The Western Jin Dynasty was a short-lived unified regime in Chinese history, and it was only more than 20 years since Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty unified the country to enter the state of division and secession again, and this process from prosperity to decline had been basically completed during the period of his son Emperor Hui. The process of this transformation and its causes have been discussed by many predecessors in the field of historiography, and some issues are relatively clear. However, in the past discussions, little attention has been paid to the role played by Emperor Hui, the nominal supreme ruler of the country, and especially to the two interrelated questions of whether Emperor Hui was an idiot as some treatises suggest and why he was made the crown prince by the not mediocre Emperor Wu of Jin. In fact, many of the factors that led to the collapse of the Western Jin Dynasty regime were closely related to Emperor Hui's lack of ability to govern the country, so in order to make a more consistent explanation of the fall of the Western Jin Dynasty regime in line with the historical development process, it is necessary to conduct an in-depth study of Emperor Hui and his person, especially the two issues mentioned above.

1. The process of Emperor Hui's succession to the throne

First of all, let's analyze the process of Emperor Hui being made the crown prince and inheriting the throne. In 265 AD, Sima Yan, who inherited the inheritance of his ancestors and fathers, replaced the rule of Cao Wei through the form of Chan concession, established the Western Jin Dynasty, and became the first king of the Western Jin Dynasty - Emperor Wu of Jin. He also destroyed Eastern Wu in 280 AD, thus finally ending the division of the Three Kingdoms. In the second year of his accession to the throne, that is, in the second year of Taishi (266), Emperor Wu made his wife Yang the empress; In the first three years of Tai, Sima Zhen was the crown prince (that is, Emperor Hui). Emperor Hui was the second son of Emperor Wu and Empress Yang Yuan, and because his brother Sima Liang died early, he became the natural heir to the throne, and was nine years old when he was made the crown prince. When he was appointed as the crown prince, there was no controversial record, probably because he was young at the time, had no contact with the ministers of the foreign court, and his mother was made the queen and was favored, so whether Emperor Hui was smart or stupid has not yet become everyone's attention. As Emperor Hui grew up, the question of whether he could be the supreme ruler gradually came up. It was Emperor Wu himself who was the first to put forward it. "The emperor and the crown prince are unbearable to serve the unification, and after the secret words, he later said: 'How can you move if you are not virtuous if you are a long-term heir?'" [1] Empress Yang Yuan died in the tenth year of Taishi (274), when Emperor Hui was 16 years old, and from the order of the account in the Book of Jin and the Biography of the Concubine, this incident should have been before Emperor Hui's marriage, that is, before the eighth year of Taishi, that is, before Emperor Hui was 14 years old.

In the eighth year of Taishi, Emperor Wu married Jia Chong as a concubine for Emperor Hui, and this marriage was concluded with the strong support of Empress Yang Yuan[2], but there was also another context. At that time, Ren Kai, who was trusted by Emperor Wu, was a man, and wanted to exclude him from the court. Jia Chong did not want to go to the town, so he used Xun Miao's strategy to marry his daughter to the crown prince and stay in Beijing, and continued to gain the trust of Emperor Wu [3]. Jia Chong was already widely connected with the party in the court, "Chong was met by the (Wu) Emperor and wanted to be famous, and Geng Chun, Zhang Hua, Wen Hao, Xiang Xiu, and Heqiao were all respected by (Ren) Kaishan, Yang Jue, Wang Sui, Hua Hui and other (Jia) Chong, so the friends were all there." [4] In this way, behind Emperor Hui, there was a factional dispute among the ministers.

At the beginning of Xianning (275~280), Emperor Hui lived in the East Palace,[5] and came into contact with more and more foreign ministers, and there were more questions about whether he could govern the country. In the second year of Xianning, Emperor Wu of Jin fell ill, "and the emperor was very ill, and the government and the opposition were all interested in (Sima Wang, King of Qi)." Concubine You, the eldest daughter of Jia Chong. Henan Yin Xiahou and Yu said: 'Qing's second son-in-law, close to the ear. Liren should be Lide. 'No, I won't answer. [6] After Emperor Wu recovered from his illness, he heard about this incident, "Xi (Xiahou) and Guangluxun seized (Jia) the right to fill the army." And there is no substitute. [7] Emperor Wu's handling of the matter made most of his courtiers very cautious on this issue. Emperor Hui is also the crown prince, and the courtiers are blunt and cannot be pro-government. (Wei) Qian wanted Chen Qi to abolish it, but did not dare to send it. Later, he will feast on Lingyuntai, and he will be drunk, because he knelt in front of the emperor's bed and said: "The minister wants to be enlightened." The emperor said, 'What evil is the public saying?' The third person who wanted to speak stopped because he touched the bed with his hand and said, "It's a pity for this seat." 'The emperor's intention is real, because of the fallacy: 'Gongzhen is drunk?' There is no more to say about this. [8] However, the issue has been raised in a more direct manner. After the peace of Eastern Wu, He Qiao turned into a servant, and when he saw that the prince did not order, he sat down and said: "The crown prince has the style of pure and ancient, and the season is more hypocritical, so I am afraid that His Majesty's family affairs will not be possible." Emperor Mo did not answer. [9] Although Emperor Wu's doubts about his ministers were prevaricated by fallacies or non-committality, he would never ignore this matter that related to the eternal cause of the emperors of his descendants.

Emperor Wu had high hopes for Emperor Hui, so he was naturally very concerned about his situation. He not only paid attention to Emperor Hui's situation in the contact, but also told the courtiers the results of his observations on Emperor Hui, hoping that they would confirm his opinion. "After (Heqiao) served with Xun Yi and Xun Xuan, Emperor Wu said: 'The prince has recently entered the court, and he has long advanced, and he can be both knowledgeable and coarse about the world.'" Both the edict and the return, and the prince is called the prince who knows Hongya and is as honest as the edict. Qiao said: 'The holy quality is like the first ear!' The emperor was displeased. [10] There was another trial that was slightly different from this one. Emperor Wu often suspected that the prince was not wise, and the courtiers and Qiao thought a lot, so they wanted to try it. Summoned all the officials and subordinates of the East Palace, in order to set up a banquet, and sealed the doubtful matter, so that the prince could decide. Suspend the letter and wait for the rebuttal. (Jia) Concubine Daju, Qian outsiders answered. The answerer often cites ancient meanings. Zhang Hong said: 'If the prince does not learn, but answers the edict and quotes, he will be responsible for being the master of the grass, and he will be punished. It's better to be straightforward. The concubine was overjoyed, and Yu Hong said: "Then I will answer for me, and wealth and wealth will be shared with you." 'Hong is known as a small talent, with grass, so that the prince writes himself. The emperor is very happy. The first show the prince and the young Fu Wei Qiang, the prince hesitated, and everyone knew that the palace had slandered first, and the palace said long live. (Jia) sent people to the concubine and said: 'Wei Qian old slave, how many times the Ru family has been broken. ’”[11]

In these two experiments, Emperor Wu's attitude was very clear, and he drew good conclusions from them, which was exactly what he hoped for. Of course, in fact, he was deceived to a certain extent, at least Emperor Hui's reply was drafted by Zhang Hong, and "the prince knows Hongya" is only a sycophant word of his subordinates, so it can be considered that his opinion is influenced by his subjective intentions, so that Emperor Hui's valuation is overestimated. However, it should also be noted that Emperor Wu was not a faint master, and his impression did not come out of thin air, but was derived from talking to Emperor Hui when he entered the court, which should be said to be a direct impression, not an indirect impression only with others as a medium. If Emperor Hui was an obvious idiot, it is difficult to imagine that Emperor Wu would believe these methods and the flattery of some of his subordinates. Therefore, one can't help but question whether Emperor Hui is indeed an idiot.

Emperor Wu's measures in selecting the officials and subordinates of the East Palace to assist the crown prince provided circumstantial evidence for the above questions from the side. He changed the situation that "the system was abolished and there were no lawsuits" in the East Palace in the later period of Cao Wei [12], and he not only matched the official subordinates, but also placed great importance on the candidates. For the crown prince and young master of the main official positions of the East Palace, "Emperor Wu respected the prince and the deputy body, so he ordered the princes to do it, and they were important to the standard, so they either did it or led it." [13] His patriarchs and close relatives such as Xun Yi, Sima You, King of Qi, Yang Jue, Sima Liang, and Shi Jian successively served as the crown prince[14], Ren Kai, Li Yin, Shan Tao, Wei Qiang, etc., all served as the crown prince and young master[15], and Jia Chong and Yang Jun also served as the crown prince and Taibao[16]. The other officials and subordinates of the East Palace were also Qingwang scholars or famous ministers at that time, such as Wang Yan, Le Guang, Fu Yi, Zheng Mo, Guo Yi, Lu Fu, Hua Qiao, Wei Heng, Xiahou Zhan, Li Chong, Wei Ming, Hua Tan, Ruan Hun, etc.[17], many of whom later held prominent positions in the Western Jin Dynasty. On the one hand, it shows that the officials of the East Palace are important officials of the Qing Dynasty, and on the other hand, it can also be seen that Emperor Wu made painstaking arrangements so that Emperor Hui could inherit the country he had built.

Emperor Hui's ability to retain the position of crown prince and become the supreme ruler of the country after Emperor Wu's death was due to the interplay of many factors, such as Yang Yuanhou's advice to Emperor Wu, the support of Jia Chong and his friends, and the wisdom of Emperor Hui's son Prince Huai (Sima Shu)[18], and Emperor Wu's partiality due to his own subjective will, but I think the most important thing is that Emperor Wu believed that Emperor Hui, with the assistance of his ministers, could keep the foundation he had created. On what basis did Emperor Wu's confidence arise? What is the real situation in history when the deception is removed? This is the main problem that this article aims to address.

Second, the intellectual level of Emperor Hui of Jin

He has always commented less on Emperor Hui and his person, and in some treatises, the word idiot is lightly mentioned. However, in today's advanced science, modern scientific concepts should be introduced into all fields of research, rather than continuing to use concepts that lack clear definitions or are prone to misunderstanding. Therefore, in order to find out whether Emperor Jin Hui is indeed an idiot, we first need to clarify the definition of idiot.

In psychiatric concepts [19], idiocy belongs to the heaviest category of mental deficiency [20]. Idiot patients are often accompanied by other physiological abnormalities, such as abnormal skull morphology, deformity of the proportion of head or limb to body, etc.; Most are unable to speak, can only utter some primitive call signs to express their emotions, and cannot understand the meaning of other people's words; Insensitive, not knowing how to avoid ordinary physical hazards (e.g., vehicles, fire, etc.).

Imbile is a type of idiocy that is slightly milder than idiocy, and is often accompanied by physical abnormalities or deformities, naïve emotions, and can learn to speak, but some have slurred words and poor vocabulary; After education and training, they may learn to write their own names, read short sentences, and call out the names of common objects, but their comprehension is very poor, and the concept of logarithms is very vague. One of the main differences between an idiot and an idiot is knowing to dodge ordinary physical dangers.

Moron is the mildest type of mental retardation, generally has no physical deformities, has better speech development, but develops later than normal children, has no difficulty in using daily life vocabulary, but has very little grasp of abstract conceptual vocabulary; Although the sensory organs are intact, the perception is not sensitive, the understanding of surrounding affairs is very slow, the lack of assertiveness and the will is weak, and it is easy to be seduced or used by others; There may be normal emotional reactions, but they are often limited to some primitive simple emotions, and can only be expressed in a straightforward and brutal form. Among these three types of patients, the fertility of idiots and fools is very low, and the fertility of fools is close to normal.

In addition to some of the above symptoms, intelligence tests are often used to assist in diagnosis, and it is generally stipulated that those with an Intelligence Quotient below 20 are idiots, 20~50 are stupid, and 50~70 are stupid.

However, it is impossible for us to determine the intelligence quotient of Emperor Hui of Jin more than 1,000 years ago, nor to conduct various modern clinical examinations, so we can only analyze them according to the relevant records in historical materials. As mentioned earlier, before Emperor Hui ascended the throne, it was repeatedly proposed to Emperor Wu that he could not govern political affairs, and after his succession to the throne, he had been in a position of great power and became a puppet at the mercy of others[21], so it is certain that his intellectual development was lower than that of ordinary people. However, how low it is requires a specific analysis.

1. Reading and writing ability: In the historical materials cited above, it can be seen that when answering the "sealed doubts" sent by Emperor Wu, it was given to Zhang Hong, the envoy, and Emperor Hui himself copied and presented to Emperor Wu. This is not an isolated record, and there are many similar cases. After the death of Emperor Wu, "or sue (King Runan) Liang wants to raise troops to fight (Yang) Jun, Jun is afraid, Empress Dowager Bai, and Emperor (Hui) is the edict with Shi Jian and Zhang Shao, so that the Shuai Ling soldiers ask for Liang." [22] After Emperor Hui succeeded to the throne, "Whenever there is an edict, Emperor (Hui) will send it to the empress dowager, and then carry it out." [23] When Runan Wang Liang and Wei Qian became obstacles to Empress Jia's rise to power, Empress Jia took advantage of the contradictions between Wang Wei of Chu and them, "It is to make Emperor (Hui) make a secret edict to order Wei to punish and Liang." [24] Linking these historical sources, it can be seen that Emperor Hui was able to write as well as read more complex written materials. Of course, there is still a problem here, that is, when Empress Jia was deposed, he said: "When the edict comes out of me, why should the edict be?" [25] How should this be understood? I think this refers to Emperor Hui being controlled by her, and the edict has always been passed on by her, and she has been holding the emperor hostage for a long time, and the edict is mostly out of her will, so there is a language. It cannot be denied that the edict in the cited historical materials was written by Emperor Hui. Moreover, there is a clear record of the edict of others in the history books, so as to distinguish it from the edict of the emperor. For example, "Jia Hou Jiao, so that the general Xun Kui sent (Yang) the Empress Dowager to Yongning Palace." [26]" (Chu Wangwei) then lele his own army, and reinstated the edict to summon the 36th army,...... He also made the edict (King of Runan) Liang, (Wei) Dazai, Taibao Seal, and Diao Chan in the service, and the officials and subordinates were all dismissed. [27] "(Jia) later made Pan Yue, the squire of the Yellow Gate, make a calligraphy, and ordered the little maid to be blessed with paper, pen and grass, because the prince was drunk, he called the edict to write the book. [28] From these examples, it can be refuted that the edicts in the previous historical materials were indeed written by Emperor Hui.

2. Feelings and expressions of the external environment: Chen Qian, an entrepreneurial veteran of the Western Jin Dynasty, was in the "second year of Yuankang,...... and the funeral, (Hui) Emperor was mourned in the Great Sima Gate, and the coffin was runny. [29] In the melee of the clan struggle for power and profit, Emperor Hui, as a puppet, was embraced to the east and west, and completely lost his autonomy. In the first year of Jianwu, "to the temperature, will pay homage to the tomb, (Hui) the emperor's funeral, the performance of the servant, bow down to the runny, and the left and right are all happy." "The first year of Guangxi" June Bingchenshuo, (Hui) Emperor from Chang'an, ascended to the old hall, mourning. Hui Di's ability to "look at the coffin and sob" and "grief and tears" shows that he has a certain ability to feel and express the outside world. And when the external environment changes, Huidi will also change his actions. "And Jihe, Zhang Fangshuai rode three thousand, and greeted him with a Yang Suiqing covered car. Fang bowed, (Hui) Emperor bowed to it. "Emperor Hui was robbed by Zhang Fang to Chang'an," the king of Hejian (Sima) rode 30,000 horses to meet the tyrant. Bow in front of him, (Hui) Emperor got off the car and stopped. Both of these events occurred in the first year of Jianwu (3O4 AD), when Emperor Hui had reigned for more than ten years, and the impression that being worshiped by people should have been deeply imprinted in his mind, and he could make a move to stop worship, which could not be said not to be out of an understanding of the changes in the situation.

3. The exercise of power and its limits: As the supreme ruler, Emperor Hui nominally holds the supreme power, but in reality the extent of the power he can exercise is subject to a specific analysis. At the instigation of Empress Jia, Emperor Hui made an edict to abolish Yang Jun, "(Jun's nephew scattered and rode a permanent attendant) Duan Guang knelt down and said to the emperor: 'Yang Jun is lonely and childless, how can it be unreasonable, may Your Majesty judge it!' The emperor did not answer. [30] Emperor Hui's refusal to answer Duan Guang's words cannot be understood as his lack of reaction, but rather as an indication of his attitude towards the matter. (Yang) Jun is a politician, strict and tyrannical, and there are many evils at home and abroad. [31] Yang Jun also used Empress Dowager to control Emperor Hui, which became a major obstacle to Empress Jia's intervention in political affairs. It is certain that Empress Jia instigated more than the emperor, so that Emperor Hui agreed to this move to remove Yang Jun. The most vivid record of Emperor Hui's exercise of his power is Zhu Sima Wei. "At the end of Yuan Kang, (Sima) Wei was a regular attendant. (Zhao Wang Sima) Lun will usurp, so that Wei and Huangmenlang Luo Xiu forced the emperor to seize the seal, and Lun took Wei as the middle book order. Lun was defeated, Emperor Hui anyway, and said: 'Ah Pi smacked my finger and took my seal, and he must not be killed.' 'Api, Wei small words also. So he was punished. [32] But on more important issues, Emperor Hui was unable to exercise the power of the supreme ruler exactly as he wished, as in the case of Empress Dowager Yang. After Yang Jun was punished, "Empress Jia sarcastically said: 'The queen mother is gradually treacherous, trying to endanger the society, flying arrows are books, and she wants to recruit soldiers, help with evil, and cut herself off from the sky. ......' edict said: 'This important matter is more detailed. ’…… So there was a priest: 'Please wait for Huang from (Sima Wang), the king of Xiapi. Abolish the Queen Mother as a concubine. …… As for the offerings, let them obey the holy decree and be generous. 'The edict is not allowed, and there is a division and a fixed invitation, but it is allowed. Again: 'Yang Jun caused a rebellion, and his family should be punished, and his wife Pang was ordered to comfort the queen mother's heart. Now the Queen Mother is abolished as a concubine, please be executed by Pang Fu Tingwei. The edict said: "Listen to Pang and the people accompanying him." 'There is a decree of Si Hija, and if you ask for it, you will obey it.' [33] Emperor Hui retreated step by step under the pressure of Empress Jia's ministers, reflecting that although Emperor Hui had his own opinions on many things, he was also controlled by others and could not insist on his own opinions. There are many similar situations, such as when Zhang Fang forced Emperor Hui to move the capital to Chang'an, and Emperor Hui's reaction was reluctant, but after all, he was swayed by others[34].

4. Fertility: According to historical records, Emperor Hui had several children, Prince Huai was born to Mrs. Xie, and Empress Jia also gave birth to Princess Hedong, Linhai, Shiping and Mourning the Imperial Daughter. And when Empress Jia was the crown princess, "or throw the concubine with a halberd, and the son fell to the ground with the blade"[35], Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty wanted to depose Concubine Jia, and Zhao Cang persuaded her with "Concubine Jia is young, and jealousy is a woman's affection", so there is no doubt that the concubine is the child of Emperor Hui. It can be seen from this that Emperor Hui not only has fertility, but also must not be considered inferior.

5. Psychological activities expressed through language when the external environment changes: In the later period of Emperor Hui's reign, there were many changes, wars and chaos, and Emperor Hui himself was repeatedly in danger. The historical records of Emperor Hui's conversation under this particular circumstance are of great benefit to our analysis of him. "And Wang Jun attacked Ye, (Lu) Zhi persuaded (Chengdu Wang) Ying to return to Luoyang by the Son of Heaven. There were 15,000 men at the time,...... Russia and the crowd were defeated, only Zhi and Zi Mi, brothers and sons, and thousands of martial arts in the palace,...... And the people and horses were dispersed, and they were determined to search in the array, and they had to take a number of deer carts, and Sima Du Han Xuan collected the Yellow Gate, and got more than 100 people. Zhiin, (Hui) Emperor asked Zhi, 'Why did you scatter so far?' Zhi said: 'The thief went to Yeshang for eighty miles, and the people were once scattered, and the younger brother wants to return to Luoyang for His Majesty. The emperor said, 'Very good.' So the calf cart was departed. [36] From the question and answer between Emperor Hui and Lu Zhi, it is shown that Emperor Hui was quite concerned about the changes in the situation, and it can also be seen that Emperor Hui had a certain concept of numbers, and he asked questions when he saw the sharp decrease in the number of guards and attendants, and Lu Zhi told him that "the thief will go to Ye Shang for eighty miles", so that Emperor Hui could understand the situation at that time and decided to go to Luo. The most dangerous time in Emperor Hui's experience was in the Battle of Dangyin, and there is a record of his words and deeds at that time in historical sources. "Emperor Hui conquered Chengdu Wang Ying, when he was defeated, the eight people of Sima were still on their shoulders, and the soldiers competed to kill the people, and the emperor was injured by three arrows, and the hundred bureaucrats were scattered, and only Ji Shao helped the emperor in the service. The emperor said: 'My officials, don't harm them.' The people said, "I am ordered by my brother, but I will not offend your majesty." 'Then behead it, and the blood stains the emperor's robe. will wash it, and the emperor said: 'Ji serves the blood, don't wash it.' [37] From this account, it can be seen that Emperor Hui was still able to express his own wishes before the Flying Arrow, but he was unable to save Ji Shao because his power had been stripped away by the orders of his younger brother. But he was still haunted by this matter, and insisted on not washing the emperor's clothes with Ji Shao's blood stains afterwards, which obviously contained deep feelings. And with such deep feelings, it is not something that others can speak. Moreover, it was Lu Zhi, the uncle of Lu Qi, who wrote the "Rise of the Four Kings", who welcomed Emperor Hui from Dangyin to Yecheng, and Lu Qi himself was also in Yecheng at that time[38], so the source of this account is quite direct. So, can you imagine that this sentence came from the mouth of an idiot? In this regard, Hu Sansheng first raised questions, and after recording this incident in the "Tongjian", he commented: "Who is the emperor stupid!" [39] In modern times, Mr. Lu Simian also believes that this sentence "is not like idiotic language." ”[40]

The above quotations are not the records of clinical examinations of doctors, but only the records of historians, and some of them are second-hand or even third-hand or fourth-hand records, so it is inevitable that there are some exaggerations or deviations from the facts, but when these records are taken together, we can still draw a general impression of Emperor Hui and his person: he has the ability to read and write more complex written materials; have language skills, and the vocabulary is not yet very poor; The feeling of the external environment and things is not very slow, and can also recognize the impact of these changes on oneself to a certain extent, and express one's feelings through language or other means; He has a certain understanding of his own power and can exercise this power to some extent, of course, in many cases Emperor Hui cannot insist on his own opinions, and often submits to the will of others; Be of childbearing potential; There is a certain concept of numbers, etc. From a medical point of view, Emperor Hui is obviously not an idiot nor a fool, but can only be classified as foolish, and in some aspects, such as the ability to read and write, the amount of vocabulary and the speed of reaction to changes in external things show that he is still a good part of foolishness.

III. Conclusion

With a general understanding of Emperor Hui's intelligence, it is easy to understand why he was made the crown prince and was able to inherit the throne. Foolishness is the mildest category of mental retardation, and its individual differences are very large, and the mild patients are close to normal people. Emperor Wu's understanding of Emperor Hui is based on such a basis, and Emperor Wu, due to the influence of his own subjective will and the interference of some of the above-mentioned factors, has a higher evaluation of Emperor Hui's intelligence than his actual degree, and I think this is the crux of understanding Emperor Hui's succession.

It should be noted that it is not easy for a person of such an intellectual level to be understood, not only in ancient China more than a thousand years ago, but also for the relatives of patients in modern countries with advanced medicine [41].

During his lifetime, Emperor Wu had arranged for ministers to assist Emperor Hui in his rule, hoping to create a state of equilibrium in which all forces were opposed to each other, so as not to lose power. Because of the decentralization of power, any attempt by either side to upset the equilibrium must be constrained by the others. However, because Emperor Hui completely lacked the ability to govern the country, he could only become a puppet at the mercy of others, and this void of supreme power led to the endless pursuit of supreme power by all parties, thus forming a cycle of equilibrium establishment and breaking, re-establishment and breaking. Because all sides do not have an overwhelming advantage over each other, it is a natural choice to use external forces to break this balance of power. This caused the outbreak of potential ethnic contradictions, and at the same time that the balance of power was broken, the balance of inter-ethnic constraints was also broken, which opened a page in the history of China.

Although the occurrence of this process is the result of the accumulation and eruption of contradictions for many years, its inducing factors are very accidental, that is, it is not due to objective factors but mainly determined by Emperor Hui's personal physiological deficiencies, and this accidental factor greatly accelerates the outbreak process of various contradictions. In this sense, Emperor Hui's incompetence due to his physical deficiency is precisely the deepest personal imprint on this historical period.

At the same time, this urges us to pay attention not only to those rulers who have made a mark in history during their reign, but also to those rulers who have been ignored in history because of their inaction, and sometimes inaction is also the trace he left in history, which also needs to be valued and studied as a factor affecting the development of history.

Originally published in Newsletter No. 4 of the Dictionary of Chinese History (1984), and later included in Analysis of the Scholars of the Six Dynasties, China Radio and Television University Press, 2000.

[1] Book of Jin, vol. 31, "The Biography of the Concubines (I)".

[2] Book of Jin, vol. 31, "The Biography of the Concubines (I)".

[3] Book of Jin, vol. 40, "Biography of Jia Chong", vol. 45, "Biography of Ren Kai".

[4] Book of Jin, vol. 45, "Biography of Ren Kai".

[5] Book of Jin, vol. 44, "Biography of Li Yin".

[6] "Zizhi Tongjian", volume 80, the second year of Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty, Xianning.

[7] Book of Jin, vol. 40, "Biography of Jia Chong".

[8] Book of Jin, vol. 36, "The Biography of Wei Qiang". "Tongjian" volume 80 Jin Wu Emperor Xianning four years of October article is slightly the same, but the beginning sentence is: "At that time, the prince of the court and the wild Xianzhi was mediocre and unbearable." ”

[9] Book of Jin, vol. 45, "The Biography of Heqiao", and see "Shishuo Xinyu Fangzheng Fifth" "Heqiao is respected by Emperor Wu" and Liu Xiao's annotation of Ganbao's "Jin Ji" and Sun Sheng's "Jin Yangqiu".

[10] Book of Jin, vol. 45, "The Biography of Heqiao".

[11] Book of Jin, vol. 31, "The Biography of the Concubines (I)".

[12] Book of Jin, vol. 41, "Biography of Li Xi".

[13] Book of Jin, vol. 24, "Records of Career Officials".

[14] Book of Jin, vol. 39, "The Biography of Xun Yi", vol. 38 "The Biography of King Qi You", vol. 39 "The Biography of Xun Xuan", vol. 59 "The Biography of Wang Liang of Runan", and vol. 44 "The Biography of Shi Jian".

[15] Book of Jin, vol. 45, "Biography of Ren Kai", vol. 44, "Biography of Li Yin", vol. 43 "Biography of Shantao", vol. 36, "Biography of Wei Qiang".

[16] Book of Jin, vol. 40, "The Biography of Jia Chong", "The Biography of Yang Jun".

[17] Book of Jin, vol. 43, "Biography of Wang Yan", "Biography of Le Guang", vol. 47 "Biography of Fu Yi", vol. 44 "Biography of Zheng Mo", vol. 45 "Biography of Guo Yi", vol. 44 "Biography of Louvre", "Biography of Hua Qiao", vol. 36 "Biography of Wei Qian and Biography of Fuziheng", volume 55 "Biography of Xiahou Zhan", volume 46 "Biography of Li Chong", volume 41 "Biography of Wei Shu and Biography of Fuzi", volume 52 "Biography of Hua Tan", volume 49 "Biography of Ruan Ji and Biography of Fuzihun".

[18] "Book of Jin" volume 3 "Biography of Emperor Wu": "In the last years of the war, (Emperor Wu) knew that Emperor Hui Fuke was loaded, but he was afraid of Emperor Sun Congrui, so he had no intention of abolishing it. See the same book, volume 53, "The Biography of the Prince of Sorrow."

[19] The medical terms in this article are mainly based on the explanations in Psychiatry, edited by Beijing Medical College (People's Medical Publishing House, 1980, first edition), and in terms of symptoms, diagnosis, and medical terminology, we also refer to W. Mayo-Gross, E. Swalter, and M. Lutz's Clinical Psychiatry (translated by Ji Ming et al., Shanghai Science and Technology Press, 1963).

[20] Some medical books translate it as "mentally weak."

[21] "Book of Jin", volume 4, "Hui Di Ji", all the following quotations from this book are not indicated.

[22] "Tongjian", volume 82, April of the first year of Emperor Yongxi of Jin Hui.

[23] "Tongjian", vol. 82, May of the first year of Emperor Yongxi of Jin Hui.

[24] Book of Jin, vol. 31, "The Biography of the Concubines (I)". In addition, the "Zizhi Tongjian" volume 82 of the first year of Emperor Yuankang of the Jin Hui Dynasty made a June article: "(Jia) Hou made the emperor to make an edict to give Wei." ”

[25] Book of Jin, vol. 31, "The Biography of the Concubines (I)".

[26] "Tongjian", vol. 82, March of the first year of Emperor Yuankang of Jin Hui.

[27] Book of Jin, vol. 59, "Biography of King Wei of Chu".

[28] "Tongjian", volume 82, December of the ninth year of Emperor Yuankang of Jin Hui.

[29] Book of Jin, vol. 35, "Biography of Chen Qian".

[30] "Tongjian", volume 82, March of the first year of Emperor Yongping of Jin Hui.

[31] "Tongjian", vol. 82, May of the first year of Emperor Yongxi of Jin Hui.

[32] Book of Jin, vol. 37, "The Legend of the Clan".

[33] Book of Jin, vol. 31, "The Biography of the Concubines (I)".

[34] "Tongjian", vol. 85, October and November of the first year of Emperor Yongxing of Jin Hui.

[35] This historical material is from the Book of Jin, volume 31, "The Biography of the Concubines (I)".

[36] Book of Jin, vol. 44, "Biography of Lu Zhi".

[37] "Notes on the Book of Water", vol. 9, "Swinging Water", quotes Lu Qi's "The Rise of the Four Kings", and also refers to the "Tongjian" vol. 85 in the seventh month of the first year of Emperor Yongxing of the Jin Hui Emperor.

[38] Book of Jin, vol. 44, "Biography of Lu Zhi".

[39] "Tongjian", volume 85, the seventh article of the first year of Yongxing, Emperor Hui of Jin.

[40] "History of the Northern and Southern Dynasties of the Two Jin Dynasties", Chapter 3, "The Fall of the Western Jin Dynasty".

[41] In the section on the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of such patients in Clinical Psychiatry, W. Mayo-Gross et al. say: "Stupid people, after much education, make similar diagnostic difficulties alike, and they are given a position beyond his ability by virtue of other advantages. Bleuler called this condition a 'proportion defect' because the ability of such a person to work is disproportionate to his or her position. …… From a psychiatric point of view, we can use this concept to refer specifically to people who are less than average in intelligence and who are trying to occupy high positions. Their talents are limited and do not match their expectations of themselves and the demands placed on them. …… In the legal sense, they are rarely mentally deficient, and if their ambitions can be corrected and they are given a profession commensurate with their abilities, they can also become safe and reliable members of society without special care. However, the lack of insight and lack of cooperation on the part of the families often contributes to this difficulty. (p. 91) The situation discussed in the book is similar to that of Emperor Hui of Jin, and since it helps us to understand the choices made by Emperor Wu of Jin, the original text is quoted more completely.