Ethnic policy in the Western Jin Dynasty

9. The origin and migration of the Qiang people

The Hu people living in the western region are led by the Qiang in terms of the number and distribution area of their races. The history of the Qiang nationality is very long, and the relationship with the Chinese nation is very close, and even the Qiang nationality is also a descendant of Emperor Yan, the "Book of the Later Han Dynasty" records: "The book of the West Qiang, from the three seedlings, the surname Jiang is also different." "The so-called surname Jiang is from Emperor Yan. "Three Families Annotated History of the Three Emperors": "Emperor Yan is longer than ginger water. Because I thought it was a surname. Li Daoyuan believes that "ginger water" is "Qishui", which is at the junction of today's Qishan County and Fufeng County. Considering that the Jiangshui Basin in which the Yandi group was active overlapped with the area of activity of the ancient Qiang people, it is very credible that the ancient Qiang people came out to the Yandi people. Interestingly, many Qiang people believe that Emperor Yan is a descendant of the ancient Qiang people. In short, the Qiang people and the Huaxia people have a long history of exchanges, either war or peace, and even the Qiang soldiers also participated in the war of King Wu.

There are many kinds of Qiang people, and the languages and customs of each tribe are different. The land is less than five grains, and the production and animal husbandry are the industry. Historically, the Qiang people lived in the vast northwest and southwest areas, including today's Shaanxi, Sichuan, Gansu, Qinghai, Tibet, eastern Xinjiang, southwestern Inner Mongolia, and western Shanxi. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, people divided the Qiang people into West Qiang and East Qiang, the West Qiang was mainly active in Qinghai Lake, Huangshui, Taoshui, and the upper reaches of the Yellow River, and the East Qiang was mainly active in Anding, Beidi, and Shangjun, that is, the northern part of Shaanxi and the southeast of Gansu today.

"The Biography of the Later Han Dynasty" said: "(Qiang people) do not establish monarchs and ministers, there is no one, the strong are divided into chieftains, and the weak are attached to people, and they are more violent and strong." It can be seen that although the Qiang people are brave and ruthless, they have not established a unified tribal alliance, unlike the Xiongnu, Xianbei and other grassland peoples, this is because the Qiang people are mainly active in the southwest and northwest mountains, blocked by mountains and rivers, and the transportation is unfavorable, unlike the vast grassland, and the connection between the tribes is less. Because the Qiang people live in the mountains all the year round, they have fully adapted to the life of the mountain people, and the history books say: "The commander of its soldiers is in the valley, shorter than the flat land, and can not last, but the fruit is the touch, and the death in battle is auspicious, and the end of the illness is ominous." It can withstand cold and bitterness, and it is the same as that of beasts. Even if a woman gives birth, she does not take shelter from the wind and snow. The sex is strong and brave, and he has the spirit of the Western gold line. ”

During the Qin and Han dynasties, the Qiang people became subordinate to the Xiongnu, and the "Book of the Later Han Dynasty" said: "The Xiongnu took the opportunity to strengthen the army, broke the Donghu, walked the Yueshi, shocked the barbarians, and surrendered to the Qiang." "During the period of Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty, the Qiang outside the Saiwai Yan was oppressed and enslaved by the Xiongnu, so he surrendered to the Western Han Dynasty and asked to guard the western border of Longxi for the Western Han Dynasty. Emperor Jing agreed to place them in Didao (including Minxian County, Gansu), Didao (northwest of present-day Lixian County, Gansu), and Qiangdao (southwest of present-day Danchang County, Gansu). This is the first time that the Western Han Dynasty has a history book clearly recorded the history of the Qiang nationality.

After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ascended the throne, he launched a war against the Xiongnu, in order to cut off the right arm of the Xiongnu, the Han army sent troops to seize Hexi, Hehuang area, and set up Linqiang County (now southeast of Huangyuan County, Qinghai Province), Poqiang County (now southeast of Ledu County). The Xiqiang living in the Hehuang area were initially included in the rule of the Western Han Dynasty, but they rebelled and surrendered, so the Han Dynasty set up a school captain to supervise it. Because the Hexi area was the focus of the competition between the Western Han Dynasty and the Xiongnu, the Qiang people living in Hexi were affected by the war, and they were forced to move to the area of Huangshui and Qinghai Lake.

From then on, the struggle between the Qiang and the Central Plains regime became more and more intense. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the power of the Xiongnu in the north was declining, and it did not pose much threat to the Central Plains Dynasty, but the rebellion of the Qiang people became a major problem for the Eastern Han Dynasty, and the Qiang people had as many as five large-scale uprisings before and after, and the Eastern Han Dynasty consumed a lot of financial, material and human resources and failed to pacify, and the Eastern Han Dynasty also accelerated the process of decline, as Fan Ye, the author of the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, said: "It is a pity that the enemy is exhausted, and the Han Zuo is also declining!" However, the rebellion of the Qiang people was entirely due to the improper policy of the ruling group, as stated in the "Hanshu Xiongnu Biography": "The Qiang Baosai in the near west, communicating with the Han people, greedy for profits, and stealing their livestock and wives, with this resentment, rose and turned their backs, and the world was endless." So the Eastern Han Dynasty completely set up an opponent for itself.

The Eastern Han Dynasty's policy towards the Qiang people was generally based on oppression, and at the same time, the Qiang people were relocated internally by force, making them a source of labor and soldiers.

As:

In 35 years, Longxi Taishou Ma Aid General first moved to Tianshui, Longxi, and Fufeng counties.

In 58, the Eastern Han Dynasty forcibly relocated and burned 7,000 people in Dangqiang to settle Sanfu, that is, near Chang'an.

In 101, more than 6,000 Qiang people in the Eastern Han Dynasty were forcibly relocated to Hanyang, Anding, and Longxi counties.

After the outbreak of the Yellow Turban Uprising, the household registration withered, and the forced internal relocation became more frequent, and the phenomenon of conscripting Qiang people as soldiers was also very common, such as Dong Zhuo Xiliang's army, there were many Qiang Hu soldiers.

When it comes to the Qiang people, we have to mention the Di people. The Di nationality is also one of the "five hus", but he is of the same origin as the Qiang nationality, or a branch separated from the Qiang nationality, and is mainly active in the area north of Longxi in the west, Lüyang in the east, and Minshan in the south, that is, the southeast of Gansu Province, the southwest of Shaanxi Province, and the northwest of Sichuan Province, including the sources of Weishui, Hanshui, Jialing River, Minjiang River, and Fujiang River.

When Cao Cao and Liu Bei were fighting for Hanzhong, Cao Cao lost, and because he was worried that Liu Bei would occupy the Di people in the Wudu area to force Guanzhong, he migrated more than 50,000 Di people and fell out of Fufeng and Tianshui. After Liu Bei occupied Hanzhong, he forced the lower defense, and Cao Wei and Wudu guarded Yang Fu and moved more than 10,000 households such as Wudu Han and Di to Jingzhao, Fufeng, Tianshui and other counties.

The Di people, like the Qiang, were the objects of exploitation by the rulers. For example, in 244, Cao Wei levied grain from Diqiang in order to crusade against Shu Han, "Guanzhong, Di, and Qiang could not be supplied, cattle, horses, mules, and donkeys died, and the people cried roads." ("The Biography of Cao Shuang of the Three Kingdoms") can be seen that the internal migration of Diqiang and the Han people have begun the process of feudalization, and even changed the mode of production in the Wei and Jin dynasties, and paid grain according to the ration, just like making up households.

Due to the sharp national contradictions in the early years of the Western Jin Dynasty could not be alleviated, the Qi Wannian Uprising finally broke out under this background.

In May 294, the Xiongnu Hao San rebelled and conquered Shangdang. The record of Hao San's rebellion against the Jin Dynasty in the history books is very brief, and there are only three relevant records:

In the summer and May of the fourth year, the Xiongnu Hao San, attacked the party, and killed the chief. In autumn and August, Hao Sanshuai surrendered, and Feng Yi killed him. (The Book of Jin Hui Di Ji)

So Liu Meng rebelled internally, connected with the foreign captives, and the change of Hao San, who was close, occurred in Guyuan. ("The Book of Jin and the Biography of Zhang Tong")

In Emperor Hui's Yuankang, the Xiongnu Hao San attacked Shangdang, killed the chief, and entered the upper county. (The Biography of the Four Yi Lies)

From this, it can be seen that Hao San raised his army from Guyuan (now Qinyuan County, Shanxi), then conquered Shangdang, and then marched westward to Shangjun. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, Shangjun was located in today's northern Shaanxi, because it could not bear the disturbance of Huqiang, it was deposed during the period of Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty, and it was not restored in the Western Jin Dynasty, so Shangjun at that time belonged to the outside of the Saiwai and was controlled by Huqiang. Although Hao San fled abroad, the Jin army continued to send troops in pursuit, and Hao San was eventually killed by Captain Feng Yi. However, the conflict did not end there.

In the summer of 296, Hao San's younger brother Hao Duyuan led Feng Yi in Guanzhong, Ma Lanqiang and Lushui Hu in the Beidi area to rebel, and captured Beidi (now Yaoxian, Shaanxi). Feng Yi guarded Ouyang Jian and fought with Hao Duyuan, which ended in defeat.

The reason for Hao Duyuan's rebellion is recorded in the "Biography of Sima Lun in the Book of Jin": "At the beginning of Yuan Kang, he moved to the West General, Kaifu Yi and the three divisions, and Zhenguanzhong. Lun's punishment and reward were lost, Di and Qiang rebelled, and the Beijing division was requisitioned. From this, it can be seen that the reason why Hao Duyuan rebelled was because of the improper punishment and reward of Sima Lun. Moreover, Sima Lun favored Sun Xiu, a minister, and was at odds with the Yongzhou Assassin Shi Xie at that time, and the two quarreled fiercely over military issues and impeached each other. Xie is an upright person and has a good reputation, and the Jin court also knows that Xie is upright and upright, and the conflict with Sima Lun is not easy to mediate, so he recruited Sima Lun to return to Beijing.

Xie suggested to Zhang Hua, who was the Sikong at the time, to "kill Xiu to Xie Diqiang" ("Jin Shu Xie Biography") His remarks are in "Jin Shu Zhang Hua Biography", which reads as follows: "King Zhao is greedy, trusts Sun Xiu, and is in chaos, and Xiu becomes deceitful, the male of traitors." Today, you can send King Liang to cut off the show, cut half of Zhao, and thank Guan You, not yet!" Zhang Hua agreed, and Sima Tong also agreed. At this time, Sun Xiu's friend Guanghan Taishou Xin Ran arrived in Luoyang, and he made a statement to Sima Wei, saying that Di Qiang was his own rebellion and had nothing to do with Sun Xiu. Sima Tong believed it and did not kill Sun Xiu.

In order to quell the rebellion, the Jin court dropped Sima Lun and returned to Beijing, with the crown prince Taibao and Liang King Sima Wei as the general of the expedition to the west, and the military of Yongliang and Liang Prefectures as the governor, and replaced Sima Lun to guard Guanzhong. However, after Sima Tong arrived in Guanzhong, the situation did not improve.

In August, the Yongzhou Assassin Shi Xie was defeated by Hao Duyuan. The situation in the northwest deteriorated suddenly, and for a time all the Qin and Qiang tribes rebelled, and they admired Qi Wannian as emperor and besieged Jingyang (northwest of present-day Pingliang City, Gansu). In October, the court granted amnesty to Yong and Liang Prefectures. In November, he sent the Anxi general Xiahou Jun, the Jianwei general Zhou Chu and others to crusade against Qi Wannian.

Xiahou Jun is the grandson of Xiahou Yuan, and his younger brother Xiahou Zhuang's wife Yang is the cousin of Empress Jingxian, the wife of Sima Shi, and is considered a relative of the emperor. Zhou is the son of Zhou Fang, the Taishou of Poyang in Eastern Wu, and the protagonist of "Zhou Everywhere Eliminates Three Evils" in primary school Chinese textbooks is this person. After the fall of the Wu State, Zhou Shi Jin, once served as the Imperial History Zhongcheng, during his tenure did not avoid the powerful, and Sima Tong, the king of Liang, was also picketed for violating the law, so he had a reputation for loyalty and martyrdom. Zhongshu Ling Chen Zhun knew that Sima Tong had a conflict with Zhou Chu, and thought that Sima Tong might take the opportunity to take revenge, so he proposed to the imperial court: "Xiahou Jun and King Liang are both noble relatives, and they are not generals and commanders. And Zhou Chu was originally a Wu person, and now he is a Jin minister, loyal and brave, there must be no retreat, and the generals in the army only resented him but were not willing to help him. Therefore, the crossbow general Meng Guan should be ordered to lead 10,000 elite soldiers to serve as the vanguard of the Zhou Division, so that the rebels can be eliminated. Otherwise, King Liang will let Zhou serve as a striker without assistance, so he will definitely lose. But the court did not obey, and Sun Xiu, the general of Fubo, also advised Zhou to postpone on the grounds that he had an old mother, but Zhou refused to do so, saying: "The way of loyalty and filial piety is to have both!" Since I have resigned from my relatives to serve the monarch, why do my parents still treat their sons as sons, and today is the time for me to die. "Generosity is the way, and the will will not survive. Qi Wannian heard that Zhou was coming to quell the rebellion, and he attached great importance to it, and said: "Zhou was once the Taishou of Xinping, and he was able to write and martial arts. If he holds real power in this march, he will be unstoppable, and if he is controlled by others, then I will be able to capture him alive. ”

Just when the Qi Wannian uprising intensified, a drought occurred in Guanzhong, and the people were hungry. The Jin court appointed Zhao Diao, the general of Yanglie, as the assassin of Yizhou, and requisitioned the troops and food of Liang and Yier Prefectures to aid Yongzhou in order to defeat Di and Qiang.

In January 297, Qi Wannian was stationed in Liangshan (northwest of present-day Qianxian County, Shaanxi), with 70,000 troops, which seriously threatened the hinterland of Guanzhong. Zhou Chu realized that Sima Tong was taking revenge on himself, but the military order was difficult to disobey, and only said: "If the army has no successor, it will be defeated, although it is dying, it will be ashamed of the country." However, Sima Wei and Xiahou Jun not only did not listen, but forced Zhou to set off immediately. In desperation, Zhou had no choice but to take the initiative with Lu Bo and Xie Ji. The army arrived at Tunliumo, which was dozens of miles east of Liangshan. The Jin army was not far from the rebels, and before the surrounding army had eaten, Sima Wei urged him to attack immediately. The battle was very fierce, from morning to night, and the battle lasted all day. The situation around is getting more and more difficult, although tens of thousands of beheadings are beheaded, but they are also "exhausted" ("Jin Shuyu Biography"), and the rescue still does not come. The people on the left and right persuaded Zhou to retreat, but he resolutely refused to retreat, and said according to his sword: "I am a minister, and I can not care about the country with my body!" After saying that, he rushed to the enemy formation, and finally fought to his death.

The vain death of Zhou is indeed emotional, but what is even more sad and indignant is the court's handling of this matter. There is no doubt that the culprit of the defeat in this battle is naturally Sima Wei, which the court is not ignorant of, but it is just to criticize him, and he is not held accountable for the crimes he committed, but is dismissed by the imperial court.

Qi Wannian's rebellion continued, but Sima Tong was still indifferent, the so-called "graceful and noble, not greedy for merit, not afraid of crime when retreating, although the soldiers are numerous, they are not used for it, and they are defeated everywhere, and the reason for this is that it is difficult to defeat the enemy" ("Jin Shu Zhang Guan Biography"). At that time, Sima Tong's identity was not only the king of Liang, but also the general of Zhengxi, the governor of Yong, and the military of Liang Erzhou, and the highest military and political governor in the Guanlong area.

By 298, the continuous turmoil in Guanzhong finally aroused strong dissatisfaction from both the government and the opposition, and Zhang Hua and Chen Zhun had to recommend Meng Guan, a confidant of the empress Jia Nanfeng, who held real power at the time, to go on a crusade and recall Sima Tong, the king of Liang, to Luoyang. The history books say that Meng Guan "Shen Yi, with literary and military materials", is a rare general. Moreover, Meng Guan was in charge of the palace guards, who were agile and brave, and the Jin court ordered that the sergeants and soldiers of Guan were all under his command, plus he could "be a stone," and after "a dozen battles, all of them were broken", the situation in Guanzhong began to reverse. In 299, Qi Wannian fought a decisive battle with Meng Guan at Zhongting (now Wugong West, Shaanxi), and Qi Wannian was defeated and captured.

The Qi Wannian Uprising lasted three years, from 296 to 299. Although the time is shorter than that of the Bald Hair Uprising, the Qi Wannian Uprising occurred in the hinterland of Guanzhong, and its impact on the Western Jin Dynasty was much far-reaching, especially the perennial turmoil and famine in the Guanzhong area made the people unable to make a living, as contained in the "Jin Shu Wei Xingzhi": "In July of the seventh year of Emperor Hui Yuankang, there was a great drought in Qin and Yong's two states, epidemics, hunger in Guanzhong, and rice Hu Wanqian. Therefore, Diqiang rebelled, and Yongzhou was defeated. And the hunger and epidemic are recommended, Rong and Jin are trapped, the court cannot be revitalized, and the edict is sold to each other. So the people had to go to the surrounding areas on a large scale to make a living, and the Jin court could not appease them, and these displaced people eventually raised the banner of anti-Jin and became a major force in the destruction of the Western Jin regime.

10. Issues related to the theory of migration

In the early days of the Western Jin Dynasty, ethnic conflicts were already very serious, and large-scale ethnic conflicts broke out successively, such as Xianbei Bald Tree Function, Xiongnu Liu Meng, Xiongnu Hao San, Hao Duyuan, and Qi Wannian of the Di Nationality. Although these incidents were quelled by force by the Jin court, the Jin court did not learn a lesson from it, but blamed the root of the national contradiction on the barbarism of the Hu people, especially after the Qi Wannian uprising, many people in the Western Jin Dynasty and the opposition believed that all the Hu people who moved from the interior should be driven out of the Saiwai by force, which is called the "migration theory".

The first to put forward the theory of migration should be the famous general Deng Ai, who once suggested to Sima Shi: "Those who live with the people of Qiang and Hu should gradually come out, so that the residents can show the religion of honesty and shame, and stop the road of adultery" ("The Legend of the Three Kingdoms") It can be seen that Deng Ai Xirong believed that the Qiang and Hu were not educated by etiquette and righteousness, and the Hu and Han lived together, so beware that the Han residents were influenced by it and no longer respected the Confucian and Mencian doctrine of honesty and shame. However, Sima Shi did not agree with him.

With the intensification of ethnic conflicts, the Western Jin Dynasty ruling group advocated the movement of Rong also became more and more high, after Liu Meng's defection, the imperial Shi Guo Qin on the Jin Emperor Wu, he believed: "Rong Di is strong, and the ancients have been troubled." At the beginning of the Wei Dynasty, there were few people, and the northwestern counties were all Rongju. Although he obeyed now, if there was a dust alarm a hundred years later, Hu rode from Pingyang (now Linfen City, Shanxi, southwest of Shanxi) and Shangdang (the county ruled northwest of Lucheng, Shanxi, southeast of Shanxi) to Mengjin (now Mengjin County, north of Luoyang) in less than three days. Beidi (the county governs present-day Yaoxian County, Shaanxi, the northern part of the Guanzhong Plain), Xihe (the county governs present-day Lishi County, Shanxi, western Shanxi), Taiyuan (the county governs present-day Jinyang, Shanxi, central Shanxi), Feng Yi (the county governs present-day Dali County, Shaanxi, the eastern part of Guanzhong), Anding (the county governs the southeast of present-day Zhenyuan County, southeastern Gansu), and Shangjun (the county governs the south of present-day Yulin City, Shanxi, and the northern part of Shaanxi). It is advisable to level the prestige of Wu, the strategy of the ministers and the fierce generals, out of the north, Xihe, Anding, Fushang County, Shi Feng Yi, in Pingyang has been the northern counties to raise capital crimes, migrating to Sanhe (Henan, Hanoi, Hedong three counties), Sanwei (Wei County) to see 40,000 families to fill it. The descendants are not chaotic, and gradually migrate to Pingyang, Hongnong (the county governs now Lingbao City, Henan, western Henan), Wei County (the county governs now Linzhang County, Hebei, central Hebei), Jingzhao (the county governs now Xi'an, Shaanxi, and the central part of Guanzhong), Shangdang Zahu, Jun Siyi entry and exit defense, the system of the Ming Dynasty's desolate clothing, and the long-term strategy of the eternal world. ”

To put it simply, Guo Qin's Shangshu has three main meanings: First, the northwest has been occupied by the Hu people, although it is temporarily feared, but it has to be guarded. Second, we should rely on the "power of Ping Wu and the strategy of the ministers and fierce generals" to recover the Beidi, Xihe, Anding, and Shangjun in the Han and Han dynasties, that is, the areas of northern Shaanxi, Hetao, and the Ningxia Plain, and immigrate to Shibian. 3. The Hu people who migrated to Pingyang, Hongnong, Wei County, Jingzhao, and Shangdang counties were outside the Saiwai.

It should be said that Guo Qin had realized the depth of the national contradictions at that time, so he proposed these three strategies, but Emperor Wu of Jin did not adopt them, the reason I will mention later, but because after the Rebellion of the Eight Kings, the Hu people rose up against the Jin Dynasty, so many descendants think: "Guo Qin Chi is sparse, and there is no salvation from the demons." Before the ring of the stars, sitting on the capital, Li Yuan smeared the ground, and the fierce clan was monstrous. The reason for this is the loss of the Emperor of Martial Arts. ("The Book of Jin and the Biography of the Four Yi Lie")

With the impact of the Qi Wannian Uprising on the situation in Guanzhong, the argument of Xirong became more and more high, and Jiang Tong, who was the commander of Shanyin at the time, "Shen Wei Siyi Chaohua, should Du Qimeng, and wrote "Treatise on Migration" ("Jin Shu Zhang Tong Biography"). The Book of Jin contains all the original texts of the "Treatise on Migration", which is quite long, so this article only picks up a few sentences and lists them.

Jiang Tong believes that the Hu people "do not understand the language, the coins are different, the laws and customs are strange, and the types are different; Or outside the region, the surface of mountains and rivers, rugged rivers and valleys, separated from the soil of China, not invading, not in service, Zhengshuo is not added", "not my race, its heart will be different, Rong Di Zhi, not with Huatong". It can be seen that in the consciousness of Jiang Tong, the Hu people and Huaxia are completely in opposite camps, and it is said that "the Son of Heaven has a way, and he guards in Siyi". At the same time, Jiang Tong believed that the behavior of the ruling group in the Han and Wei dynasties to move the Hu people inward was "an expedient measure, a momentary situation, and not for the benefit of all generations." The reason why they moved inward was to "raze the captives and then take enough". However, after several generations of reproduction, "there are more than 100,000 people in Guanzhong, and the rate is much smaller, and Rong Di is half." and "the bitter Han people invaded it", "Shishu played with habits, insulted their weakness, and poisoned their resentment in the bone marrow", so the Hu people who moved in the interior repeatedly rebelled.

Jiang Tong believed that the Hu people who moved inward "if they are weak are afraid of subduing, and if they are strong, they will invade and rebel", and although they are now afraid of subduing, they have to guard against it, and they must "send an edict to return to their own territory, comfort their thoughts of detention and homeland, and relieve our worries about Huaxia Fiber." "It can be" benefit this China, with Sui Quartet, virtue and eternal life, and the calculation is long. ”

It should be said that Jiang Tong still had a certain understanding of the reality of acute national contradictions at that time, but the imperial court did not adopt the migration policy he proposed. Less than ten years, and Yi Di Chaohua, when he obeyed his deep understanding. It can be seen that later generations have a high evaluation of "The Theory of Migration".

For the ethnic conflict in the early years of the Western Jin Dynasty, it cannot be said that the ruling group did not pay enough attention to it, if Jiang Tong put forward the "Theory of Migration" when the Western Jin Dynasty was in the rebellion of the Eight Kings, and the imperial power of Emperor Sima Zhen of the Jin Hui Dynasty could not be used, then why did Sima Shi of "Shen Yi Duo Da Da" ("Jin Shu Mo Emperor Ji") and Sima Yan of "Wise and Good Strategy, Able to Judge Major Things" ("Jin Shu Ying Emperor Ji") also did not adopt this strategy? If the relocation of the Hu people out of the fortress can really solve the national problem at that time, then it should be a good thing for Liu Meng to lead the northern Xiongnu out of the fortress, why did the Jin army last a year and spend a lot of manpower and material resources to pursue it? Can "On Migration" really solve the national contradictions in the Western Jin Dynasty?

As mentioned above, under the social production conditions at that time, manpower was the most important resource, and the strength of a country mainly depended on how many hukou it had, so the governments of previous dynasties would agree to the internal relocation of the Hu people, and even force the Hu people to move inward by force. Especially in the period of the Three Kingdoms, the plundering of the Hu nationality and the people of the enemy country was very common, and the same period was the period of the development and growth of the scholar class, they enjoyed a wide range of political and economic privileges, and shaded a large number of household registrations, which made the number of household registrations that the imperial court could grasp was limited, and the country's required conscription and military resources must be implemented into human resources, so the internal relocation of the Hu nationality was the inevitable choice of the ruling group.

The benefits of the Hu people's internal migration can not only strengthen their own strength, but also weaken foreign enemies. This is very easy to understand, after the Hu people move inward, it can be used by me, and at the same time, it is easy to monitor, and once there is a change, it can be quickly pacified. If the Hu people are outside the fortress, the military strength of the Central Plains is not easy to reach, and once they rebel, they will plunder the land at least and attack the city at the worst, and the border will not be peaceful, so it will not be so easy to solve it. Therefore, the expulsion of the Hu people from outside the Cyprus can only lead to one result - to make enemies with the people. It is tantamount to sending the most precious resources to the enemy, and although the internal troubles can be alleviated, the external troubles will inevitably worsen, and the gains outweigh the losses.

Moreover, it is not accidental that the Wuhu Rebellion can occur, if it were not for the ruling group to fight for power, which caused the country to fall into civil strife, coupled with the monopoly of land resources by the scholar group during this period, the life was extremely luxurious, and the class contradictions were very acute, and the people who were extremely dissatisfied with the status quo at that time also took advantage of the chaos to raise troops, and the Western Jin Dynasty perished. Moreover, at that time, it was not only the Hu people who moved in to oppose the Jin Dynasty, but also Wang Mi, Wei Zhi, Wang Ru, Zhang Chang, Hu Kang, Li Xiang, Chen Min and other Han people who participated, which fully showed that the main contradiction in society at that time was a class contradiction, not a national contradiction. Moreover, the ethnic integration between Hu and Han was not interrupted by war, and even during the period of the Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms, when the ethnic contradictions were most acute, most of the military organizations in the Central Plains were composed of "Rong and Jin", and it was not advisable to exaggerate the ethnic antagonism in this period.

During the period of the two Jin and Northern Dynasties, among the Hu regimes established in the Central Plains, the former Zhao, Later Zhao, Former Qin, Later Qin and other countries were established by the internal relocation of the Hu people, but there were also many regimes established by the invasion of the Central Plains by the Saiwai, such as the Northern Wei regime that had a far-reaching impact on Chinese history, and even the Qianyan regime that accepted the canonization of the Eastern Jin Dynasty also entered the Central Plains from outside the Saiwai. It can be seen from this that once the ruler cannot control the whole country, war is inevitable, and once the Central Plains falls into a long-term civil strife, it will inevitably be unable to rectify the border defense, and how can it stop the invasion of the Cypriot peoples? Therefore, the root cause of the Wuhu chaos is not the Hu people who moved inward, but the incompetence and corruption of the ruling group of the Western Jin Dynasty, which caused the country to fall into long-term turmoil, and the so-called Wuhu chaos is just the direct participation of the Hu people who moved inward.

It can be said that the rulers of the Western Jin Dynasty were deeply aware of the acute national contradictions at that time, but Jiang Tong's "Theory of Migration" was not advisable, if the Hu people moved out by force, it would inevitably lead to social turmoil, after all, many Hu people had been multiplied in the Sai for several generations, and they may not be willing to return to their hometowns. The uprising of Li Teh and Wang Ru that broke out in the last years of the Western Jin Dynasty was caused by the Jin court's attempt to drive the displaced people back to their hometowns by force. Even if the Western Jin Dynasty succeeded in moving the Hu people to the outside of the Saiwai, how could they resist their invasion after the Central Plains fell into civil strife?

Personally, I think that the turmoil in the late Western Jin Dynasty was inevitable at that time. This is because Jiang Tong put forward the "Theory of Migration" when the Western Jin Dynasty was in the period of the Eight Kings Rebellion, the Jin Hui Emperor Sima Zhen was just a puppet, the ruling group was corrupt and incompetent, all forces competed for power and profit, the centralized system was greatly damaged, and the class contradictions and national contradictions in the country were formed after hundreds of years of accumulation since the Han Dynasty. In such a situation, it only takes a little spark for these contradictions accumulated over the years to erupt, and their energy completely destroys the centralized system, not only reversing the course of ancient Chinese history, but also causing the direct cause of the great division and turmoil of the Sixteen Kingdoms of the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Northern and Southern Dynasties.