Sun Kewang, the main general of the Daxi regime and the powerful minister of the Ming Dynasty during the Yongli period of the Southern Ming Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty character profile: Sun Kewang (?)

—1660), formerly known as Sun Kewang, was the main general of the Daxi regime of Zhang Xianzhong's peasant rebel army in the late Ming Dynasty, a powerful minister in the Yongli period of the Southern Ming Dynasty, and a native of Yanchang County (or Mizhi County) in Shaanxi.

In 1630 A.D. (the third year of Ming Chongzhen), Zhang Xianzhong rebelled in northern Shaanxi, and Sun Kewang, who was born poor, joined the righteous army, and was adopted by Zhang Xianzhong as an adopted son and changed his surname to Zhang.

As an adult, he was brave and cunning, and whenever he encountered an enemy, he led his subordinates to sink and respond, and was called by the army

"A wall". Because he is literate and clever, he is very valued by Zhang Xianzhong, and is the eldest of Zhang Xianzhong's four adopted sons.

In August 1644 (the seventeenth year of Chongzhen), Zhang Xianzhong established the Daxi regime in Chengdu (now Chengdu, Sichuan).

After Zhang Xianzhong died in northern Sichuan, Sun Kewang and Li Dingguo led the rest of the Great Western Army south to capture the Yunnan-Guizhou area and insisted on resisting the Qing Dynasty.

Later, he switched to the Yongli regime and held the Yongli court hostage by force. In order to conspire to be the king of Qin, Sun Kewang killed 30 scholars of the Southern Ming Dynasty, and had a disagreement with the general Li Dingguo, which led to internal strife.

In 1657 A.D. (the eleventh year of Yongli and the fourteenth year of Shunzhi), Sun Kewang led troops from Guizhou into Yunnan and attacked Li Dingguo, but the generals were defeated by Li Dingguo.

Sun Kewang surrendered to the Qing army and led the Qing troops into Sichuan and Guizhou, and was subordinate to the white flag of the Han army. In 1660 A.D. (the fourteenth year of Yongli and the seventeenth year of Shunzhi), he died of illness (one said that he was shot by the Qing army during hunting).

The early part of the character's life experienced 1630 A.D. (three years of Ming Chongzhen), followed Zhang Xianzhong to revolt, because of his courage and good fighting, he was named the general of Pingdong, and Li Dingguo, Liu Wenxiu, and Ai Nengqi were all Zhang Xianzhong's sons, and Zhang Xianzhong gave the surname Zhang Kewang.

In 1646 A.D. (three years of Shunzhi), the Qing army entered Sichuan in a big way, Zhang Xianzhong died in Fengming Mountain in western Sichuan, and the rest was led by Sun Kewang and Li Dingguo, marched into the Yunnan-Guizhou region, as an anti-Qing base, all the way to conquer Zunyi, Guiyang, and Yunnan.

In 1647 A.D. (the first year of Yongli and the fourth year of Shunzhi), Sun Kewang and Li Dingguo and others became kings, and Sun Kewang became the lord of the country, and the year was called Xingchao.

In April 1651 (the fourth year of Yongli and the eighth year of Shunzhi), Sun Kewang sent the general Feng Shuangli and others to lead tens of thousands of cavalry and more than ten war elephants to march into Hunan from Guizhou.

One route is Tongren and Mayang, one route is Pingxi and Benshui, and one route is Solo and Yuanzhou (now Zhijiang, Hunan).

The three battalions of the Yuanzhou garrison of the Qing army had a total of only 3,000 soldiers, and they retreated into the city and were killed

"Surrounded like an iron bucket". On April 15, 1651 (the fourth year of Yongli and the eighth year of Shunzhi), Feng Shuangli occupied Yuanzhou and captured the Qing generals Zheng Yitong and Zhizhou Chai Gonggui alive.

Then he took advantage of the victory to attack Chenzhou (the government was in Yuanling), but Xu Yong, the general soldier of Chenchang in the Qing Dynasty, was very strict in defense and failed to succeed.

Shen Yongzhong, the general appointed by the Qing court to suppress Hunan, led 20,000 troops and tried his best to support them, and the two sides were in a state of stalemate for a period of time.

In April 1652 (the fifth year of Yongli and the ninth year of Shunzhi), Li Dingguo led his troops from Guizhou into Hunan and joined Feng Shuangli to attack Jingzhou.

Shen Yongzhong, the Duke of Shun of the Qing Dynasty, sent Zhang Guozhu, the chief soldier, to lead 8,000 troops to help, and fell into a heavy siege in Jingzhou. After a short battle, the Qing army was defeated, losing 5,163 officers and soldiers (including 103 Manchurian soldiers) and 809 war horses, almost all of which were wiped out, and Zhang Guozhu led the remnants to stagger back on the 22nd.

The Ming army took advantage of the victory to conquer Jingzhou and Wugang Prefecture. Shen Yongzhong had no hope of seeking help, so he was forced to flee from Baoqing to the north with his subordinates, and retreated to Changsha, the provincial capital, on June 2, but still could not stand on his feet, and received the Qing court in Xiangtan

The secret decree of "not fighting in waves, but moving to the army to be conservative" abandoned Changsha on the 6th day of August and fled to Yuezhou.

Many provincial, prefectural, prefecture, and county officials set up by the Qing Dynasty in Hunan also fled north with the army. Except for Yuezhou and Changdeshang, who were under the control of the Qing army, only Xu Yong was left alone to defend Chenzhou and resist stubbornly.

After the Great Western Army joined forces with the Ming Dynasty to resist the Qing Dynasty, it won the first test and recovered most of the prefectures and counties in Hunan. Sun and Li contradictionsThe disagreement between Sun Kewang and Li Dingguo on the issue of Lianming's resistance to the Qing Dynasty was the main reason for their internal strife.

After Zhang Xianzhong's sacrifice, the remnants of the Great Western Army retreated to Yungui, at this time the Qing Dynasty had been established, and the national contradictions rose rapidly, which required the Great Western Army to adapt to the changes in the situation, extensively unite the anti-Qing forces, and oppose the rule of the Qing Dynasty.

In February 1647 (the first year of Yongli and the fourth year of Shunzhi), Sun Kewang, Li Dingguo, Liu Wenxiu, and other leaders of the remnants of the Great Western Army held a meeting in Dingfan near Guiyang to discuss future strategic policies and operational arrangements.

At the meeting, Sun Kewang advocated that the troops should be sent to Guangxi, continue to deal with the Ming army, and once defeated, move to the South China Sea.

Li Dingguo resolutely opposed it, and he advocated moving westward into Yunnan, establishing a base area, and uniting the Ming Dynasty to resist the Qing Dynasty. Li Dingguo said: "At present, the Qing army is attacking on a large scale, breaking into the king's blood and splashing Jiugong Mountain, and the old man is killed by an arrow, and we have a common enmity with the Qing army. At present, if the enemy fights with the Ming army again, it will only benefit the Qing army. The top priority lies in Lianming's resistance to the Qing Dynasty, otherwise there is only a dead end. Li Dingguo's proposal was approved by the majority of the generals attending the meeting.

However, Sun Kewang had lost confidence in Lianming's resistance to the Qing Dynasty and the restoration of the Central Plains, and only wanted to keep the land he lived in, claiming that he was in Yunnan, Guizhou, Chu, and Shu, so he was indifferent to Li Dingguo's suggestion.

Li Dingguo said that Sun Kewang's death in the South China Sea was a dead end, so it was better to die on the spot, and immediately pulled out his sword and prepared to kill himself.

When the generals saw this, they hurriedly snatched their swords and knelt down together and shouted in support of Li Dingguo's proposal. Sun Kewang saw that the people's hearts were returning to Li Dingguo, and immediately agreed to march into Yunnan and join the Ming Dynasty to resist the Qing Dynasty, but he had doubts about Li Dingguo.

Although the policy of Lianming to resist the Qing Dynasty was determined, it was not until 1649 AD (the third year of Yongli and the sixth year of Shunzhi) that Sun Kewang sent people to Guangxi to negotiate with the Yongli court.

Sun Kewang was reluctant to Lianming, and at the suggestion of his staff, he wanted to imitate Cao Cao

The method of "coercing the Son of Heaven to order the princes" to subdue Li Dingguo, Liu Wenxiu and others. This is still fundamentally different from Li Dingguo's goal of restoring the Central Plains.

Sun Kewang's suspicion of Li Dingguo's increased strength and his jealousy of Li Dingguo's military exploits were important reasons for Sun and Li's internal strife.

Li Dingguo was able to unite his soldiers, and his subordinates were willing to serve, and his initial strength was greater than that of Sun Kewang. Li Dingguo is a tough person, has different opinions with Sun Kewang, and always argues vigorously.

For this reason, Sun Kewang found an opportunity to torture him once, although this time they were ostensibly reconciled, but the hatred between the two grew.

In 1652 A.D. (the fifth year of Yongli and the ninth year of Shunzhi), Li Dingguo forced Kong Youde, the king of the south of Qingding, to be defeated and self-immolated in Guilin.

The following year, Li Dingguo led his troops to kill the Qing army's fierce general Jing Jing Prince Nikan in Hengzhou. Li Dingguo became a famous king twice, and recovered dozens of states and counties one after another, and the world was shaken.

Sun Kewang saw Li Dingguo's great achievements and was very jealous. In 1653 A.D. (the seventh year of Yongli and the tenth year of Shunzhi), Sun Kewang led his army to Yuanzhou and immediately sent someone to summon Li Dingguo to Yuanzhou to discuss matters, preparing to take the opportunity to kill Li Dingguo.

After Li Dingguo's subordinates who stayed in Guizhou heard the news that Sun Kewang was going to kill him, they immediately sent someone to report to Li Dingguo.

After receiving the order, Li Dingguo was packing up and preparing to set off when he suddenly received a secret report, which made him in a dilemma.

If he didn't go, Sun Kewang would most likely be guilty of disobeying military orders, and if he went, there would be a struggle.

Sun Kewang gave seven orders in three days, and Li Dingguo had no choice but to lead his troops to Yuanzhou. On the way, Liu Wenxiu's son sent someone to dissuade him, and Li Dingguo retreated to Guangxi and continued to plan the Northern Expedition.

In 1654 A.D. (the eighth year of Yongli and the eleventh year of Shunzhi), Li Dingguo fought against the Qing army in Xinhui, the team was infected by the plague, and the Qing army was greatly reinforced, and Li Dingguo sent people to Sun Kewang for help.

Sun Kewang did not send a single soldier and sat back and watched Li Dingguo's defeat. When Li Dingguo was defeated and retreated to Nanning, Sun Kewang ordered that all the places where Li Dingguo's troops passed through should be burned with grain and grass to prevent him from returning, and at the same time sent more than 40,000 people to block Li Dingguo's approach to Guizhou.

The impetus of the Southern Ming court and officials was also an important reason for Sun Li's infighting. In the spring of 1647 (the first year of Yongli and the fourth year of Shunzhi), Yang Changzhi, the deputy envoy of Yunnan in the Ming Dynasty, was forced to submit to Sun Kewang and was particularly trusted by Sun Kewang.

Yang Changzhi saw that after Sun Kewang occupied Yunnan, he became more and more arrogant, and wanted to inherit Zhang Xianzhong's title of King of Qin, but he was afraid that Li Dingguo and others would not accept it, so Yang Changzhi often fanned the flames in front of Sun Kewang: "If the general can win the title of 'King of Qin' in the imperial court, he can not only shock the southwest, but also suppress the two kings of Li and Liu, what a majesty!" In front of Li Dingguo, Liu Wenxiu and others, he counted Sun Kewang arrogant, arbitrary, and did not think of brotherhood at all, and falsely reminded them to be careful of the replacement of the two palaces

The word "Sun" is a big banner. Sun Kewang was crowned the queen of Qin, as if he was the emperor, and even stipulated that all the titles of the government offices should be added before them

"Qin

The word, which is also extremely insulting to Emperor Yongli. Emperor Yongli couldn't bear it anymore, so he sent someone to hold a secret edict to let Li Dingguo, who had a conflict with Sun Kewang, come to escort him, which finally happened

"The Prison of Mr. Eighteen". In the first month of 1656 A.D. (the tenth year of Yongli and the thirteenth year of Shunzhi), Li Dingguo entered Anlong to welcome Emperor Yongli to Kunming.

Baoqing's defeat, Sun Kewang forced Li Dingguo away, and soon reaped the consequences. At that time, Sun Kewang was pro-unifying the army from Jingzhou (now Jingxian County, Hunan) through Wugang to Baoqing (now Shaoyang, Hunan), with generals Bai Wenxuan and Feng Shuangli under his subordinates, and the total strength was 100,000 according to Qing records.

A.D. 1656 (Yongli 10th year, Shunzhi 13th year) March 6th, Qingding Yuan general Tun Qi led the main force of the Manchu and Han Dynasty from Yongzhou to Baoqing, stationed at the fork in the road on the 15th, 30 miles away from the Ming army Bai Wenxuan, Feng Shuangli, Ma Jinzhong camp Zhoujiapu.

The next day, the Qing army entered Zhoujiapu, because the Ming army camp was on the top of the mountain, the terrain was dangerous, and it was raining, and the two sides lined up to confront each other.

That night, Sun Kewang led his own army to reinforcements from Baoqing Mansion. On the 17th day of 1656 A.D. (the tenth year of Yongli and the thirteenth year of Shunzhi), the Ming army went down the mountain to launch a comprehensive attack on the Qing army.

As a result, the Ming army under the command of Sun Kewang was defeated, with many casualties, and was captured by the Qing army more than 700 horses, like a head, and the Qing army took advantage of the victory to occupy Baoqing Mansion.

However, the Qing army also paid a great price in this battle, and the two Mongol Meile Zhangjing Wei Zheng and Wu Jingjing of the Zhenghuang Banner were killed in the fierce battle.

In August 1657 (the 11th year of Yongli and the 14th year of Shunzhi), Sun Kewang, who was stationed in Guiyang, personally led an army of 100,000 to attack Li Dingguo, the second person of the Great Western Army stationed in Yunnan.

At that time, Li Dingguo only had 30,000 people, and the balance of strength between the two sides was very large, Li Dingguo adopted the method of luring the enemy to go deeper, so that Sun Kewang did not encounter any resistance all the way, and the soldiers attacked the Jiaoshui River near Qujing, Yunnan without blood.

At this time, Li Bu had already set up a position on the other side of the river, waiting for work. The armies of the two sides had not yet come into contact, and Sun Kewang suddenly found that his front army was in chaos and retreated.

Upon inquiry, Sun Kewang learned that the forward general Bai Wenxuan did not want a civil war and had abandoned the army and defected to Li Dingguo. Sun Kewang was furious, personally led the elite as the vanguard, forced to cross the river from the front, halfway through, Li Dingguo's army launched a surprise attack, because it was a decisive battle, Sun had to desperately rush forward to the opposite bank, and the two sides started a melee.

Seeing this, Bai Wenxuan personally jumped on his horse and led his 5,000 iron cavalry to rush towards Sun Kewang's army. Ma Weixing, the chief general of Sun's left army, led his troops to defect, and after the joint army with Bai Wenxuan copied Sun Kewang's formation, he broke several battalions in a row, and many soldiers took off their uniforms and knelt on the ground and shouted: "Welcome King Jin!" ”

"Return to the King of Jin!" Sun Kewang saw that the army's heart had changed, and he didn't dare to fight, so he pulled his horse and fled, and finally only more than 50 horsemen of the 100,000 army fled with him.

At this time, Sun Kewang could still reconcile with Li Dingguo, join forces to resist the Qing Dynasty, or admit defeat, withdraw from the military and political arena, and live in seclusion, but Sun Kewang could not suppress the anger of defeat, ran to Changsha, surrendered to the Qing Dynasty, and took revenge with the army.

In February 1658 (the twelfth year of Yongli and the fifteenth year of Shunzhi), a canonization ceremony was held in Changsha, and he was immediately summoned to Beijing.

On the second day of May, Sun Kewang arrived in Beijing. The Qing court ordered Prince Jidu of Heshuo Jian and Prince Yue Le of Heshuo An to lead a large number of high-ranking officials and dignitaries out of the city to greet them, and the scene was quite grand.

The next day, Shunzhi personally met Sun Kewang in the Taihe Palace. Within ten days, the emperor gave three banquets, two silver for a total of 12,000 taels, and also gave the mansion, robes, court clothes, satin, etc., Sun Kewang became a smash hit figure in the Qing court.

Sun Kewang surrendered to the Qing Dynasty and betrayed the military situation in the southwest, so that Li Dingguo and the anti-Qing forces in the southwest finally lost.

The Qing court named him the righteous king. In July 1658 (the twelfth year of Yongli and the fifteenth year of Shunzhi), Sun Kewang was overjoyed to learn the news that his younger brother Sun Kesheng, who had been separated for more than ten years, was in Shanghai.

He hurriedly reported to the Qing court, asking the Qing government to use the official post to transport his poor brother's family, who was a small soldier, to Beijing to join him.

Unexpectedly, such a faint request attracted a burst of bombardment from the imperial history of the Qing court. The impeachment of him is justified and well-founded: "(Sun Kewang) began to poison Shu Chu with Zhang Xianzhong's adopted son, and the gods and men were angry. Then he called the soldiers and the criminals were obedient and went against my face. The crowd betrayed their relatives and left, and there was no way to recover, Fang led hundreds of tired soldiers, and returned to ...... outlaw" Yushi also said that Sun Kewang's brother was just a food soldier, and he had no official in vain, how could such a person dare to use the national post in vain?

After seeing the impeachment, Sun Kewang thundered to the top and hurriedly apologized. In 1659 A.D. (the thirteenth year of Yongli and the sixteenth year of Shunzhi), in the leap March, some people exposed Sun Kewang for money lending for profit.

Although Emperor Shunzhi knew that this kind of thing was a common phenomenon in the Eight Banners of Manchuria, he was unwilling to let go of this opportunity to further degrade Sun Kewang's political status.

He sent a cabinet scholar, Ma Erji, to Sun Kewang's residence to read the edict, first reprimanded, and then announced that he would be excused.

Sun Kewang was frightened, and hurriedly went to the book to explain his money-lending process, and then waged his tail to Emperor Shunzhi and begged for mercy.

Since then, Sun Kewang's situation has become more and more embarrassing, as the old saying goes

"The dragon loses power, and it is the same as the earthworm". In June 1660 (the fourteenth year of Wanli and the seventeenth year of Shunzhi), Sun Kewang was forced to ask for resignation from the title and seal of King Yi.

At this time, although the Yongli Emperor of the Southern Ming Dynasty had fled into Burma and the general trend in the southwest had been decided, the remnants of the Ming army led by Li Dingguo still persisted in the struggle in the border areas.

The Qing court believed that it was not in line with the strategy of the time to remove Sun Kewang's title of righteous king, so the Shunzhi Emperor issued a specially worded holy decree.

On November 20, 1660 (the fourteenth year of Wanli and the seventeenth year of Shunzhi), Sun Kewang died.

The official version is that he died of illness, and the truth is quite doubtful. Historians in the early Qing Dynasty said that Sun Kewang was

"Shot to death with a hunt"; Or rather

"Named the righteous king, looking for the drunken". In 1667 A.D. (the eighth year of Kangxi), the Qing court sent Shangshu Mingzhu and others from the Criminal Department to Fujian, and discussed with Geng Jimao, the king of Jingnan, and Zu Zepei, the governor, to appease Zheng Jing, who was guarding Taiwan.

Zheng Jing replied with irony: "Your dynasty is extremely lenient, and those who are far away do not ask, and with what they have heard and seen, such as Fang Guoan and Sun Kewang, isn't it that those who are dedicated to your dynasty are all at peace today?" The past can be learned, which is enough to chill the heart. It can be seen that Sun Kewang's death was not a good end, and it must have been widely spread at that time.

After Sun Kewang's death, the Qing court gave him a blessing,

"Sacrificial Galleon"; At the same time, he ordered his descendants to attack the king of righteousness. A few months later, Sun Zhengqi died of illness, and his younger brother Zhengchun inherited it.

In 1661 A.D. (the fifteenth year of Wanli and the eighteenth year of Shunzhi), Wu Sangui and others led troops into Burma, and Emperor Yongli was captured and returned to Kunming to be hanged.

The following year, Kangxi changed the yuan, and Li Dingguo also died of illness at the border. The Sun Kewang family no longer has much use value, the Qing court's

"Grace" is gradually downgraded. In 1666 (the seventh year of Kangxi), the imperial court ordered that the annual salary of Sun Zhengchun, the righteous king, be reduced from 5,000 taels to 3,000 taels.

In the eleventh year, Sun Zhengchun died of illness, and his younger brother Sun Zhenghao asked for a raid. After the council of the king and the ministers, he was demoted to Mu Yigong.

After Sun Zhenghao's death, his grandson Hongxiang again attacked the first-class light car captain. In June 1771 (the 36th year of Qianlong), the Qing court finally decided: "Sun Kewang has all the hereditary positions of his descendants, and there is no need to inherit them in the future." Since then, the Sun Kewang family has disappeared the last trace in the political arena.

Character evaluation: Sun Kewang, who betrayed the Yongli Dynasty of the Southern Ming Dynasty, played a role no less than Zheng Zhilong. After Sun Kewang's army was defeated and handed over to the water (now Zhanyi), he completely abandoned the cause of the Great Western Army's resistance to the Qing Dynasty, and in October, he only led more than 20 generals and hundreds of soldiers to Changsha to surrender to the Qing Dynasty.

He spits out the truth of the eternal dynasty,

"Hope for deep hatred with snow", and play the request to send troops to enter the southwest, wish

"Discuss with the generals", to

"Serve the original intention of the country". Due to Sun Kewang's betrayal, the details of the Yongli Dynasty were all exposed, and they were finally wiped out by the Qing Dynasty.

Anecdotal allusion to the prison of Mr. Eighteen In 1652 A.D. (the sixth year of Yongli and the ninth year of Shunzhi), Sun Kewang welcomed Zhu Youlang, the king of Yongming (that is, Emperor Yongli), into Anlong, Guizhou, and changed Anlong to Anlongfu.

This is the beginning of Yongming's entry into Anlong. On the sixth day of March in 1651 A.D. (the fourth year of Yongli and the eighth year of Shunzhi), Sun Kewang, a general of the Southern Ming Dynasty, killed 18 ministers of the court of King Gui of the Ming Dynasty

"The Prison of Mr. Eighteen".

The incident of "Eighteen Gentlemen's Prison" has to start from the winter of 1652 A.D. (the sixth year of Yongli and the ninth year of Shunzhi).

Sun Kewang sent someone to take the Yongli Emperor Zhu Youlang to his own sphere of influence, Anlongsuo in Guizhou, and renamed it Anlong Mansion, as the presence of the Southern Ming Dynasty, in order to achieve the purpose of coercing the Son of Heaven to order the princes.

Sun Kewang set up six cabinet ministries in Guiyang, established the Taimiao and Sheji, and formulated the court rituals. Nominally, he established the order of the Yongli Dynasty of the Southern Ming Dynasty, but in essence he was preparing for a future usurpation.

At the beginning of 1654 A.D. (the eighth year of Yongli and the eleventh year of Shunzhi), Emperor Yongli was intimidated by Sun Kewang's coercion, and with the support of Wu Zhenyu, a scholar, and others, he secretly wrote a letter to Li Dingguo, who was abroad, asking for his return to escort him.

This news was reported to Sun Kewang by the eunuch Ma Jixiang, who, in a fit of rage, tortured and plundered the ministers, and coerced the Yongli Emperor to issue an edict to execute Wu Zhenyu and 18 other ministers.

Sun Kewang was very cruel when he was tortured, which fully demonstrated his nature as a rogue. There are in the graveyard of Mr. Eighteen

"Zhongquan" side. It is rumored that at that time, the sky suddenly changed, the wind and rain alternated, and there was a spring gushing out at the foot of Tianbang Mountain, and the people said that it was Tiangong who shed tears, so this spring was named

"Chung Spring". In the eyes of scholars, history is fair. Sun Kewang, the great warlord who controlled the Southern Ming regime, eventually surrendered to the Manchus, and Mr. Eighteen was eventually remembered through the ages.

The imprisonment of Mr. Eighteen was the result of fierce party rivalries within the government of King Gui of the Southern Ming Dynasty, which was the result of a corrupt bureaucratic system in the Ming Dynasty.

The Southern Ming Dynasty inherited the decadent atmosphere of the Beijing Imperial Court and the endless party strife of the civil and official groups, which accelerated the fall of the stormy Yongli Imperial Court.

Xing Dynasty Tongbao

"Xing Dynasty Tongbao" is the coinage of Sun Kewang after entering Yunnan, in 1649 A.D. (the third year of Yongli and the sixth year of Shunzhi) when he was called the king of Dongping.

"Xingchao Tongbao" is the coinage of the peasant rebel army. The large amount of casting line, the long time of casting line, created a school of its own style -

The influence of the "Dian School" is very far-reaching.

The "Dian School" coins are different, and most of the coins are made by craftsmen, so the font is ancient and simple; The inner and outer Guo are wider than other coins, and the money is easy to polish but not very fine; The material is single, mostly copper coins; The casters are rougher, but the money is heavy.

This style had a positive impact on later generations of Wu Sangui

"Utilization",

"Zhaowu" and his grandson Wu Shifan

The "Honghua" money has a relatively obvious impact. Until the Qing Dynasty Xianfeng and Tongzhi dynasties, the large coins minted by Yunnan and Guizhou provinces were also faintly visible.

The cause of death is disputed: In November 1660 (the 14th year of Yongli and the 17th year of Shunzhi), Sun Kewang died suddenly.

As for the cause of death, the Qing Dynasty official history book "Qing History Biography" and Xu Mo's "Little Shyness Chronicle Supplementary Examination" said that he died of illness.

However, since the early Qing Dynasty, some wild histories have expressed doubts about this, such as Dai Li's "Walking in Yangqiu" and Wu Weiye's "Luqiao Chronicles" that he was shot to death with an arrow when his entourage went hunting.

Lin Shi even said to "Lotus Cong Talk" that Sun Kewang was given poisoned wine and died. It is difficult to determine exactly how Sun Kewang died, but the news of Sun Kewang's unnatural death was widely circulated at the time.

In 1669 (the eighth year of Kangxi), the Qing court sent people to appease Zheng Jing in Taiwan, and Zheng Jing also used Sun Kewang's ending as an example to refute the promises of the Qing government.

Zheng Jing said sarcastically in his reply: "The Gui Dynasty is extremely lenient, not to mention far away, take what I have seen, like Fang Guoan, Sun Kewang and others, which one is not wholeheartedly submissive to the Gui Dynasty, what is happening now?" The past is enough to chill people. "Whether Sun Kewang died of his own depression, or died of the jealousy of others, or the deliberate arrangement of the Qing court, he could not escape the pitiful fate of the birds hiding the bow and the rabbit dying and the dog cooking.

After Sun Kewang's death, the Qing court gave him the title of King Yi, and his descendants conquered the king. A few months later, Sun Zhengqi died of illness, and his younger brother Zhengchun inherited it.

In 1661 A.D. (the fifteenth year of Yongli and the eighteenth year of Shunzhi), Wu Sangui hanged Yongli in Kunming.

In 1662 A.D. (the sixteenth year of Yongli and the nineteenth year of Shunzhi), Li Dingguo died of illness, and Sun Kewang's family had little use value, and the Qing court's

"Grace" was gradually downgraded, and he was successively demoted to the rank of righteous prince and first-class lieutenant. In 1771 (the 36th year of Qianlong), it was stipulated that the inheritance would be stopped, and since then, the Sun Kewang family has disappeared from the political arena.

Historical records: "History of the Southern Ming Dynasty, Chapter 27, Section 5", Gu Cheng's "Guangdong-Yunnan Chronicles", Volume 2, "Sun Kewang Falls in Chongqing", Jiufeng Jushi Editor, "The History of the King James Dynasty, Erchen Biography, Erchen Biography B, Volume 79", Film and Television Image, 2005, "The Long River Flows East", Lu Yong as Sun Minzong (Sun Kewang), 1984 movie "Double Heroes", Ma Shuchao as Zhang Kewang (Sun Kewang)