There are many well-known figures in the ancient history of our country, understanding their lives and deeds is conducive to our increase of knowledge, and at the same time it is also helpful for us to grasp Chinese history.

Qinling, full name (Gar Qinling Zanzhuo) Tibetan minister and general. He was an outstanding politician and military strategist in Tibetan history. His ancestors were Tibetan nobles for generations, and his surname was Xue. Father Lu Dongzan "has a serious temperament, stresses military trainers, is elegant and modest, Tubo and Zhuqiang, dominates the local territory, and has many strategies." "He once went to Chang'an to ask for marriage for Songtsen Gampo, and then there was a grand event when Princess Wencheng married Tubo Zampu in the west. In the first year of Yonghui of Tang Gaozong (650), Songtsan Gampo died, and Mangsong Mangzan succeeded Zampu. Because Zampu was young, Lu Dongzan was in charge of government affairs. In the second year of Tang Qianfeng (667), Lu Dongzan died, and Qinling took control of the government. The Tibetan language calls the prime minister a treatise, and Qinling is actually the prime minister of Tubo, so the history is called the Qinling. Lu Dongzan's father and son were in charge of the Tibetan government for 70 years.

There are five brothers in Qinling, the elder brother died early, and the younger brothers are Zanpo, Sita, and Yu Bo Lun. They have been leading troops on the border for a long time, and "all have talents." Zanpo dominated the war in eastern Qinghai for decades. Since the regency, Qinling has taken over the power, further rectifying and improving the political organization of the Tubo Dynasty internally, and expanding the military force externally, annexing various tribes to counter the Tang Dynasty, so that the power of the Tubo State has grown rapidly.

First, in April of the first year of Xianheng (670), Qinling captured the four towns of Anxi, including Qiuci (now Kuqa, Xinjiang), Yanqi, Shule (now Kashgar, Xinjiang), and Khotan (now Hotan, Xinjiang), cutting off the Tang Dynasty's transportation to the northwest line and Central Asia, posing a great threat to the Tang Dynasty. Prior to this, the Tibetans had already defeated Tuyuhun, who originally lived in the western part of present-day Qinghai, occupied its territory, and advanced into Hehuang. At this moment, the four towns of Anxi were occupied, and the Tang Dynasty was deeply disturbed. Therefore, with Xue Rengui as the general manager of the march of the Luokui (now Lhasa) Road, and with the general of the Left Guard, Ashina Daozhen, and the general of the Left Guard, Guo Beifeng, as the deputy marshal, he led 50,000 troops to Qinghai and conquered Tibet in the name of escorting the Lord of Tuyuhun back to China. In August of this year, Xue Rengui arrived in Dafeichuan (now the Qieji Grassland in Hainan Prefecture), and left Guo to lead 20,000 soldiers to be stationed on the Dafei Mountains to protect the military supplies and wait for the army. Xue Rengui led most of his troops to Wuhai (now the Black Sea in Hainan), trying to give Tubo a surprise attack. At this time, the Tibetan side had already prepared. Qinling personally moved from Anxi to Qinghai, and 400,000 troops were stationed in the southwest of Dafeichuan to wait for work. When Xue Rengui led his army to the mouth of the river, he encountered a Tibetan army and was defeated. Guo Beifeng heard that Xue's army had already succeeded, so he did not listen to General Xue Rengui's orders, and led all the troops to march towards Wuhai in advance, trying to fight for merit. On the way, Qinling commanded the 200,000 volleys of the Tibetan army, captured all the army rations and baggage and many Tang army officers and soldiers, and Guo Beifeng was defeated and left. Xue Rengui heard the alarm and led his troops to retreat to Dafeichuan. Qinling gathered 400,000 troops to besiege and kill, the Tang army was defeated, and Xue Rengui "made peace with Qinling and returned" (2). In this battle, Qinling defeated Xue Rengui with an absolute superiority of troops, and the western part of Qinghai was controlled by Tubo. The prestige of the Qinling Tomb has greatly expanded. Regarding the number of Tang troops in the Battle of Dafeichuan, Zizhi Tongjian did not say in 670, some sources say that he led more than 100,000 people, "Shufu Yuangui", "Old Tang Shubenji Five", "New Tang Shulie Biography 146 I" said that the leading troops were 50,000, and some people analyzed the battle process and Li Jing's art of war, and the Tang army was 50,000: In the process of the Battle of Dafeichuan, Xue Rengui attacked with soldiers, and the baggage soldiers were left to Guo Beifeng, and Guo Beifeng had a total of 20,000 people, so the baggage soldiers should not be more than 20,000. According to Li Jing's Art of War, the Tang army had 3,000 heavy soldiers for every 10,000 people, and according to this ratio, 100,000 words said that there were more than 20,000 heavy soldiers, and 100,000 was wrong; If there are 50,000, 15,000 baggage soldiers plus 5,000 soldiers will guard the baggage exactly 20,000. So 50,000 is correct. In 675, the four towns of Anxi and the Western Regions were regained control by the Tang Dynasty.

Second, Liu Renliang wanted to harm Li Jingxuan, and deliberately recommended Li Jingxuan, who had no generals and talents, to lead the troops into battle. Liu Renliang Zhentaohe, every time there is a play, most of them are suppressed by Li Jingxuan, and they are resentful. Ren Rail knew that Jing Xuan was not a handsome general, and wanted to slander him, so he said: "The west is guarded, and it is not Jing Xuan." "Tang Gaozong took Jing Xuandai Renliang as the general manager of Taohe Road and the ambassador of pacification. In the spring of the third year of Yifeng (678), the Tang Dynasty took Li Jingxuan as the chief governor of Taohe Road and the pacification ambassador, and the governor of Shanzhou (now Ledu). After Li Jingxuan took office, he intended to go out of Tibet. At this time, Qinling had also made a lot of preparations. In September of this year, Li Jingxuan and Liu Xianli, the secretary of the Ministry of Industry, commanded 180,000 troops to Qinghai Lake, and Qinling led the army to meet them. The first battle was about to defeat the forward troops of the Tang Army, Liu Xianli did not fight, Li Jingxuan heard that he was "embarrassed but left" (3), and stationed troops in Chengfeng Ridge (now the area of Lazhi Mountain), relying on the mud ditch and guarding the village. Qinling commanded the soldiers to press down from Gaogang, and Tangzhai was in danger. Later, thanks to the 500 people led by the left leader Waihei Changzhi, the Tibetan camp and the Tibetan army were frightened, Li Jingxuan was able to lead the army back to Shanzhou. The Tang Dynasty sent an envoy to Tubo to make peace, and Qinling's younger brother Zanpo greeted the Tang envoy at Chiling (today's Moon Mountain) and agreed not to offend each other. "Zizhi Tongjian" 678 AD: "The division is collected and scattered, and the army is revived." (4) "Zizhi Tongjian": In the third year of Yifeng (Wuyin, 678 AD), Liu Renliang Zhentaohe, every time there was a recital, most of them were suppressed by Li Jingxuan, and they were resentful. Ren Rail knew that Jing Xuan was not a handsome general, and wanted to slander him, so he said: "The west is guarded, and it is not Jing Xuan." Jing Xuangu resigned, and said: "The benevolent track must be me, I will also go to myself, and Qing'an will resign!" Bingzi, with Jing Xuandai Renliang as the general manager of Taohe Road and the ambassador of pacification, still inspected the governor of Shanzhou. He also ordered Shi Li Xiaoyi, the governor of the Yizhou Metropolitan Governor's Office, and others to send Jiannan and Shannan soldiers to him. Xiaoyi, the son of supernatural powers. Bingyin, Li Jingxuan's 180,000 soldiers and Tubo's general Lunqinling fought on Qinghai, the army was defeated, and Liu Xianli, the general of the Ministry of Industry and the general of the right guard, Pengcheng, was captured by Tubo. Shi Xianli went deep into the front army, stopped at the Hao, was attacked by the captives, Jing Xuan was cowardly, and did not save the soldiers. Hearing that the trial was not fighting, he was embarrassed and left, stopped at Chengfeng Ridge, blocked the mud ditch to self-solidify, and captured the soldiers Gaogang to suppress it. The left leader of the army, the general of the black tooth, the night commander dared to die 500 people attacked the camp, the captives were in chaos, and the generals set up troops to flee, and Jing Xuannai collected the rest of the people and returned them to Shanzhou. Li Jingxuan's expedition to the west also, supervising the imperial history of the original Wu Lou Shide should be a warrior edict to join the army, and defeated, the division of the division was collected and scattered, and the army was revived. ”

Third, in February of the first year of Tiaolu (679), Mangsong Mangzan died, and Qinling and Mangsong Mangzan's son of the crossbow Si Lang's uncle, Lu Saruo, supported the crossbow Xi Rong as Zampu. After hearing the letter, Tang Gaozong thought that this was the opportunity to completely defeat Tubo and make Tubo truly surrender, and discussed with the general Pei Xingjian, Pei Xingjian said: "Qinling is the government, and the ministers are peaceful, and it is not profitable." This shows that this is not the time to completely defeat Tibet and make it truly surrender (5). From here, it can be seen that the prestige of Qinling in the Tubo Kingdom at that time was high. But even so, the Tibetans still failed in their struggle for the Anxi region.

Fourth, "Old Tang Book Biography No. 149" records that Li Jinxing of the Tang Dynasty dealt with Tubo on Qinling: "At the beginning of Zhenguan, he worshiped the general of the right guard and gave the surname Li. Pawn hunting. The son is cautious, magnificent, and unbeatable. Lin Dezhong, the governor of Yingzhou Prefecture. There are thousands of servants in its tribe, and they are feared by the people with their wealth. He is the general of the right leading army and the ambassador of the Jishi Road Economic Strategy. Tubo on Qinling and others led 100,000 people into the Kou Huang, carefully marched soldiers and soldiers, never equipment, suddenly heard that the thief arrived, so he built a flag and cut down the drums, opened the door to wait for it. Tubo suspected that there were ambushes, but they did not dare to enter. In the third year of the last century, tens of thousands of people in Qinghai were broken, and the seal book was relieved. He was awarded the general of the town army, the general of the right guard, and the prince of Yanguo. ......In 680, the Tibetans attacked Heyuan (present-day eastern Qinghai Province) and were repelled by the Tang general Heizhi Changzhi. The black tooth often passes through the source of the river, and more than 70 Fengshu are widely placed, and more than 5,000 hectares of tuntian are opened. In 681, Tubo Zanpo led an army of 30,000 Tunliang Feichuan, and Heiya Changzhi led 3,000 cavalry to repel the Tubo army and captured more than 2,000 ranks. Collect their grain and livestock, and return it. Chang Zhi has been in the army for seven years, and Tubo is deeply afraid of him. In 682, Tubo entered the Kouheyuan Army (one of the garrisons of the Tang Dynasty, and the military rule was near Xining, Qinghai), and the military envoy Lou Shide attacked it in Baishuijian and won eight battles. In the first year of Wu Zetian's long live Tongtian (696), Qin Ling and his younger brother Zanpo led the Tibetan army and defeated the Tang army that came to conquer at Surokhan Mountain (now Taozhou). As a result, Wang Xiaojie, a general of the Tang Dynasty, was dismissed as a commoner, and Lou Shide was demoted to the rank of Yuanzhou member and foreign Sima. "Zizhi Tongjian": "In the autumn of the first year of Yonglong (Gengchen, 680 AD), in July, at the source of the Kou River in Tubo, the general of Zuo Wuwei was attacked by Hei Yachang. He was promoted to the ambassador of the Heyuan Army. It is often necessary to rush to the source of the river, and want to increase the number of troops to fight it, and the danger of transferring is far away, so it is to set up more than 70 Fengshu and open more than 5,000 hectares of tuntian, so that it is prepared for war. In the first year of Kaiyao (Xin Si, 681 A.D.), Ji Chou, the ambassador of Heyuan Daojing, the general of Hei Zhi Changzhi, attacked Tubo and praised Po Yu Liangfeichuan, and broke it. Collect their grain and livestock, and return it. Chang Zhi has been in the army for seven years, and Tubo is deeply afraid of him. In the first year of Yongchun (Renwu, 682 AD), Tubo entered the Kouhe source army, and the army made Lou Shide to attack the troops in Baishuijian, and won eight battles. In the first year of Yongchang (Jichou, 689 AD), Zhou Xing and others falsely accused the right Wuwei general Yan Gong of rebellion and went to prison. Winter, October, Wu noon, Chang Zhi hanged to death. ”

The talent of Qinling

According to the Tibetan literature of Dunhuang, Qinling was not only good at warfare, but also eloquent and far-sighted. Before this battle, Wang Xiaojie, the commander of the Tang army, had sent a letter to Qinling and presented a bag of corn and cranberry seeds, claiming in a letter: "The army of Tibet is like a herd of tigers, like a yak in a queue, and the number is also equal to ours." Yan Yun: Measure the skull and sew the hat, measure the foot and sew the boot. …… Thunderbolts fall from the sky and bombard rocks, how can the rocks be compared to how big they are?" Qin Ling replied: "Although the birds are numerous, they are the food of an eagle falcon; Although there are many swimming fish, they are the food of an otter. Although there are many elk antlers, how can they win; The horns are short, but they can win. A pine tree grows for a hundred years, and an axe is enough to cut it down; Even though the river is wide, it can be crossed by a leather boat. Barley rice grows all over the dam, but it is in a water mill. The stars filled the sky, and a round of red light eclipsed it. One star of fireworks is enough to burn all the fruit trees in the mountains and valleys; A flash flood from the source of a spring is large enough to wash away all the fruit trees on the dam. If a stone rolls in the midst of a clod of earth, see if the stone is broken, or if it is a huge clod?...... Your army is like a swarm of flies on a lake, although there are many of them, they are not easy to command, and they are like the clouds and smoke on the mountains, and they are insignificant to people. Isn't my army like a sickle cutting through the grass? Although the yak is large, with a small arrow, can't it be shot to death?......" is endless, similar to clever metaphors, it can really be said that it is a witty statement. In September of the same year, Guo Yuanzhen, the right military guard of the Tang Dynasty, joined the army Guo Yuanzhen accompanied the Tibetan envoy to Tubo, and Qinling put forward the conditions for peace, that is, the Tang Dynasty withdrew the garrisons of the four towns of Anxi, and governed the land of the ten Turkic surnames (in present-day Xinjiang) under the jurisdiction of Tubo. Guo Yuanzhen said: "The four towns, the ten surnames and the Tubo species are different, please strike the Tang soldiers today, don't you have the ambition to annex?" (6) Qin Ling asked wittily: "The envoy wants me to cut down the tribes to cause evil in the Tang Border?" If I am greedy for land and wealth, Qinghai and Huangchuan are near, why not fight now? The Turkic tribes are vast and reckless, and they go far to China, and there are thousands of miles of evil in fighting for land? And the four Yi Tang are all ministers, although overseas, indelible, Tubo is suitable for those who are alone, in vain to be careful with brothers, to protect each other's ears. Ten surnames and five Lu are close to Anxi, far away from Tubo, and I am cut a moraine from me, and the knight is sudden, and it is not easy to arrive, so I think I am worried. (7) Later, although the Tang Dynasty did not agree to this request, considering the importance of the frontier and the fact that it could not be easily given away, it can be seen from this incident that the Qinling people had a far-sighted strategy and played a role in keeping Tibet from being annexed. The Qinling brothers ruled in Tibet for decades and were in power. As he gets older, he wants to take back the power of state that has fallen behind. In February of the second year of the Holy Calendar (699), Zampu and the minister Nonyan took the opportunity of Qinling's presence to hunt down and kill more than 2,000 of his relatives and summoned the Qinling brothers to the court. Qin Ling knew that he would die, so he raised troops to disobey. Zampu sent troops to attack, but Qinling was defeated and committed suicide. As soon as Qinling died, his younger brother Zanpo led more than 1,000 people to surrender to Tang in April of the same year. Wu Zetian named Zanpo as the king of Guide and the general of the right guard, and ordered him to lead his troops to guard Hongyuan Valley (in the west of present-day Gulang County, Gansu, near Haibei Prefecture, Qinghai). Then, Qinling's son Gong Ren also led more than 7,000 Tuyuhun to the Tang Dynasty, worshiped as the general of Zuo Yuxuanwei and the prince of Jiuquan County, and then moved to the general of Zuo Xiaowei and the deputy ambassador of Shuofang, and after his death, he was given to the king of Sichuan County, and his son was also a general in the court.

The Tubo forces strengthened The Tubo forces represented by Qinling raided and occupied the Tuyuhun homeland and controlled the western part of Qinghai in order to expand the national territory, but the battle for Anxi in the Western Regions failed, and the Qinling asked the Tang Dynasty to withdraw from Anxi, but it was helpless to refuse. The loss of the Tang Dynasty's vassal state Tuyuhun was equivalent to the loss of a natural barrier. For the sake of their own interests, the Tang and Tibetan sides waged a long-term war and contest west of the eastern agricultural region of Qinghai. Qin Ling not only sent his younger brother Zanpo to guard Qinghai for a long time, but also often led troops to this place. He first defeated Xue Rengui's 50,000 army in one fell swoop, completely controlled the territory of Tuyuhun, and made great contributions to the growth of Tubo's state and the expansion of its territory. He was a well-deserved military strategist, as well as an excellent diplomat. Military activities in Qinghai were an important part of his life's work. We can say that Qinling was an important figure in the early Tibetan period of Qinghai, and this person should not be ignored in the study of local history.

The above is the introduction of the Encyclopedia of Characters - Qinling brought by Xueda Education Network, I hope to deepen our understanding of these well-known figures, more celebrity introductions, please pay attention to Xueda Education Network, I believe it will help to increase your knowledge.