as 'Tiefu', Liu Meng took "Tiefu" as the tribal name.

Liu Meng was killed, and the Huns in Bingzhou were greatly deterred and did not dare to rebel again in the short term. It was not until 274 that the Huns Hao San rebelled again, but was soon pacified. Since the Hao San Uprising is related to the Qi Wannian Uprising, it will be introduced later.

5. The origin and migration of the Xianbei people

The Bald Tree Functional Uprising was a large-scale national uprising that occurred in the northwest in the early years of the Western Jin Dynasty, and both the number of participants and the duration of the Liu Meng Uprising were incomparable. Different from Liu Meng's uprising, the main body of the bald tree function uprising was the bald tribe of the Xianbei tribe, their history of internal migration was very short, but the determination to resist the rulers of the Western Jin Dynasty was very strong, the duration of the uprising was nearly 10 years, seriously threatening the rule of the northwest region of the Western Jin Dynasty, "Emperor Wu for the food", ("Jin Shu Bald Wu Gu Biography") even forced Emperor Wu of Jin to postpone the launch of the campaign against Wu for several years.

Xianbei is an ancient ethnic group living in the north of our country, from the Western Han Dynasty began to migrate south from the Northeast Daxinganling area, arrived in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and further moved south during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, and successively established many regimes in ancient China, such as Qianyan, Daiguo, Houyan, Western Yan, Southern Yan, Western Qin, Southern Liang, Northern Wei, etc., and its ethnic group was finally completely integrated into the Chinese ethnic groups. In order to understand the background of the Bald Tree Functional Uprising, it is necessary to detail the origin and migration of the Xianbei people.

In ancient China, the Northeast region has always been full of ethnic groups, and there have been many minority regimes, but in general, they belong to the three major ethnic systems, one is Su Shen, the second is the Hui Qian, and the third is the Donghu, which is briefly introduced here.

The Sushen nation is very ancient, from the period of Emperor Wu of the Zhou Dynasty has accurate historical records, the later Lou, Beji, Jian, Jurchen are all from this ethnic origin, fishing and hunting for a living. The Hui people originally lived in Dongyi on the Shandong Peninsula, and migrated to the northeast during the Shang and Zhou dynasties, and successively established the Hui Kingdom, Buyeo, Zuben Buyeo (i.e., Goguryeo), Eastern Buyeo, and South Buyeo (i.e., Baekje), and their production was mainly agricultural. Donghu was very prosperous in the pre-Qin period, because it lived east of the Xiongnu, and at that time the term "Hu people" did not refer to tribes other than the Han people, but specifically to the Xiongnu. Donghu lived as a nomadic herder, but was defeated by the Xiongnu and forced to migrate eastward, where he was enslaved by the Xiongnu for generations. The Xianbei tribe is a branch of Donghu.

After the Xiongnu defeated Donghu, some of the Donghu tribes were annexed by the Xiongnu, and some retreated to Wuhuan Mountain and some retreated to Daxianbei Mountain. Those who retreated to Wuhuan Mountain evolved into the Wuhuan tribe, and those who retreated to Daxianbei Mountain evolved into the Xianbei tribe. Of course, the ethnic system of Donghu is not only the Xianbei and Wuhuan branches, but also includes the Rouran, Kumoxi, Khitan, Murowei, Mongolian and other ethnic groups that appeared later.

When the origin of the Xianbei Tuoba Department is mentioned in the Book of Wei, there is the following record: "The state has the Great Xianbei Mountain, because it is the number, and then, the world is the king, the north of the secluded capital, the wilderness of the desert, the migration of animal husbandry, the hunting industry, the simplicity is the custom, the simplicity is the transformation, not the text, the carving of the wood is just the deed." The world is far and near, and people pass it on from person to person, like the records of historians......"

There are many controversies about the location of Daxianbei Mountain in history, and it was not until modern archaeological discoveries that the mystery was finally revealed. Historical records have clearly recorded that the Wuluo Hou State in today's northeast sent envoys to the Northern Wei Dynasty established by the Xianbei of the Tuoba tribe in 443, and they claimed that there was a stone chamber in the northwest of their country, "the old ruins of the first emperor" ("The Biography of Wuluohou of Wei"), that is, the place where the ancestors of the Xianbei Tuoba tribe lived and worshipped. So Emperor Taiwu Tuoba Tao sent Li Chang, a scholar in the middle school, to sacrifice, and "published a blessing on the wall of the room and returned" ("Wei Shu Wuluohou Biography")

In 1980, archaeologists discovered this stone chamber, and at the same time, on the west side of the stone wall close to the entrance of the cave, Li Chang's blessing at the time of worship to the ancestors was found. This stone chamber is now known as Gaxian Cave, which is located at the east end of the peak of the northern section of the Great Xing'an Mountains, which is about 10 kilometers north of Alihe Town, Oroqen Autonomous Banner of Inner Mongolia. It can be seen that the place where the Xianbei people lived at first was quite far away from the Central Plains, and the climate was cold, which belonged to the bitter cold land outside the Saiwai.

Due to the very poor living conditions, the Xianbei people have always had the desire to move south. During the Western Han Dynasty, Huo Qubing defeated the Xiongnu Zuoxian King, and migrated Wuhuan to Shanggu, Yuyang and other five counties (now northern Hebei), and some Xianbei people began to migrate to the southwest, they filled the gap after Wuhuan moved south, and occupied the area of Raoleshui (now Xilamulun River), the hometown of Wuhuan. The ancestors of the Xianbei Tuoba tribe located in Gaxian Cave also began to move south, and the first record of Emperor Wei Shu contained: "Emperor Xuan pushed Yin Li. Moved south to Daze, more than 1,000 miles, and the soil was gloomy and depressed. Plotting to move south, it collapsed before it could be done. The so-called "Daze" is today's Hulun Lake, located in the southwest of Gaxian Cave, the distance between the two is nearly 1,000 miles, there are many swamps here, not a good pasture, so the ancestors of Tuoba Xianbei continued to migrate south after living here for several generations.

In the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Wuhuan moved further south from outside the Saiwai to the Senei, and Xianbei moved south to the border area. Since then, records of Xianbei people plundering the border began to appear in the history books. At the beginning, the Xianbei people were not strong, they often acted together with the Xiongnu and Wuhuan, as contained in the "Later Han Book Wuhuan Xianbei Biography" "At the beginning of Guangwu, the Xiongnu were strong, and the Xianbei and Wuhuan Kou copied the north, killing the officials, and there was no Ning Sui." "The Biography of the Later Han Dynasty" also has relevant records: "At that time, the Xiongnu, Xianbei and Chishan Wuhuan Lian and Qiangsheng, counted into the Sai and killed the officials. The court was worried, and increased the border soldiers, and there were thousands of people in the county, and the generals were sent to divide the blockades. ”

With the decline of the Xiongnu, the Xianbei people became more and more powerful, and there were more and more records of disturbance. In 45 A.D., more than 10,000 Xianbei rode Kou Liaodong, and Liaodong Taishou led thousands of people to meet the attack, beheaded more than 3,000 levels, and obtained thousands of horses. "Since he is humble, he is terrified, and he is afraid to look at it again." ("The Biography of the Book of the Later Han Dynasty")

In 49 AD, Xianbei began to exchange envoys with the Eastern Han government. Considering that the border Xiongnu, Wuhuan, and Xianbei were in harmony, and the pawn was a border harm, he used the power of Xianbei to fight against the Xiongnu and Wuhuan, and gave them coins. The leader of Liaodong Xianbei was attached to him, and he was lured to attack the Xiongnu, and then sacrificed more than 2,000 heads to the Liaodong County Government to receive rewards. After tasting the sweetness, the Xianbei people then "attacked each other year after year, sent the first level, and received rewards." (The Biography of the Later Han Dynasty)

In 85 A.D., the Northern Xiongnu Lord Che Lizhuo and other troops defected into the Sai, a total of 73 batches before and after. "When the northern captives were declining, the party rebelled, the south (Xiongnu) attacked the front, Ding Lingkou followed, Xianbei attacked its left, and the Western Regions invaded its right, and it was no longer self-reliant, but led away from afar." ("Later Han Shuyuan Xiongnu Biography") Xianbei therefore migrated to his place. There are still more than 100,000 remnants of the Xiongnu, all of whom call themselves Xianbei, Xianbei gradually flourishes, and the power starts from Liaodong in the east and reaches Longyou in the west.

The prosperity of the steppe peoples is not a good thing for the Central Plains countries, the conflict between the agricultural civilization and the nomads has almost run through the entire process of human history, the strength of the Xiongnu has made the strong Han deeply troubled, and after hundreds of years of efforts to completely solve the threat of the Xiongnu. Now the rise of Xianbei will inevitably lead to a strong collision of the two civilizations.

However, the Xianbei people did not follow in the footsteps of the Xiongnu and fled to Eastern Europe, they were much luckier than the Xiongnu and later Turks, and did not meet a strong stable and unified Central Plains country, they not only caught up with the opportunity of the Central Plains melee, but also caught up with the good weather.

Mr. Zhu Kezhen, an expert in climatology, has introduced in his book "Preliminary Research on Climate Change in China in the Past 5,000 Years": In the 2,000 years from Yangshao culture to Yinxu in Anyang, the average annual temperature in the Yellow River Basin was roughly 2 °C higher than now, and the temperature in January was about 3-5 °C; Since then, a series of cold and warm changes have a range of about 1-2°C, and the cycle of each wave lasts about 400 to 800 years; Several low temperatures in history occurred in 1000 BC, 400, 1200 and 1700 AD.

Don't look at only 1-2 °C change, its impact on the course of ancient history is profound, there are three nomads in Chinese history into the Central Plains, the first is the two Jin Dynasty and the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the second is the Yuan Dynasty, the third is the Qing Dynasty, these three times are just in the historical low temperature period, this is not a coincidence, it is this 1-2 °C change, so that the climate becomes cold and dry, directly led to the Yellow River Basin drought and little rain and the Mongolian Plateau of the abnormal cold and snow. The drought in the Yellow River valley inevitably led to the intensification of social contradictions and turmoil, leading to the collapse of the empire, and the snowstorm on the Mongolian plateau directly caused the nomads to have to go south to plunder, forcing them to continue to move south.

Because of the motivation to move south, and because of the excellent opportunity, the Xianbei people were finally able to enter the Central Plains and become one of the protagonists in the history of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.