Chapter 439: Salisbury's Oath
The counterinsurgency war lasted for nearly two years, and was not completely completed until the end of summer August in 1047.
During these two years, William's heroic and rash Norman conquerors put down a massive rebellion in the Kingdom of England, defeating Tostig. Godwin's fleet, destroying the Earl of Cornwall as well as Edric and his old rival Grufiz. Se Yuli.
However, after the end of the war, William felt that his own strength was insufficient, and he found that the Norman conquerors and the vanquished were deeply contradictory, and they were at an absolute disadvantage in numbers, and they could only unite and rely on strong royal power to protect the vested interests of the conquerors.
The original feudal system of continental Europe - "my vassal's vassal is not my vassal", that is, the vassal only needs to be loyal to the lord who directly gave him land, and the lord who is a lord does not need allegiance to the lord, is no longer applicable to the Normans.
At that time, the lords of Europe at all levels were only loyal to their immediate superiors, and did not have to be loyal to other nobles, so there was a situation where "my vassals are not my vassals", so many European countries were divided and divided for a long time.
This loose feudal system would greatly disperse the power of the Normans, scattering the already powerful Norman conquerors into the vast territory of the Kingdom of England, and such feudalism would reduce the Normans' deterrent power to the English.
At this time, William's vision of a new feudal system, "my vassal's vassal or my vassal", ordered the feudal lords of all levels to swear allegiance to him against all the king's enemies.
Wilhelm I also acted in this way to maintain the long-term stability of the regime, after all, the Norman aristocracy was weak, and it was the right way for everyone to defend the king.
In William's vision, the king divided the land among the nobles, and in return for the king, the nobles had to swear allegiance to the king and, according to the size of their domain, pay taxes to the king, and provide knights and their equipment.
William could use the knights, equipment, and taxes provided by the noble vassals to form a standing army.
Relying on the newly formed Fourth Legion, commanded by the Duke of Richard, plus this feudal legion, it was enough to crush all the English rebels.
In the late summer of 1047, at the beginning of September, William summoned all the lords and vassals of the Kingdom of England in Salisbury, from knights to dukes and earls, and all nobles, including Irish and Welsh nobles and Norman nobles.
William's rally in this town was actually to emulate William the Conqueror's decision to make the Salisbury Oath with the English nobles in Salisbury.
Emulating the deeds of historical figures was one of William's great pleasures, and although no one knew how to appreciate William's little pleasures, it did not prevent him from enjoying them.
William convened an oath-or-allegiance conference in Salisbury, in the south of England, and forced the feudal lords of all levels present to swear allegiance to him against all the king's enemies.
Watching these vassals take off their hats and kneel, and put their hands in their palms together to swear allegiance, they must have felt very uncomfortable in their hearts.
For from this time on, in addition to their lords, they had to be loyal to the king, and to fulfill the obligations of vassals.
"Under the world, it is not the king's land", all vassals at all levels must be loyal to William, they are all vassals of the king, and the knights only have the right to occupy and use the fief, but not ownership.
This is the famous "Salisbury Oath" in history, which is another work of William's consolidation of royal power.
The essence of its content is that all levels of English vassals, regardless of their rank, must first swear allegiance to the king in addition to swearing allegiance to the higher lord. In this way, William greatly strengthened his direct administration of the kingdom and strengthened the royal power.
At this time, England and the Norman United Kingdom were the countries with the most concentrated royal power in Western Europe, and strengthening the royal power was forced by the situation and William's wish.
But readers who know about feudalism also know that this is actually a two-way contract. The subordinate relationship between the king and the nobility was of a two-way contractual nature from the beginning.
It was a contractual relationship based on a relationship of rights and obligations, as summarized in a legal treatise at the end of the twelfth century: "There should be a mutual duty of loyalty between the lord and his vassals, and the vassals should be no more subject to the lord than the lords to the vassals except respect."
No matter how great the royal power is, the feudal lord has the obligation to protect the life and property of the vassal, and once the feudal monarch abuses his power, the vassal also has the right to no longer be loyal to the feudal monarch.
Although there was no written law, over time, the contractual relationship between the king and the nobility became conventional.
According to the provisions of the contract, both parties fulfill their obligations and enjoy their own rights, which has gradually become a generally accepted rule in British society.
Although this contractual relationship is personified and unequal, the spirit of contract it contains is the basis for the emergence of the Magna Carta, parliamentary politics and customary law systems.
It is certainly not enough for the nobles to swear allegiance to the king, and the king has to give the nobles some sweetness.
For this reason, William established the Imperial Council, which he would convene to listen to the opinions of the nobles when dealing with important government affairs and wars, and it was naturally the great nobles who attended the Imperial Council.
However, the system set up by William was also extremely contradictory, with a tradition of constant compromise with the aristocracy on the one hand, and fertile ground for the cultivation of royal autocracy on the other.
Wise kings like William the Conqueror and Edward the Long-legged could still understand righteousness and knew how to exercise restraint, while the mediocre lords, like John, the 'King of the Landless', would inevitably expand their royal power, and the contradiction between the royal power and the nobility would come to the fore.
In order to prevent this-for-tat situation from happening a hundred years later, William had to make some backup measures in case he encountered a situation in which the monarch was in power, and the royal power was sidelined, and he was forced to sign the humiliating Magna Carta.
Although in the eyes of later generations, the spirit of contract represented by the Magna Carta was progressive, in fact the essence of the Magna Carta was indeed to plunder the interests of the commoners and distribute the benefits to the nobility and the church, a treaty that brutalized the people, and a humiliating treaty signed by the reactionary aristocratic united church forces to persecute the king who sympathized with the commoners.
"Perhaps I should pass on my kingdoms to my descendants in the future, so that if the Normandy monarch of one kingdom loses power, the Normandy monarch of another kingdom can reclaim the crown of the other kingdom and take power back from the nobility."
William deduced the situation, but he thought of the story of his three brothers-in-law, Sancho II, Alfonso and Garcia, who had killed each other after the death of his father-in-law, Ferdinand I, and he did not want this to happen to his children and grandchildren.
"It seems that we need to think about it in the long run." William shook his head, put it down for the time being, there is no need for William to worry about these now, after all, the royal power of the Kingdom of England is strong, and there is no need to worry about the backlash of the nobles.