In the fifteenth year of Zhenguan (641), Songtsen Gampo was 25 years old, and the Tang Dynasty sent Li Daozong, the king of Jiangxia and the secretary of the Ministry of Rites, to escort Princess Wencheng into Tibet. Songtsen Gampo personally led the Praetorian Guard to meet him from Tibet. Princess Wencheng and her entourage went west from the Daochuan River, Riyue Mountain and other places to Baihai (Zhalinghai) near the source of the Yellow River, and met with the team of Songtsen Gampo to welcome relatives. Songtsen Gampo was very respectful to Li Daozong's son-in-law, and returned to Tibet with Princess Wencheng, and said to those close to him, "My father and ancestors did not intermarry into the country, and now I have the princess of the Tang Dynasty, which is a lot of luck." Build a city for the princess, that she may boast of her offspring." Songtsen Gampo built a city and a palace for Princess Wencheng. Princess Wencheng did not like the ochre customs of the Tubo people, so Songtsen Gampo ordered to stop the ochre custom, and she also changed her felt fur and put on silk clothes, and also sent the children of the Tubo nobles to the Tang Dynasty to learn "poems" and "books", and asked the Tang Dynasty literate people to manage the Tibetan table

The Tibetan book "The Wedding Banquet of the Sage" records that "Songtsen Gampo ascended the throne of celebration and crowned Princess Wencheng and crowned her queen." ”

Princess Wencheng, the daughter of the Tang Dynasty clan (not the emperor's daughter). "Dunhuang Tubo Historical Documents" records: "Princess Zanmeng Wencheng welcomed from Gardong Zanyu Song to the land of Tubo. "In the Year of the Goat (683)... In winter, sacrifice to Princess Zanmeng Wencheng. ”

Scholar Wang Yao and others pointed out that Zanmeng is Juemeng, **. When used to address a woman in Zampu, there is no difference between titles such as btsan mo, **, jo mo, etc. ** There is written at the end of the year. In the record of "Dunhuang Tubo Historical Documents", both the honorific title of Zanmeng and the two treatments of sacrifice after death are the treatment of people whose status is not lower than that of the queen of Tubo, Princess Wencheng and Princess Jincheng have this treatment, and only Princess Wencheng has this treatment among the women of Songtsen Gampo

Regarding the Nibora Ruler Princess, in the less fantastic and absurd parts of the Tibetan historical materials such as Dunhuang Tubo documents and Tubo gold and stone inscriptions, as well as the records of the Han people, there are Songtsen Gampo marrying Princess Wencheng, but there is no Songtsen Gampo marrying the Nibhara Ruler Princess. The fact that Songtsen Gampo married the princess Nibhara only comes from some of the chapters of some Tibetan books that are too fantastical and absurd (for example, some chapters of the Zhujian Shi (Guanyin of Tibet) and the Records of the Tibetan Kings). Some foreign Tibetologists even wrote "The Wife of Songtsen Gampo", saying that Songtsen Gampo married Princess Nibra Qizun is fictional. In fact, the status of the princess of Nibora is relatively low.

When Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty returned from the expedition to Goguryeo, Songtsen Gampo sent Lu Dongzan a letter saying: "Your Majesty will calm the Quartet, the sun and the moon will shine, and the ministers will rule it." Goryeo is far away, the Buddha is in the courtesy, the Son of Heaven will be Liao, the city is trapped, the day is triumphant, although the geese fly in the sky, there is no speed. The husband goose is like a goose, and the minister is careful to smelt the gold for the goose to offer. "The golden goose is seven feet high, and the wine is three times. In the twenty-second year of Zhenguan (648), Wang Xuance sent an envoy and was plundered by Zhongtianzhu, and Songtsen Gampo sent elite soldiers to follow Wang Xuance to break through Zhongtianzhu and send people to offer prisoners.

In the twenty-third year of Tang Zhenguan (649), Songtsen Gampo was canonized by Tang Gaozong as the commander of the horse and the king of Xihai County, and Songtsen Gampo offered fifteen kinds of gold, silver and jewelry to Zhaoling. Tang Gaozong praised Songtsen Gampo and named him the king. According to the appearance of Songtsen Gampo, the stone statue is carved and displayed under the Zhaoling Xuanque.

In the first year of Yonghui (650), Songtsen Gampo died at the age of 34. The cause of his death is varied: one theory is that Princess Chizun was infected with the plague and contracted to Songtsen Gampo, and soon Songtsen Gampo died in Semogang in Pengyu (near Pengbo Farm, Linzhou County, Tibet Autonomous Region); Another theory says that Songtsen Gampo was assassinated by Buddhist-hating Bonists. In the following year, with a very grand funeral, Tubo built a very tall tomb for Songtsen Gampo between the tombs of the Tubo kings of the past dynasties in Qiongjie, which was called "Muri Mubo". Due to the early death of his son Gongri Gongzan, he was succeeded by Sun Mangsong Mangzan, and the regent of Ludongzan was discussed.

In the tenth year of Xiantong (869), large-scale uprisings of civilians and slaves broke out in Tibet itself. In the fourth year of Qianfu (877), the uprising reached its peak, and the royal family, nobles, and slave owners in Tubo were almost wiped out. The tomb of "Muri Mubo" of Songtsen Gampo was divided between the Lu clan and the Jiu clan (Dang clan), so it was not excavated and has been preserved to this day.

The official system of the Tibetan royal court originally had a special person (prime minister) to oversee internal and foreign affairs, and his power was extremely great, which was often difficult to control. Songtsen Gampo deeply felt the need for reform, so in addition to the big theory, he added a number of prime ministers, including the small discussion (deputy minister), the marshal of the soldiers and horses, the same Ping Zhangshi, and the deputy marshal Tong Ping Zhangshi, commanding the whole ** team. In addition, there are also the four highest officials in charge of civil affairs, all of whom are called "Zai Tong Ping Zhangshi", who are in charge of state affairs together with Da Lun, and all major state affairs are studied and decided by the Prime Minister's Council, and are implemented after being approved by Zampu. Under the prime minister, various officials are set up to take charge of various government affairs. Among them, there is the Commentary (Internal Minister), which is in charge of internal affairs such as the promotion and transfer of officials, which is equivalent to the official department

The foreign minister is equivalent to the Honglu Temple, who is in charge of foreign affairs such as the reception of foreign envoys. "Shore Run" (degree support envoy), in charge of finance. The chief accountant is in charge of collecting taxes. Yu Sai Bo (Chief Judge), also known as the "Whole Minister", is in charge of criminal administration, which is equivalent to the book of the Criminal Department. In addition, there are also mid-level officials in charge of the announcement and issuance of edicts, collectively known as the prime minister's subordinates. Among the above-mentioned officials, he is the most respectful, and he is in charge of all government affairs, and everything must be approved by him. The above-mentioned official positions are all held by nobles, and the father's death is hereditary. In this way, the political, military and other government affairs of the country were managed by the royal court in a unified manner, and the nobles could not go their own way, which strengthened the power of the royal court.

Songtsen Gampo also formulated an official rank and grade system in the official system, and issued a kind of badge (a kind of badge ornament) to officials at all levels, which were divided into six types, each with two large and small grades, a total of twelve grades. The highest is the sese, and the second is gold, silver, gold-plated, brass, and iron.

Songtsen Gampo enacted and promulgated laws. According to the Tibetan history books, "Songtsen Gampo reigned, and his subjects fought with each other in front of the king, which was rude and rude, and created ten good laws, so that the good ones could be persuaded and the evil ones knew what to warn." It is recorded that there were 20 articles of law promulgated at that time, the main content of which was: "Persuade those who do good, punish those who do evil, bring those who are strong to the law, support the poor and weak by law, and set up four soldiers as guards." "The method of measuring and measuring is set up in the system of Qianmo. Teach the people to study books, equip horses, and create rituals and righteousness. "That's all about the meaning of the legislation. As for the legal texts, there is "a fine for those who fight, and a shā rén for his repayment." Whoever steals property shall be fined eight times the amount and the original property shall be nine. **, cut off the limbs and flow. Those who speak are tongue-cut" (Liu Liqian's translation of "Historical Records

There are different records, some say that there are "ten good laws" in the renunciation of the sect, some say that there are "eighteen commandments of virtue", most of them are moral precepts, and some are attached from later generations. According to historical records, when the sect was abandoned and praised, laws were enacted and punishments were used to maintain social order, which was in line with the historical situation at that time. Historical records say that Tibet "used the government harshly, and no one dared to disobey it". "The punishment shall be determined even though it is a minor crime, or slashed or slashed, and the skin shall be used as a whip, and the punishment shall be followed by joy and anger, and impermanence shall be counted (number); His prison is several feet deep, and he is imprisoned in the middle, and he is out at the age of two or three." At that time, the development of Tibetan society was relatively backward, and the formulation of such backward punishments was also completely in line with the situation of the slavery system.

In terms of military system, Songtsen Gampo combined the local administrative organization with the military organization, and divided the whole country of Tibet into four parts: Wuru (central wing), which governed the area north of the Brahmaputra River centered on the Luoqi; Yoru (right wing), which governs the Jiangnan region centered on the Yalong River Valley; Ye Ru (left wing), who governs the north and south of the upper reaches of the Brahmaputra River; Laru (rear wing), jurisdiction over the north and south of the middle reaches of the Brahmaputra River. After conquering Subi, he set up another grandson, Boru. "Ru" has the meaning of "wing" and "flag", and it is the large military region and administrative region of Tibet. Each of them is divided into two sub-districts, for a total of eight sub-districts, each of which has four thousand households, each of which has one lower thousand-household, and four of which has a total of thirty-two thousand-household houses and four lower thousand-households.

In addition, there are four forbidden army thousand households divided into four towns. Each division has a marshal, a lieutenant, and a judge. For example, there are different colors on the flags and horses as a distinction. The army is composed of more than 100 people and has a centurion. A big 500 commander commands five centurions, and a thousand commanders command two big 500, in fact, each thousand commanders have about 10,000 people, and they command 20 big 500, which will be called Wanhu Mansion or 10,000 commanders in the future. Each thousand households were not only military organizational units, but also local administrative units, and at the same time the original aristocratic domains. Officials at all levels below the rank of general are all held by local nobles and nobles, and their positions are hereditary, but they must be appointed by the royal court. All soldiers are registered and registered, and they are in charge of the imperial court, and the whole ** team is commanded by Marshal Marshal of Soldiers and Horses, and the mobilization is based on Zampu's golden arrows.

According to the Tibetan historical books "Five Relics" and "The Wedding Banquet of the Sage", the total number of troops after the adaptation is 402,400, which is consistent with the record of "hundreds of thousands of victorious soldiers" in the "New Tang Dynasty Book: The Biography of Tibet".

Tibet's economy is dominated by animal husbandry. In order to facilitate production and prosper the economy, Songtsen Gampo was inspired by the Tang Dynasty's equalization system, and he combined with the local social reality to implement a relatively special equalization system. According to the important position of the freedmen in Tibetan society, he ordered that the king's land and some state property (such as livestock) should first be distributed to the poor freemen, "open up wasteland, divide fertile land and pastures", develop agriculture and animal husbandry according to local conditions, and draw up a "green book" to register the household registration and cultivated land area of the common people, and pay fixed taxes along with the land.

The law of land distribution was also applied to slaves, and each slave household who cultivated the royal land was entitled to a share of land according to the number of laborers, and there was also a special household register, which stipulated the land to be used and the rent and labor to be paid. After years of recuperation and social stability, Tibet's economy gradually prospered.

In animal husbandry, the livestock raised are mainly yaks, horses, and sheep, but also mixed with domestic animals such as pigs and dogs. In spring and summer, they live in water and grass, and in autumn and winter, there are fixed pastures. "Cattle and sheep are full of strange paths," the "cow leg tax" levied by the Tubo Dynasty also reflects the degree of development of animal husbandry from the side; In agriculture, at this time, there was already a high level of production, and new varieties were cultivated and introduced, and the crops were mainly barley, wheat, buckwheat, and beans. In terms of farming technology, the plough of the "two oxen carrying" type is generally adopted, the farmland is connected, and the people use "the highland water storage as a pool, and the lowland is diverted in the river for irrigation...... Open up Qianmo" and "open up acres of land, build water conservancy, and ditches vertically and horizontally." "These are great improvements over what they used to be; Commerce and handicrafts have been developed, quenching and grinding technology has been mastered, and the level of metallurgy has been improved, and enough armor, swords, and arrows have been provided for thousands of troops who are fighting and galloping on the battlefield. The footprints of the Tibetan caravan traveled all over the countries of Central Asia and created an unprecedented miracle on the plateau.

Songtsen Gampo's achievements in culture are most praised for the creation of writing, the sending of Tibetan children to study in Chang'an and the worship of Buddhism. In the past, there was no writing in Tibet, and "its officials ruled ...... Knotted rope tooth wood for about. ”

"Dunhuang Tubo Historical Documents" records: Tubo did not have a written text in ancient times, but it appeared at the time of this king (Songtsen Gampo).

According to the urgent needs of Tibet's foreign relations, production development and governance of the government, at the beginning of the 7th century, Songtsen Gampo sent 16 noble children led by Tunmi Sambuza to study in Tianzhu (India) and other places to study Sanskrit and the languages of various countries in the Western Regions. After repeated comparisons, different forms with simple and clear strokes and easy to write were adopted to create a 30-letter Tibetan pinyin script (all of which are consonants), and then used the overlapping of consonants or the addition of certain symbols to the consonants to form compound consonants. In addition, four vowel symbols were designed, which were added to the top and bottom of the letters to spell Tibetan.

After the creation of the Tibetan language, Songtsen Gampo not only practiced it himself, but also devoted himself to studying it for four years, but he also called on his ministers to learn Tibetan, and especially stipulated that the children of young nobles must study, and those who did well in their studies should be rewarded. He also ordered Thonmi Sambuza to write the Thirty Verses to the Roots of Grammar, which illustrated the main grammatical rules in rhyme and rhyme, including the use of eight "grids" and imaginary characters, as a textbook for learning Tibetan (although there are objections to the idea that Thonmi Sambuza created the Tibetan language alone, or that it was the result of the collective labor of many unsung heroes, it has always been recognized that the creation of the Tibetan language was completed by Songtsen Gampo when he was the Tubo Zangpu). As a result, the national culture of Tibet has developed rapidly and spread widely.

During the reign of Songtsen Gampo, he sent a group of aristocratic children who were proficient in Tibetan to Chang'an, the capital of the Tang Dynasty, to study "poems" and "books"[32], so that they could accept the advanced feudal culture of the Tang Dynasty in large numbers. These people are extraordinarily intelligent, and many of them have achieved excellent results. For example, during the time of Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty, the Tibetan envoy Zhong Cong was proficient in Tibetan and Chinese, and his eloquence was unhindered, and he was praised by the Tang people. Another example is that the Tibetan envoy who went to Tang Zhongzong to marry the princess of Jincheng knew that he was hunting and the Han literati to write poems, because of his "jade liquor origin to offer longevity" is extremely decent, and it is rumored to be a good story.

The Tibetan people originally believed in Bon, and their main focus was divination, prayer for blessings and disasters, healing diseases and sending them to death, and "serving ghosts and gods". Legend has it that the first king of Tibet ruled the country with Bon, and until the 7th century, the leader of Bon still maintained a high status in the court of Zampu, such as the sorcerer who sued the gods during the large and small alliances. Songtsen Gampo introduced Buddhism from Nibra and the Tang Dynasty, and imported Buddha statues, Buddhist scriptures, and dharma objects into Tibet. It is reported that when he returned to China, Thunmi Sambuza also brought several Buddhist scriptures, which were later translated into Tibetan, and Buddhism began to be introduced to Tibet. Songtsen Gampo established two monasteries in Tibet, namely the Jokhang and Xiaozhao monasteries, as well as 12 Buddhist monasteries. However, at that time, the vast majority of the Tibetan people believed in Bon, that is, the so-called "good vows, ghosts and gods", and not many people became monks. It was not until the time of Chide Zuzan Tsangpu (704-755) that Buddhism gradually spread in Tibet.

Songtsen Gampo has adopted a policy of good-neighborliness and friendship toward neighboring countries. During his reign, he insisted on developing close relations with the Tang Dynasty as the basic national policy to create a strong and prosperous Tubo Dynasty, which made the relationship between the Tubo and the Tang Dynasty extremely harmonious, and the two sides respected and helped each other and strengthened their friendship. Although the rulers of the two sides repeatedly lost harmony, the traditional friendship between the two ethnic groups has continued, and the bilateral envoys have increased over the years, and the flow is endless, and in the letters to and fro, it is often mentioned that "although the two countries are in the clouds, they are really like a family" and "the uncle and nephew repair their old friendship, and they are the same family." ”

According to rough statistics, in the 212 years from the eighth year of Zhenguan (634) to the sixth year of Huichang (846), the two sides sent envoys to and fro more than 200 times, with an average of one in the past year. In order to facilitate transportation, the post station system was further improved in Tubo, "a post station for a hundred miles", and the post had a "Liangdun official", and the Tang envoys were "courteous and generous." ”

In the eighteenth year of Zhenguan (644), Tang Taizong returned from an expedition to Liaodong. Songtsen Gampo immediately sent Lu Dongzan to Chang'an to present a golden goose made of gold, "seven feet high, and three denders of wine in the middle", as a sign of Tubo's friendship with the Tang Dynasty.

The Book of the New Tang Dynasty records: (Songtsen Gampo) made Lu Dongzan write and said: "Your Majesty calms the Quartet, the sun and the moon shine, and governs it." Goryeo is far away, the Buddha is in the courtesy, the Son of Heaven will be Liao, the city is trapped, the day is triumphant, although the geese fly in the sky, there is no speed. The husband goose is like a goose, and the minister is careful to smelt the gold for the goose to offer. "It's seven feet high, and it's three pieces of wine. In the twenty-second year, the right guard led the governor of the palace, Shi Wang Xuance, to make the Western Regions, which was the money of Zhongtianzhu, and made praise and sent elite soldiers to break it from Xuance and offer prisoners.

In the twenty-second year of Zhenguan (648), Wang Xuance, an envoy of the Tang Dynasty, was robbed in Zhongtianzhu on the way to the Western Regions, and his property was robbed, and Wang Xuance went to Tubo to find reinforcements. Upon hearing the news, Songtsen Gampo immediately sent more than 1,000 elite soldiers, and asked the Nepal to send more than 7,000 cavalry to assist, commanded by Wang Xuance, defeated the Zhongtianzhu robbers, and captured the king of Chang'an, which once again reflected the mutual assistance and friendly relations between the Tibetan and Tang dynasties.

For example, the Tibetan people originally "lived in felt tents" and wore felt fur clothes, and since then, many people have "released felt fur, attacked Qiqi, and gradually admired the Chinese style". "Since the noble lord and his relatives, half of the Hu style is like the Han family", these poems of the Tang Dynasty poet Chen Tao are the praise and true portrayal of the role of the princess in the social, cultural and economic development of Tibet after the Tang Dynasty and the princess entered Tibet. Similarly, the Tibetan people sent young people to study in the Tang Dynasty, and the popular vertebral buns and ochre noodles of Tibetan women, as well as the traditional polo games of the Tibetan society, also spread to the Central Plains, adding more colorful content to the cultural exchanges between the Tibetan and Han ethnic groups.

In the twenty-third year of Zhenguan (649), after the death of Li Shimin, Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, the crown prince Li Zhi succeeded to the throne, and he awarded Songtsan Gampo the post of "Commander of the Horse" and was knighted as "King of Xihai County". Songtsen Gampo immediately expressed his allegiance to the imperial court when the new monarch of the Tang Dynasty succeeded to the throne, and wrote to the prime minister of the Tang Dynasty, Sun Wuji, that if someone inside or outside the court wanted to launch a rebellion on the occasion of Taizong's new funeral and Gaozong's new establishment, he would personally send troops to the disaster to jointly crusade against the traitors. And offer 15 kinds of gold, silver and jewelry, please put it in front of the spirit of Taizong. Tang Gaozong Li Zhi greatly appreciated Songtsen Gampo's loyalty, and specially named him "King of E", and ordered the carving of the stone statue of Songtsen Gampo, which was placed next to the tomb of Tang Taizong along with the stone statues of other notorious princes and generals, in order to show his highest reward.

After Princess Wencheng arrived in Luochi after thousands of mountains and rivers, the Tibetan people were ecstatic, dressed in festive costumes, singing and dancing, and warmly greeted the Zanma (queen), who symbolized the deep and intimate friendship of the Han and Tibetan people.

As a pioneer of the unity and friendship of the Han and Tibetan nationalities, she spread the culture of the Central Plains into Tibet, which had a huge and far-reaching impact on the promotion of the close unity of the Han and Tibetan nationalities and the economic and cultural exchanges and development between the Central Plains and the Tibetan region.

According to Tibetan folk songs, when Princess Wencheng entered Tibet, she brought 3,800 types of grains, 5,500 kinds of livestock, and 5,500 craftsmen. Although these figures are undoubtedly exaggerated and exaggerated, there is an undeniable basic fact: with the entry of Princess Wencheng into Tibet, the production technology of agricultural tool manufacturing, textile, silk reeling, construction, papermaking, winemaking, pottery, milling, and other production techniques and scientific knowledge such as calendrics and medicine in the inland plains have been transmitted to Tibet one after another. As a result, changes have taken place in the clothing, food, and housing of the local people.

Songtsen Gampo is the most important and well-known Tibetan king in Tibetan history.

During his lifetime, Songtsen Gampo made outstanding achievements, he unified Tibet, formally established the Tibetan Dynasty, and promoted the comprehensive political, economic, and cultural development of Tibet. It communicated friendly relations with the Tang Dynasty in the interior and promoted the exchange and development of Han and Tibetan ethnic cultures. In order to strengthen and consolidate his political power, Songtsen Gampo took a series of effective measures: moving the capital to Lhasa and building the Potala Palace; Tibet is divided into six administrative regions; promoting Buddhism; Creation of texts; Married with the Tang Dynasty, married Princess Wencheng, and built Jokhang Temple and Xiaozhao Temple; Unified seat weights and measures system; encourage the people to reclaim wasteland; protection of water resources; opening mountains and building roads to facilitate trade, and so on. All these have played a great role in promoting the political, military, economic, and cultural development of Tibet.

The Tibetans have always respected Songtsen Gampo very much, he is not only regarded as the embodiment of Guanyin, but also one of the three ** kings who are well-known, the other two Dharma kings are Trisong Detsen and Trizu Detsen.

At that time, the subjects praised the Songtsan Gampo of Wenzhi and martial arts in this way: there was a leader such as abandoning Su Nongzan (that is, Songtsan Gampo) of the deep, and there was a minister such as Dongzan (that is, Lu Dongzan) of the sage, for the leader of the heavens, for the minister, Ze was the earth, the power was majestic, the governance was well, the outer Fan Xian was obedient, the internal affairs were clear, the head of the Qian, the people of the Qian, the respect and humility, the collection of rules, the residence benefited, the spring and autumn orderly, the wish was paid, the strong and the tyrannical prisoner, the stubborn resistance was punished, the offender was suppressed, the kind person was revealed, the virtuous praised, the brave and the martial arts were graced, the officials were competent, and the people were simple, Pujel Tetra Pak. In the past, there was no writing in Tibet, and Songtsen Gampo was ordered to formulate it at this time; Establish legal uniforms, the size of power, the level of office, reward loyalty, and punish disobedience.

"Dunhuang Tubo Historical Documents" evaluation: All the pure and good customs of Tubo, virtuous political affairs, all appeared when the king of Songtsan (Songtsan Gampo) appeared. [38]

In the 7th century, Songtsen Gampo's minister, Thonmi Sampozha, first taught Tibetan to Songtsen Gampo at the ancient Karmari Palace after he created Tibetan. Songtsen Gampo quickly learned and applied it with ease, and wrote three books (with different accounts). One of the works has long been lost, and the other was largely incomplete by the time of Atisha due to the backward printing technology and long history of the time.

The Complete Works of Mani is said to have been written by Songtsen Gampo, but from the tantric practice and Madhyamaka thought analysis reflected in the book, it is extremely unlikely that the Complete Works of Mani was written by Songtsen Gampo. The "Complete Works of Mani" covers a wide range of topics, including the biography of Songtsen Gampo and the historical process of the construction of the Jokhang Temple in Lhasazulakang; From the historical process of marrying Princess Wencheng in the Tang Dynasty and welcoming the twelve-year-old statue of Sakyamuni; Avalokiteshvara's Yoga Practice; sue the princess, the ministers, the people's legacy, etc. It is a collection of history, religion, law, biography and other precious documents and historical materials.

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