Ethnic Policy in the Western Jin Dynasty (II)

6. The formation of Xianbei sudden

Due to the migration and intermingling of ethnic groups, the tribes of the Xianbei people are very chaotic, and these tribes are not affiliated with each other, and even plunder each other. However, before that, the Xianbei people had a unified history.

In the late Eastern Han Dynasty, the Tanshihuai tribe rose, and he established a royal court in the Danhan Mountain (near present-day Shangdu County, Inner Mongolia), 300 miles north of Gaoliu (present-day Yanggao County, Shanxi Province), and became the leader of the Xianbei tribes. The history books say that "the soldiers and horses are very prosperous; The adults of the east and west are all returning. Because of the south to copy the edge, the north rejects Ding zero, the east is more than the husband, the west hits Wusun, according to the Xiongnu hometown, more than 14,000 miles from east to west, more than 7,000 miles from north to south, covering mountains, rivers, rivers, and salt ponds. ("The Biography of Wuhuan Xianbei in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty")

The Xianbei tribe, which formed a tribal alliance, achieved unification, and its strength could already be compared with that of the Xiongnu when they were at their strongest. Moreover, after Xianbei moved south, he exchanged markets with the Han court, learned the advanced iron-smelting technology from the Han people, and took the Han people as the master, and the Han court was deeply troubled. As Cai Yong said:

"Since the Huns fled, Xianbei was strong, according to its hometown, called 100,000 soldiers, talented, strong, and intellectual. The customs are not strict, the forbidden network is leaky, and the fine gold and iron are all owned by thieves; The Han people fled, plotting for it, and the soldiers were more than the Huns. ("The Biography of Wuhuan Xianbei in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty")

Tanshihuai divides Xianbei into three parts: from the east of Youbeiping (now southeast of Tangshan City, Hebei Province) to Liaodong, and to the east of more than 20 Yiyi of Fuyu and Haoqi. From the west of Youbeiping to Shanggu (now Huailai, Hebei) more than ten yi as the middle. From the west of Shanggu to Dunhuang, Wusun more than 20 yi is the west. All the adults belong to the sandalwood acacia.

At this time, the Eastern Han Dynasty declined, Xianbei was strong, although the Han Dynasty was deeply troubled, but it was unable to control it, so it could only send the seal ribbon to seal the sandalwood as the king, and wanted to make peace with it. Tanshi Huai refused to accept it, but instead more frequently Koubian. The invasion of the Xianbei people has made the Eastern Han Dynasty unbearable, Wuhuan Captain Xia Yu wrote to Emperor Ling of Han, thinking that troops should be sent to fight against Xianbei, Cai Yong expressed opposition, Emperor Ling of Han did not listen, and agreed to send troops.

In August 177 AD, Emperor Ling of the Han Dynasty sent Xia Yu to lead the army out of Gaoliu (now Yanggao County, Shanxi), Tian Yan led the army out of Yunzhong (now Tuoketuo County, Inner Mongolia), and the Xiongnu Zhonglang general Zang Min led the Southern Xiongnu Shan Yu out of Yanmen, each leading more than 10,000 cavalry, divided into three ways out of the fortress, deep into Xianbei more than 2,000 miles. Tanshi Huai ordered the eastern, central, and western three lords to lead their troops to meet the battle. Xia Yu and the others suffered a crushing defeat, and even lost all the runes and baggage, each of them only led a few dozen cavalry to survive, and the dead soldiers accounted for seven or eight tenths. After this fiasco in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Xianbei people became even more unscrupulous, and the declining imperial court was no longer able to organize a counterattack. However, the luck of the Eastern Han Dynasty was good, and Tan Shihuai died in 181 AD at the age of 45, and his son He Lian succeeded him as the leader.

He Lian is an incompetent person, coupled with greed for money and lust, and unfair judgments, which caused at least half of the Xianbei tribe to defect in his hands. After Helian's death, his son Qianman was young, and the tribe elected Helian's nephew Kuitou as the leader. Later, when Qianman grew up, he competed with the leader for the position of leader, causing the people to disperse. Kuitou died, and his younger brother Budugen succeeded him as leader, and by this time the Xianbei tribal alliance no longer existed, and the tribes were independent of each other.

At the same time, the Yellow Turban Army uprising broke out in the Central Plains and fell into serious civil strife. When Cao Wei unified the north, the leader of the Xianbei tribe in the southern part of the country, Kebineng, gradually annexed the surrounding tribes, and his power gradually became stronger, and the Xianbei tribes were likely to be unified again.

"The Legend of the Three Kingdoms Karasuma Xianbei Dongyi" contains: "Kebi can be a small species of Xianbei, brave and healthy, break the law and flat, not greedy for money, and the public thinks that it is an adult." Since Yuan Shao was based in Hebei, many Chinese rebelled against him, taught him to be a weapon armor, and learned to write a lot. Therefore, he regulates the people, intends to rule China, goes in and out of the hunt, establishes the Jinglu, and takes the drum festival as the advance and retreat. ”

After Yuan Shao took Jizhou, many of the Yellow Turban Army and the Black Mountain Army fled into Xianbei, and these Han people taught the Kebineng tribe to make weapons, writing and combat skills, so that the combat effectiveness of the Kebineng tribe was much stronger than that of other tribes. After years of hard work, Kebi was able to unify some tribes in Xianbei, and the power was already very strong, controlling more than 100,000 strings, which had become a big problem for Cao Wei. As the "Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms" said: "Hou Xianbei Lord Kebi can copy Yu Qundi, collect the hometown of the Xiongnu, from Yunzhong (now Tuoketuo County, Inner Mongolia), Wuyuan (now Wuyuan County, Inner Mongolia) to the east to Liaoshui, all of which are Xianbei Court." Several offenses are smitten and bitter. ”

Not only that, Kebineng's strength even attracted the attention of Zhuge Liang of Shu Han, who sent an envoy to Kebineng during the Northern Expedition in 231, and the two echoed each other after being linked, attempting to attack Cao Wei in the north and south.

Cao Wei Youzhou Assassin Shi Wang Xiong was very troubled by the frequent Kou Bian of the Xianbei people, so he sent the warrior Han Long to assassinate him. Kebineng was unfortunately assassinated, and the tribes under his command either attached themselves to Cao Wei to accept rewards, or continued to harass the border fortress, or attacked other tribes, and the threat of the Xianbei tribes to Cao Wei's borders was greatly reduced.

In the early years of the Western Jin Dynasty, with the migration and integration of the Xianbei tribes, several major tribes were gradually formed, including the Murong Division, the Yuwen Division, the Duan Division, the Tuoba Division, the Tuyuhun Division, the Baldness Division, and the Begging Division. The bald tree function is the leader of the bald department.

Since we talk about the origin of baldness, we must first introduce the formation and migration of the Tuoba.

Tuoba Department is also known as Suo Head, according to the "Book of Wei" records, Tuoba Department is a descendant of the Yellow Emperor, the Yellow Emperor is called the king of Tude, the north calls the soil "Tuo", and the king is called "Ba", so the tribe is named after Tuoba. This is clearly apocryphal.

The earliest credible records of the Tuoba Department should be traced back to Tuoba Mao, the era of Tuoba Mao's life was probably in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, and the Book of Wei called it "smart and strategic, pushed from far and near, unified the country thirty-six, the surname ninety-nine, Weizhen the north, and all of them were not convinced." "Due to the long history, there is no written record of the Tuoba Department, and the relevant history can only be passed on by word of mouth, so Tuoba Mao should be a legendary figure in the Tuoba Department, but it also has a certain authenticity.

When the Xianbei people had not yet moved south, the Tuoba tribe was located in the northeasternmost branch of the tribes, also known as the other Xianbei tribes. As mentioned above, the ancestors of the Tuoba Department first lived near Gaxian Cave, the living conditions were bad, Tuoba Mao passed down the fifth generation and came to Tuoba Tuiyin, Tuoba Xianbei began to move south for the first time, to the vicinity of Hulun Lake today, because this is more than a thousand swamp areas, Tuoba Tuiyin wanted to continue to migrate south, but unfortunately died before the trip.

Tuoba Tuiyin passed the sixth generation to Tuoba Lin, and he was ready to move south for the second time, but he was already old and weak, so he passed the throne to Tuoba Jiefen. Tuoba Jiefen adhered to his father's will and led his tribe to continue to move south, and finally arrived at the hometown of the Xiongnu, that is, the Yinshan area of Guyang County, north of today's Hetao.

After Tuoba Jiefen's death, his son Tuoba Liwei succeeded him. History said that the strength of the micro "has a degree of heroism, unpredictable. In 258, Tuoba Liwei moved his subordinates south to the area of Shengle (now Inner Mongolia and Lingel North), and Tuoba Liwei summoned all the ministers to worship the heavens, but the Baibu adults did not arrive, and Tuoba Liwei killed him. From this point of view, the Xianbei tribes have formed a tribal alliance in the Shengle area, and the history books say that the Tuoba tribe at this time has controlled more than 200,000 horses.

At the same time, the Central Plains was in the Three Kingdoms period, although Cao Wei had no intention of looking north, but it was not comparable to the Tuoba Department, so Tuoba Liwei warned the adults of the various departments: "I have watched the Xiongnu and Kudun (the leader of Wuhuan, killed by Cao Cao) in the previous life, greedy for money and profit, plundering the border people, although there is gain, and its casualties are not enough to make up for each other, but also recruit Kou Yun, the people are miserable, not a long-term plan." ”

Tuoba Liwei adopted a very friendly attitude towards the Central Plains, not only made peace with Wei, but also sent his son Tuoba Desert Khan to Cao Wei as a proton in 261. Since then, "the appointment and inquiry have been handed over to the market, and the exchanges have been endless. ("The First Book of Emperor Wei") Cao Wei also gave Tuoba gold coins and silk coins, which were tens of thousands of years old.

Tuoba Liwei had an older brother named Tuoba Pigu (recorded in the history books as bald Pigu), but he failed to succeed him. The author thinks there are two possible reasons, perhaps because the status of Pigu's mother is too low, because the "Book of Wei" says that Liwei's mother was born to a heavenly daughter, which is naturally superstitious, but at least it shows that Liwei's mother is very noble in the tribe. It is also possible that Jiefen doesn't like Pigu and likes Liwei, Wei Shu called Liwei "born wise", and he must be very loved by Tuoba Jiefen. After Liwei ascended the throne, the relationship between the two brothers should be very bad, Pi Gu will lead his tribe to move west from Saibei, Cao Wei period from the north of the Yin Mountain, Hetao, along the banks of the Yellow River, along the east foot of the Helan Mountains to the south, to the north of Hexi and Longxi, that is, the current Inner Mongolia Ejina Banner to the north of Ningxia nomadism. This also shows that although Pi Gu did not succeed to the throne, he also had a lot of clansmen, or many clansmen who were willing to follow him to the west.

"The First Chronicle of Emperor Wei Shu" contains: "In the first year (220 years, the Eastern Han Dynasty perished in the same year), the age was in Gengzi. First of all, the western invasion and the dispersion of the people relied on Dou Bin, the lord of the Wulu Hui Department. "The western part of the institute here is likely to refer to the Hexi Xianbei under the command of Pi Gu, so Pi Gu sent troops to attack in the year when Li Wei succeeded to the throne and won a big victory, and Li Wei had to take refuge in Dou Bin, the lord of the Wulu Hui Department.

After Pigu's death, he was succeeded by his son Khotan. "The Biography of the Bald Wu Gu in the Book of Jin" said: "Shou Khotan is pregnant, and the mother Hu Ye was born in the quilt because of sleeping, and Xianbei is called 'bald', so the family." This is where the surname Baldness comes from. It can be seen that although the bald department and the Tuoba department are of the same origin, the bald people are also reluctant to use the same surname because of the contradictions between the elders. However, some experts have verified that the surname of baldness was changed by Wei Shu, a historian of the Northern Wei Dynasty, and the bald department has actually been using the surname Tuoba all the time.

Later, when Cao Wei Zhenxi general Deng Aidu supervised the military of Longyou, he moved tens of thousands of Xianbei people from Balfa and other departments to the two prefectures of Longyouyong and Liang in Hexi, that is, the central part of Shaanxi and Gansu, and finally settled in the east of the Hexi Corridor and the east of Qinghai Lake. The entire range of activities of the sudden tribe extends to Maitian (now Jingyuan County, Gansu) and Liantun (now Guyuan City, Ningxia) in the east, Shiluo in the west, Douhe (now Guide County, Qinghai) in the south, and the desert in the north.

The bald tree machine uprising that occurred in the early years of the Western Jin Dynasty lasted for nearly 10 years, and its leader was the grandson of Khotan, who was the third generation leader of the bald department, and the history books called it "strong and strategic", and was defeated by the Jin army on the eve of the Western Jin Dynasty's battle against Wu, and was later killed by his subordinates.

7. The occurrence and development of the tree function uprising

Cao Wei moved the bald troops to Hexi and Longyou, the main purpose was to use the Xianbei department to defend the border for himself, which was Cao Wei's lack of troops and had to do it. In addition to the Han nationality, Xianbei, Qiang, Di, and Xiongnu live together, there are also many ethnic groups such as Bayi, Lushuihu, and Beidihu.

Due to the improper ethnic policy, the northwest at this time was like a barrel, and Emperor Wu of Jin had also realized the sharpness of the ethnic contradictions in the northwest, so how to maintain the stability of the northwest region became his heart disease. In the fifth year of Taishi (269), Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty took the five counties of Longyou in Yongzhou, Jincheng County of Liangzhou (now Lanzhou, Gansu), Yinping County of Liangzhou (now Wenxian County, Gansu), and placed Qinzhou and Jicheng (now Gangu County, Tianshui City, Gansu) in seven counties to strengthen his control over the area west of Longxi and Hexi.

The setting of Qinzhou was a good thing, and if the policy of tenderness could be adopted against all ethnic groups, the bald tree function uprising might not happen. However, Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty used non-people, with Hu Lie as the history of Qinzhou Thorn and Lianhong as the history of Liangzhou Thorn, Hu Lie was a native of Linjing (now south of Zhenyuan County, Gansu), and was the son of Hu Zun, the general of Cao Wei, and was quite kind and trustworthy in the Guanlong area; "Also fierce and resolute" ("Three Kingdoms Zhi Zhi Zhao Biography") (referring to the style of Zhao Hong with his father), both of them are known for their fierceness, not Suiyuan's talent.

Before Emperor Wu of Jin appointed the two to guard the northwest, there was also a small episode. Hu Lie was originally the history of Jingzhou Thorn, and Xian Hong was originally the history of Yangzhou Thorn, at this time the Western Jin Dynasty had not yet unified the southeast, and Jingyang and Yangzhou were the center of gravity for national defense. At that time, Chen Qian, the military governor of Yangzhou, was the boss of Xianhong, but the relationship between the two was not very good. Later, Chen Qian entered the court and said to Emperor Wu of Jin: "Hu Lie and Lian Hong are both brave and unscrupulous, stronger than self-use, and if they are not Suibian's materials, they will be a national shame." May Your Majesty be detailed. Emperor Wu of Jin thought that Chen Qian had a gap with Yinghong, which framed Yinghong, so he didn't care about his reminder, and it happened that Emperor Wu of Jin wanted to run the northwest, so he ordered the two to serve as Qin and Liang Thorn respectively, Chen Qian could only sigh secretly, thinking that the two would be defeated.

Fu Xuan, the captain of Sili, had a different view from Chen Qian, he believed that Hu Lie would be able to shock the northwest, and he had this paragraph in his recital to Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty: "Hu Lie, the assassin of Qinzhou, has always believed in the West, and now he is martyred, although Zhu Hu is no longer evil, it will be eliminated." However, the heart of the beast is difficult to protect, and it is not necessary to have it for a long time. If there is a provocation later, the fierce plan can be controlled. ("The Biography of Jin Shuqi")

Although Fu Xuan was convinced that Hu Lie could control the situation in the northwest, he was wary of the rebellion of the Hu people fleeing, or moving east to Anding (now southeast of Zhenyuan County, Gansu), or west to Wuwei. Therefore, Fu Xuan suggested that a new county be set up in Gaopingchuan (now the Qingshui River Basin of Guyuan City, Ningxia) to relocate the people. The three counties of Anding, Wuwei, and Gaopingchuan were assigned to Qinzhou, so that Hu Lie could have the ability to prevent the Zhuhu rebellion.

Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty did not take Fu Xuan's suggestion, because soon after Hu Lie and Xianhong arrived in the sixth year of Taishi (270), something happened in the northwest, and the Xianbei Bald Hair Department rebelled against the Jin, and Hu Lie was killed.

At the time of the Bald Division's rebarnation, it was likely that a serious natural disaster had occurred in the northwest. The Book of Emperor Ying of the Jin Dynasty records that in May 271 (the year after the rebellion of the Bald Tribe), a severe famine occurred in the three prefectures of Yong, Liang, and Qin, and Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty ordered the pardon of prisoners below the death penalty in the three prefectures. The climate in the northwest is dry and cold, and the fifth month of the lunar calendar is a time when the crops are not yet ripe, which shows that there were serious natural disasters in Yong, Liang, and Qin prefectures in the year before the famine, resulting in a reduction in the crop yield of the previous year, and the grain was not enough to support the autumn harvest of the next year.

In 270 AD, a serious natural disaster occurred in the northwest where the national contradictions were already acute, and Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty not only did not comfort, but instead took "brave and unscrupulous, stronger than self-use, not the material of Suibian" Hu Lie and Lianhong out of the northwest of the town, and the two could not Suiyuan, resulting in the "loss of the sum of Qiang Rong", and the bald tree function led the troops to rise up against the Jin.

Many people believe that the direct cause of the bald tree function uprising was that Hu Lie sent troops to Wanhudui (the southern edge of the Tengger Desert on the north bank of the Yellow River in the border area between Zhongwei in present-day Ningxia and Jingyuan in Gansu) after serving as the assassin of Qinzhou. This statement is wrong, the time of the bald army and the order of Hu Lietun's soldiers Wan Hudui are reversed, "Jin Shu Hu Lie Biography" clearly recorded: "Lie for the history of Qinzhou assassination, and Liangzhou rebellion, Lie Tun in Wan Hudui, surrounded by captives, helpless, killed." From this, it can be seen that the Bald Department revolted first, Hu Lie crusaded later, and Hu Lie was killed by the tree function because of the lack of support.

At that time, Sima Liang, the king of Fufeng, was the governor of Guan Zhongyong and Liang Zhu's military, and after the bald department raised troops, he sent the general Liu Yi and the cavalry governor Jingyan to support, but the two did not know why the troops did not advance, and Liu Yi should be beheaded according to the law. Sima Liang reported to Emperor Wu of Jin for this reason, saying that Liu Yi did not march because of his own command error. Emperor Wu of Jin replied: "Gaoping is in a hurry, and the city and the city are enough to pull out, so they can't go there, and they should go deep." Today, he rushed to throw, and sat back and watched the defeat, so he added to the slaughter. If sin is not there now, there should be something. Gaoping is today's Guyuan County, Ningxia, and Xiaoguan, one of the four fortresses in Guanzhong, is near Gaoping, which is an important road connecting Guanzhong in Hexi. Gaoping is more than 400 miles away from Wanhudui, and it can be known that the bald tree function can attack Hu Lie again and then besiege Gaoping, or Hu Lie is attacked by the bald department and retreats to Gaoping, and the tree function can pursue and besiege Gaoping. Moreover, Emperor Wu of Jin believed that the defenders of Gaoping and the forces commanded by Liu Yi were enough to defeat the enemy, but Liu Yi not only did not rescue, but even stationed troops far away from Gaoping, and sat back and watched the friendly army be destroyed. Because Sima Liang took the initiative to take responsibility, Emperor Wu of Jin did not kill Liu Yi, but only dismissed Sima Liang from his post and transferred him to the Beijing Division, and soon appointed him as the general of the Fu Army.

After Hu Lie was killed, the situation in the northwest took a sharp turn for the worse, and Emperor Wu of Jin immediately took remedial measures: 1. Use Shangshu Shi to execute General Anxi and Governor Qinzhou Military, and jointly crusade against the Bald Department with Tian Zhang, the Fenwei Protector Army, and Du Pre, the Anxi Military Division. Du pre-traveled to Chang'an, and Emperor Wu of Jin reappointed him as the assassin of Qinzhou, the captain of Lingdongqiang, the general of the light car, and the fake festival. Second, Sima Jun, the king of Ruyin, was the general of Zhenxi, the governor of Yongliang and the military of Yongliang and Chang'an. 3. The people in the five counties of Longxi who have been harassed by foreign invaders will be exempted from rent, and those who have no place to live can borrow grain from the government.

The remedial measures taken by Emperor Wu of Jin can be described as a combination of grace and power, and if carried out smoothly, it may be possible to quickly put down the rebellion. However, the development of things often backfired, and Emperor Wu of Jin's personnel arrangements made mistakes again. According to the arrangement of Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty, Sima Jun, the general of Zhenxi, was the highest military governor in the northwest, followed by Shi Jian, the general of Anxi, and Du Pre, the general of Qingche, was his subordinate. The problem lies in Shi Jian and Du Pre, and the two have long had contradictions.

Shi Jian ordered Du Pre to lead the army to attack. Du predetermined that at this time, the enemy army was strong and strong, and the officers and troops were lone and deep, and they were sleepy and lacking horses, so they should wait until the follow-up troops arrived, and then look for an opportunity to attack the bald department with superior forces. Du Pre also proposed to Shi Jian that there were five musts and four no's to march at this time (the specific content was not recorded in the history books). Shi Jian was furious about this, and reported that Du Pre had decorated the official residence of the city gate without authorization, and that he had spent military supplies on the detention and sent the imperial historian to arrest Du Pre and put it into a threshold car and deliver it to the court lieutenant.

Du Pre was a famous general in the early Jin Dynasty, quite familiar with military affairs, and was called "Du Wuku" at the time. For the future situation in the northwest, it is indeed as Du Yu said, so "Jin Shu Yanjia Biography" said: "After that, the affairs of Longyou were like a pre-plan. From this, it can be seen that Shi Jian ordered Du Pre to send troops under the condition that the enemy was strong and I was weak, perhaps to frame Du Pre, if Du Pre marched, he would not be able to win under the circumstances at that time, so whether Du Pre-Jin did not march or not, he would be punished by Shi Jian.

Shi Jian also took Du Pre to Chang'an for questioning, only because Du Pre married Sima Zhao's sister Princess Gaolu as his wife, so the punishment was reduced and punished as a marquis atonement, and he was soon appointed as the secretary of Duzhishang. Later, Shi Jian returned to the court, Du pre-impeached him for falsely reporting his achievements, and the two even quarreled in the court, and Emperor Wu of Jin dismissed both of them.

The two armies have not yet fought, but the Jin army has lost peace with the generals, and it is impossible to pacify the northwest in the short term.

In April 271, Hu from the north entered Koujincheng (now Lanzhou, Gansu), and Liangzhou Assassin Shi Xianghong sent troops to attack. All of a sudden, "the group rebelled, surrounded Hong in Qingshan, and the Hong army was defeated and died." Beidi Hu is a miscellaneous Hu who lived in Beidi County (Beidi County in the Western Han Dynasty was located in the border area of present-day Ningxia and Gansu, and the Eastern Han Dynasty and Western Jin Dynasty counties moved inward), and Qingshan was located in the west of Huanxian County, Gansu today.

Beidi Hu does not belong to Xianbei, but it can be seen that after the bald tribe rebelled against the Jin Dynasty, many other ethnic groups joined, and there is a tendency to intensify. "The Biography of the Bald Wu Gu in the Book of Jin" contains: "In the middle of Taishi, (the function of the bald tree) killed Hu Lie, the assassin of Qinzhou, in Wanhudui, and defeated the assassin of Liangzhou, Su Yu in Jinshan, and there was a land of Liangzhou, and Emperor Wu ate for it. "There is no more record of Su Yu in the history books about the Liangzhou Thorn History, he may be the new Liangzhou Thorn History after the death of the Zhan Hong, from this record, we can fully imagine that the situation in the northwest was bad at that time, and Liangzhou has been completely occupied by the tree function.

Ren Kai in the waiter, Yu Chun in the middle of the book and Jia Chong, the general of the chariot and cavalry, had a holiday, and the two said to Emperor Wu: "Qin and Liang are defeated, and Guan You is in turmoil, and this is the deep concern of the country." It is advisable to calm down quickly and make people's hearts safe. Those who are not prestige ministers have strategies are not able to benefit from the West Soil. ("Jin Shu Ren Kai Biography") and proposed to use Jia Chong to guard Chang'an to level the bald hair. Emperor Wu of Jin agreed and appointed Jia Chong as the governor of Qin Liang and the military of the state.

For the deterioration of the situation in the northwest, Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty misemployed people was one of the important reasons, and he admitted this in his edict to Jia Chong: "The two realms of Qin and Liang have been repeatedly defeated over the years, and the people have been poisoned. So the alien fanned and harmed Zhongzhou. Although Wu Shu's Kou was restored, he did not taste it so far. Sincerity is not enough to appease the summer inside, and the town is ugly and rebellious, and it is impossible to do its best to use its people..."

In fact, Jia Chong did not have any talents, but in the process of replacing Cao Wei with Sima, he firmly stood on Sima's side, so he had to be reused, not the "strategist" as Ren Kai said, if he left Chang'an, the situation in the northwest may deteriorate further. Fortunately, Jia Chong himself was unwilling to leave Jingshi, and he stayed in Luoyang on the grounds of the marriage of his daughter Jia Nanfeng and the crown prince Sima Zhen.

In this way, the great task of pacifying the northwest fell on the shoulders of Sima Jun, the general of Zhenxi. Sima Jun is the son of Sima Yi, the generation of Emperor Wu of the Changjin Dynasty, the most prestigious in the royal family, the history books call it: "good at supporting the emperor, there is power." ("The Biography of Sima Jun in the Book of Jin") shows that Sima Jun himself is the best candidate. However, after Sima Jun took office in 270, he was not in a hurry to enter the bald department, but advised the superintendent of Nongsang and shared the labor with the soldiers, and even stipulated that the officers should have at least ten acres of land.

After several years of operation by Sima Jun, the situation in the northwest began to improve. In August 274, "Liangzhou captured the counties of Koujincheng, (Sima) Jun begged for it, beheaded his handsome begging and begging mud, etc. This is the first victory of the Jin army recorded in historical records since the Bald Department opposed the Jin Dynasty. By February 275, the bald tree could no longer withstand Sima Jun's attack, so he asked the Jin army to surrender. At this time, it was almost 5 years since the Bald Division started its army.

The record of the surrender of the bald department is in the "Jin Shu Ying Emperor Ji", which reads as follows: "In the first year of Xianning... February...... The traitor tree function can send the quality and surrender. Summer May... Ma Xun, the captain of Wuji in the Western Regions, rebelled against Xianbei, broke it, and beheaded his commander. "Since the tree function was sent in February, why did it crusade with May? There may be two reasons, maybe the tree function is a deception, or maybe Ma Xun is not a bald tribe that is crusading. I think the first one is more likely. Because "The Biography of Sima Jun in the Book of Jin" contains: "At the beginning of Xianning, the Qiang tree function and other rebellions, sent the crowd to ask for it, and cut more than 3,000 levels. Carry the position of the general of the expedition to the west. "The early year of Xianning is 276, it can be seen that the bald tree function surrendered in February of this year, and he rebelled that year, and it was before May, and he was honest for only 3 months.

Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty simultaneously attacked the tree function in the two directions of Sima Junbu in Guanzhong and Captain Shuji (Zhi Gaochang) in the Western Regions, and achieved great results. Previously, there was a civil strife in Liangzhou, Lang ordered Hu Feng to kill Dunhuang Taishou, since the county affairs, after his death, his younger brother Ling Hu Hong succeeded to the throne, in February of this year, Liangzhou assassin Shi Yang Xin will make Hu Hong killed. Emperor Wu of Jin ordered Sima Jun to send 7,000 men to replace the Liangzhou garrison, and the purpose of this move was naturally to strengthen the defense of Liangzhou.

At that time, Shu Function, Hou Danbo and others planned to hijack the tenants of Liangzhou, and Sima Jun learned that he ordered Wen Yu (that is, the famous general Wen Yang) to lead the troops and horses of Liang, Qin, and Yongzhou to advance, and the army pressed the border to deter the various departments. The tree function was forced by the might of the army, and the leaders of the twenty tribes led by him, as well as Hou Danbo and others, went to the Jin army camp gate to surrender, so "200,000 mouths such as Anding, Beidi, Jincheng, Zhuhu Jikeluo, Hou Jinduo and Beiyu Rejian came to surrender again." ("The Biography of Sima Jun in the Book of Jin") There were 200,000 people in one surrender, which shows the scale of the anti-Jin struggle in which various ethnic groups participated. This was the second surrender of the tree function, and the situation in the northwest had been controlled, and Emperor Wu of Jin requisitioned Sima Jun into the court.

If the Western Jin Dynasty could have appeased the rebellious Zhuhu, Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty would have been relieved of his worries about launching the campaign to defeat Wu, but the bald tree function launched a third rebellion in 276, and the situation in the northwest deteriorated again. In July of the same year, when the situation in the northwest continued to deteriorate, the Xianbei people Aluodo and other troops invaded the border fortress.

Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty first sent Ma Xun, the captain of Wuji in the Western Regions, to attack the Xianbei tribe, beheaded more than 4,000 ranks, captured more than 9,000 people, and Aroldo surrendered.

In March 277, Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty sent Wen Yang, the protector of Pingyu, to fight against Shuyi and others, and won. The Book of Jin said that this year, "more than ten generations before and after the three kingdoms of Northwest Miscellaneous and Xianbei, Xiongnu, Wuxi Barbarians, and Dongyi, each handsome tribe was attached." "The history books do not clearly record whether these attached tribes include the bald tribe, and the author believes that the experience of many surrenders with the tree function, coupled with the defeat by Wenyang, this should be the third surrender of the bald tribe.

Surrender and rebellion were the norm for the tree function, and it didn't take long for him to raise the banner of rebellion against Jin for the fourth time. In 278, Yang Xin, the assassin of Liangzhou, and Ruo Luo Banong, a member of the Bald Tree Function, fought in Wuwei, and the Jin army was defeated and Yang Xin was killed. Prior to this, Sima Du Ma Long once said to Emperor Wu of Jin: "Liangzhou Assassin Yang Xin loses the sum of Qiang Rong, and Long Chen will be defeated." But Emperor Wu of Jin did not pay attention to it, and sure enough, Yang Xin was killed, and the bald tree function captured Liangzhou in January 279, so "Hexi was cut off." It can be seen that the scale of this rebellion of the bald department is huge, and the communication between Guanzhong and Liangzhou has been completely interrupted.

8. Northwest baldness of Ma Longping

The fourth rebellion of the bald tree function had a great impact, and at this time, Emperor Wu of Jin had been preparing for the battle of Wu for nearly 10 years, and the army had already been assembled and ready to fly. The resurgence in the northwest had disrupted the deployment of the Jin army, and for Emperor Wu of the Jin, it was urgent to resolve the rebellion of the Bald Tribe. At this moment, Ma Long recommended himself to Emperor Mao Sui of Jin Wu and prayed for 3,000 elite soldiers to crusade against the tree function.

The Book of Jin records in detail the process of Ma Long's pacification of the bald department, and there is a passage about the dialogue between Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty and Ma Long, the full text of which is as follows:

"The emperor has every worry about the west. Sighing at the court:

'Who can ask for this for me?' Courtiers are not right.

Long Jin said: 'If Your Majesty can be appointed as a minister, the minister can be peaceful. ’

The emperor said: 'I will be able to destroy the thief, what is not responsible, what is Gu Qing's strategy. ’

Long said: 'If Your Majesty can be appointed as a minister, you should listen to the minister's own responsibility. ’

The emperor said, 'Yun He?'

Long said: 'The minister asked to recruit 3,000 warriors, and without asking where he came from, he led the drum to the west, and His Majesty was virtuous, and the ugly captives were destroyed!'

Emperor Xu Zhi is to take Long as the martial power too guard.

The minister said: 'There are many soldiers in the six armies, and there are many soldiers in the states and counties, but they should be used, and it is not appropriate to set up rewards and recruits to disrupt the norm. General Long said in vain, you can't follow it. ’

Tifner. ”

The so-called "six armies" of the courtiers refer to the forbidden army, and the forbidden army in the Western Jin Dynasty had six divisions: the leader, the guard, the left and right guards, the cavalry, and the guerrillas, so they were called the six armies.

Ma Long's position at that time was Sima Du, but he was a low-level military attaché, and the reason why he was able to enter the court was because Emperor Wu of Jin wanted to pacify the state of Wu, and he carried out a large-scale campaign throughout the country to "show off his talents and outstanding talents... Use it. The relevant departments of Yanzhou believed that Ma Long was "a good general" ("The Biography of the Jin Shu", so they recommended him to join the DPRK to participate in politics. We know from the dialogue between Emperor Wu of Jin and Ma Long that at that time, the civil and military forces of the Manchu Dynasty were helpless about the situation in the northwest, and Emperor Wu of Jin had to hope for a low-level military attaché, and made an exception to allow Ma Long to recruit 3,000 warriors on his own, instead of calling in the forbidden army and local state and county soldiers.

Not only that, Ma Long was taken care of, he asked Emperor Wu of Jin to go to the arsenal to select weapons in person, and Emperor Wu of Jin agreed. However, the arsenal order only gave Ma Long the stock of rotten equipment left over from the Cao Wei period, and the two had a dispute because of this. In the imperial history, Ma Long was impeached, and Ma Long explained to Emperor Wu of Jin: "The ministers should die on the battlefield to repay what they have received, and the arsenal order is given to the Wei Shi Rotten Staff, which cannot be reused, and it is not Your Majesty's envoy to destroy the thief." Emperor Wu of Jin did not pursue it, and gave Ma Long three years of military funds.

Ma Long was very well prepared for the expedition to Liangzhou, and the soldiers he recruited were even more warriors with one as ten, and the minimum amount of recruitment was "thirty-six crossbows at the waist, four bows, and a simple test for the standard." ("The Book of Jin and the Legend of the Worm") in the Western Jin Dynasty is equal to the current 6.6 kilograms. In other words, the standard for Marlon to recruit troops was that the waist strength was enough to pull a 237.6-kilogram crossbow, and the arm strength was enough to draw a 26.4-kilogram bow, and a total of 3,500 soldiers who met the requirements were recruited. Judging from the standard of Marlon's recruitment, there is no requirement for horsemanship, but we can see that these 3,500 soldiers are infantry, known for their bows and crossbows, and are equipped with a large number of strong bows and crossbows.

The bald tribe was mainly nomadic in its production mode, so it had a large number of cavalry, which was a unique military advantage for the nomads. Therefore, when Ma Long crossed the warm water (located in the east of Wuwei), the Jin army was always stalked and harassed by the cavalry of the bald department, and it was very difficult to march. As contained in the Book of Jin and the Legend of the Worm:

"The function of capturing trees is like tens of thousands, or taking advantage of danger to contain the front of the bulge, or setting up an ambush to intercept the bulge."

Generally speaking, an isolated infantry would become passive in battle when it encountered cavalry in an open area. Although the infantry moves slowly, the gap between the soldiers is small, and if it is defended in a dense formation, coupled with strong bows and crossbows, the cavalry will often not take advantage of the strong attack. However, cavalry had an unrivalled mobility at the time, and if the infantry was well-defended and invulnerable, the cavalry could go around behind enemy lines to attack ineffective baggage troops. Or follow the infantry, looking for flaws and waiting for an opportunity. As long as the cavalry does not take the initiative to attack the infantry, the infantry has only two options - hold or go. The code is subject to logistical supply, and it must not last long, and it is easy to have flaws in the formation and be taken advantage of by the cavalry. Because of this, the infantry often suffered a great loss to the cavalry, and even if they defeated the cavalry in positional warfare, they would not be able to catch up with the cavalry because of their slow movements, and could only fight a rout. But once the infantry is overridden by the cavalry, there is no way to escape, and the whole army is often annihilated.

Guanzhong is more than 1,000 miles away from Liangzhou, Ma Long only led 3,500 infantry to go out, the northwest road is difficult and dangerous, the Hu people are everywhere, and we must always guard against enemy cavalry harassment, we can fully imagine the difficulty of the Jin army's march of thousands of miles. Once the Jin army is taken advantage of by the bald troops, it will be defeated in isolation. However, this Jin army not only overcame all difficulties and dangers to reach Wuwei smoothly, but also fought while marching, killing thousands of enemies, which was not easy.

Malone was able to successfully complete the task, mainly thanks to three points: 1. The soldiers are elite, and the soldiers led by Malone are all warriors carefully selected by him. 2. Ma Long's strict management of the army and his intriguing strategies did not leave an opportunity for the tree function to take advantage of; 3. Fully prepared, the use of equipment and equipment is very targeted, and a large number of partial box cars and waist crossbows are equipped. "The Biography of Ma Long" contains: "Long Yi eight formations for the box car, the land is wide, the antler car camp, the road is narrow for the wooden house on the car, and the battle and front, the bow and arrow reach, should fall down the string." ”

The box truck is a four-wheeled wooden car, which is equipped with only one side baffle, and the soldier can stand in the car to prevent the enemy from attacking from the side, and can also wait for the opportunity to launch a counterattack. "Ming Shi Zhi IV" recorded: "In the first year of Jingtai (1450), Dingxiang Bo Guodeng asked Lian Gu to make a partial box car. The length of the wheel is three feet (about 4 meters), the width is nine feet (about 3 meters), and the height is seven feet five inches (2.4 meters). Out is connected left and right, front and back, hook and loop are interconnected. Food, clothing, equipment and antlers on the vehicle. Tun place, fifteen steps outside the set for the basket. There are a total of 10 guns and cannons, bows and crossbows, and swords and armor in each car, and they take turns to push and pull without incident. Outside with 20 long cars, carrying large and small generals, five cars on each side, turning to Qiaocai, all in the encirclement. ”

The partial box car made in the Ming Dynasty is made by imitating the ancients, and Ma Long made the partial box car is made according to the eight array diagrams, and the "Biography of Zhuge Liang of the Three Kingdoms" records: "Liang is long in ingenuity, profit and loss and crossbow, wooden ox and flowing horse, all out of his mind; Deduce the Qiu Fa and make eight arrays, which is salty and important. "So the partial box car is likely to have been invented by Zhuge Liang. The use of the partial box car in the Ming Dynasty should be the same as that of the partial box car made by Ma Long, the only difference is that the long-range killing weapons used by the soldiers of the Ming Dynasty were mainly guns and guns, rather than bows and crossbows.

According to the "History of the Ming Dynasty", there are three main uses of partial box trucks. One is to carry materials; the second is to provide defense for the infantry on the march, which can be connected to the left and right, and the hook and loop are intertwined; Third, when the soldiers are resting, they can surround the city with a partial box cart to form a simple barracks, and set up fences and other obstacles fifteen paces away, and the soldiers only move in the encirclement.

It can be seen that the purpose of the partial box car is mainly transportation and defense, and Ma Long's use of the partial box car is very flexible, "the land is wide, the antler car battalion, and the narrow road is the wooden house on the car", the defense is very rigorous, and there is no favorable fighter for the bald department.

We can infer from the assessment criteria of Ma Long's recruitment that the main weapons of this Jin army are bows and crossbows, and we can also infer that the crossbows used by Ma Long are far more lethal than bows, and the crossbows used are not ordinary crossbows, but waist crossbows that were lost in the Song and Song dynasties. The Ming "Wubei Zhi" has the following records:

Mao Zi said: China's sharp weapons, said bow and crossbow, since the Han Dynasty, the bow is getting stronger, so it can not be restored, only the use of the crossbow is the most. The power of the crossbow can be ten stones (708 kilograms, a bit exaggerated) for those who open the waist, and two or three stones for those who kick open, and the strong ones of the ancient cloud bow are not as good as them. Jin Ma Longping tree function, still borrowed the waist to open the crossbow, to the Song Dynasty and did not know its method, not transmitted. Therefore, the black-lacquered yellow birch jumping and other crossbows contained in the "Book of Martial Arts" are all stumbling. ”

Although the soldiers recruited by Malone were already strong in arms, the bows and arrows they used were not necessarily superior in battle with the Xianbei people. For the people on horseback, horseback riding and archery are the skills they must master, and the bow and arrow structure is simple, very easy to manufacture, especially after the widespread use of compound bows, the bows and arrows equipped by the Central Plains army do not have technical advantages. However, the steppe peoples generally did not use crossbows, because the structure of crossbows was very different from the bow, and it was not suitable for cavalry to carry. Ma Long's requirements for soldiers to open crossbows are thirty-six jun, which is eight times that of the bow, and the range and power must be several times that of the bow and arrow, which can be said to be the killer weapon of the cavalry battle. ”

Although the Jin army was equipped with an astonishing waist crossbow, the Xianbei people seemed to have an advantage over the Jin army in the use of protective equipment. "The Legend of the Jin Book" contains: "Strange plots are intermittent, and the enemy is surprised. Or the road is tired of magnets, the thief bears the iron armor, and he can't move forward, and the long pawn is known to be the rhino armor, and there is nothing to hinder, and the thief thinks that he is a god. Thousands of miles of battles, thousands of casualties. It can be seen that Malone is wearing leather armor made of rhinoceros skin, while the soldiers belonging to the tree function are covered with iron armor. There is no doubt that iron armor is more defensive than rhino armor. This account is very interesting, the Jin army piled up magnets on the side of the road, the Xianbei people could not move forward because they were wearing iron armor, and the soldiers belonging to Malone were wearing leather armor and moved freely, and the Xianbei people thought they were divine soldiers from heaven. The question is, where did the magnets for the Jin army come from? It is impossible to march with a large number of magnets, so Malone should have adapted to local conditions, and when passing through the mountain road rich in magnet minerals, Malone ordered the soldiers to change into leather armor and pile up the magnets on the side of the road more intensively. Xianbei people are ignorant, do not understand the mystery, and think that the Jin army is like divine help.

There is a question here, iron armor was already common at that time, and the weapons and equipment of the Jin army were all personally selected by Ma Long in Luoyang's arsenal, why would he choose equipment worse than the Xianbei people?

The only plausible explanation is that Marlon equipped each soldier with two sets of armor, one in iron armor and one in leather armor. Although iron armor has good protection, it is bulky and inflexible, and leather armor just makes up for this shortcoming. Moreover, there will be wear and tear in long-term marching battles, and two sets of armor can be replaced, with the importance that Emperor Wu of Jin attaches to the second battle, Ma Long is very taken care of in terms of military equipment.

Although the tree function has several times the strength of the Jin army, he has never been able to help the Jin army, we can see from the record of "or take advantage of the danger to contain the front of the Long, or set up an ambush to intercept the long" The tree function has been following Ma Long along the way, in order to find the flaws of the Jin army. Malone knew the key points of infantry cavalry combat, and always marched forward in formation, without giving the tree function any chance. Once the tree function was able to attack, the Jin army used the flat van as a barrier to resist the cavalry assault, and shot a large number of enemy troops with strong bows and crossbows, and never lost the upper hand in the battle.

The Jin army fought and marched, and finally successfully led the army to Wuwei. Previously, the counties of Liangzhou had lost contact with Guanzhong and were like an overseas enclave, so Ma Long's arrival in Wuwei was of great significance, not only boosting the morale of the defenders, but also damaging the arrogance of the rebels. The troops who participated in the rebellion, such as Subahan and Magnum, were wary of Ma Long's crusade against their own troops, so they led more than 10,000 people to surrender, and the situation in the northwest began to improve.

Since Ma Long's expedition to the west, the Xianbei people have been following the Jin army, and Ma Long has no way to send an envoy back to Luoyang to report the situation, so there is a record in the "Jin Shu Yan Worm Biography" that "the sound question is cut off, and the court is worried, or it is gone". Later, Marlon's envoy arrived in Luoyang one night, and "the emperor stroked his palms and laughed." In the court, he summoned the ministers and said: 'If you follow the words of the princes, there is no Qin and Liang. Nai Zhao said: "Long is a partial teacher, desperate for difficulties, and can take risks." Its false festival, general Xuanwei, add red buildings, curved covers, and advocacy. The author believes that the arrival time of the Jin army envoys in Luoyang should be before November, when the Jin army has gathered in the southeast in large numbers, and the front-line generals have also been prepared, waiting for the edict of Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty, the situation is like an arrow on the bow. But the northwest has always been the worry of Emperor Wu of Jin, which is an important reason why he has been delaying the destruction of Wu, so Ma Long's good news came, and Emperor Wu of Jin put his mind at ease and issued an edict to immediately cut down Wu, and the time of cutting Wu happened to be November.

In December of the same year, Ma Long began to counterattack the bald tribe, and he led the boneless energy and other troops attached to the Western Jin Dynasty to fight a decisive battle with the tree function, and the tree function was killed by his subordinates, the tribe surrendered, and Liangzhou was pacified. Because of the work of quelling the rebellion, Emperor Wu of Jin made an exception to Ma Long and the soldiers he led and rewarded him again.

After the Western Jin Dynasty pacified the Wu Kingdom, Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty believed that Xiping County (now Xining, Qinghai) had experienced ten years of war and was in urgent need of rejuvenation.

At that time, there was a Chengxi tribe living south of Pingxi, and the history books did not explain which ethnic group Chengxi was, and the author believes that the Qiang people are the most likely. Because the Cheng Xi Department was a border trouble, after Ma Long arrived, he led the army to crusade, and the enemy army was guarded from a dangerous distance. Marlon showed weakness to the enemy and ordered the sergeant to bring farming tools and make it look like he was going to farm. Cheng Xibu thought that Ma Long did not intend to requisition, but wanted to Tuntian, so his precautions were slightly relaxed. Malone seized the opportunity, and because he was unprepared, he marched into the army to break it. Since then, Cheng Xibu has been much more honest, and he did not dare to be a coward during Ma Long's tenure as Xiping Taishou. At the beginning of Taixi (290), the Jin court named Ma Long as the marquis of Fenggao County and awarded the captain of Dongqiang.

Ma Long town guarded Pingxi for ten years, during his tenure in the northwest was fine, is the rock of the Western Jin Dynasty to stabilize the northwest, as the "Book of Jin" said: "Accumulated more than ten years, the prestige is shocked in Longyou." However, Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty died of illness in 290, and the crown prince Sima Zhen ascended the throne, and Yang Jun and Sima Liang jointly assisted the government. The Jin court replaced Ma Long with Yan Shu to guard Xiping. As a result, as soon as Yan Shu arrived, "the clan and Qiang gathered, and the people were frightened" ("The Legend of the Jin Book"). The imperial court was wary of the Northwest Zhurong once again rebelling against the Jin, and was forced to remove Yan Shu and reinstate Ma Longguan, but died in office soon after.