Yeluxian (948~982 AD), the second son of Yelu Ruan of Liao Shizong, was the fifth emperor of the Liao Dynasty of China. In 969, Liao Muzong was killed by his attendants, and Yeluxian was elected emperor, reigning for 14 years, with the temple name Jingzong.

After he ascended the throne, he established the inheritance system of the elders, which was a sign of feudalism in Khitan society. The honorific title of Emperor Tianzan was changed to Baoning. During his reign, he returned to the Dengwen Drum Temple, so that the people had a place to redress their grievances, and he also reduced the criminal law to appease the people. He also reused Han officials and eliminated the malpractice, and Zhongxing appeared in Liao, but the results were limited. He died in 982 at the age of 35 and was buried in Qianling in Beizhen, Liaoning.

After Jingzong ascended the throne, he first made Gao Xun, a Han official who supported him the throne, as the envoy of the Southern Privy Council, and then as the king of Qin.

It turned out that Han Kuangsi, the son of Han Zhigu, was appointed to stay in Beijing, and later changed to stay in Nanjing and was crowned King Yan. This shows that Liao has incorporated Han officials into the central organ of the regime, because the position of staying in Nanjing has always been held by the Khitan clan and is an important position. The inauguration of Han Kuangsi shows that the status of Han officials has been significantly improved.

Due to the heavy use of Han officials, the progress and work efficiency of the political institutions were greatly promoted, and the feudalization of the Khitan was also promoted. From then on, Liao entered the Zhongxing period and began to move towards the heyday of the Holy Sect. This is just like Tang Gaozu laid the foundation for the "rule of Zhenguan", and Emperor Yongzheng laid the foundation for the prosperity of the Qianlong period.

In order to completely change the chaotic situation during the Mujong period, Jingzong carried out reforms in the rule of officials. He asked the Han official Chamberfang about the way to govern the country, studied the lessons of ancient and modern dynasties, and then applied them to the practice of reform. In the process of implementation, Jingzong rewarded and punished clearly, and boldly employed people, that is, "let people not doubt". This makes hundreds of officials fulfill their duties and dare not slack off at all. Many of the shortcomings of the Muzon period were quickly removed. In this way, with the joint efforts of the monarch and the ministers, the politics began to show a clear atmosphere, and the national strength also rose, which was the main reason for the victory in the war with the Northern Song Dynasty.

Jingzong's history of admonition is also recorded, in the late reign of Jingzong, Guo Xi wrote to him, advising him to reduce the number of safaris, saying that Mu Zong was greedy for safaris and abandoned political affairs, and as a result, the people were angry. After ten years of conquest, the political situation is still not completely stable. Although the country has bumper harvests year after year, the economy has not yet fully recovered, and this is a good time to make great efforts, but I heard that His Majesty is also obsessed with safaris, which should be restrained and self-control to prevent the recurrence of the tragedy of the Mujong period. Moreover, there is also a threat from the Northern Song Dynasty in the south, and if they hear that His Majesty is obsessed with hunting, they may take the opportunity to go north again. I hope that Your Majesty will be able to restrain in time, put the country's social welfare first, and seek prosperity for the country and peace for the government and the people.

Although Jingzong didn't fully adopt it after reading it, he praised Guo Xi very much. Because at this time, the Northern Song Dynasty had launched the battle to recover Yanyun, and Jingzong was fighting with all his might, he just restrained his hunting activities, but he could only wait until later to do political construction wholeheartedly.

The process of Liao Jingzong's governance of the Liao State was also a process in which he learned the Han culture, summed up the experience of the Han nationality in governing the country, and applied it to practice. Originally, Liao Taizong attached great importance to the development of agriculture, not only supporting the Han people to develop agriculture in the Han area, but also allowing people to reclaim land and develop production in the grassland area. In order to protect agricultural production and prevent intentional or unintentional destruction by the Khitans, who did not have heavy agricultural habits, Liao Jingzong ordered that his retinue be forbidden to trample on crops at will, and also ordered troops to bypass the farmland during the march.

The development of agriculture has played a great role in promoting the development of Liao's various economies and has also strengthened Liao's national strength. While developing agriculture, Liao Jingzong also continued the practice of Abaoji and tried his best to recruit talents, especially Han Chinese. After obtaining the 16 prefectures, a group of Han intellectuals were selected to manage the affairs of the prefectures, and many of them were capable and talented. Liao Jingzong also imitated the practice of the Han emperor and asked his subordinates to recommend talented and virtuous people to serve as officials. Later, he issued an edict to recruit talents, and if they were really outstanding in the assessment, they could immediately take up very high positions. He also tried his best to absorb some etiquette of the Han people, such as he abolished the old Khitan folk custom of the death of sisters in the marriage system. The Khitans who were ordered to be Han officials could freely intermarry with the Han people in accordance with the Han etiquette and customs, thus promoting exchanges and further integration between ethnic groups, and also fundamentally strengthening the relationship between the Khitan and the Han people.

Despite this, the habits of the Khitan people could not be fundamentally changed, especially when the Liao army fought in the Central Plains in the south, because the Liao army had no logistical supply, and the grain and grass had to be solved on their own, so the Liao soldiers would inevitably harass the people and rob the grain and grass when they arrived in a place, which made the Liao army encounter strong resistance from the Han people. The people's hearts were lost, and it was difficult for Liao's rule in the Central Plains to continue, and it was not until he was dying that Liao Taizong woke up, but the time was over, in fact, even if he knew it earlier and took measures, he could not change the long-term national habits in a relatively short period of time. As a backward nomadic people, the Khitan ruled the Han region, so they had to be sinicized, and Liao Jingzong probably realized this before his death, but he had no chance to implement the lessons he had learned in practice.

In February 979, Song Taizong personally led his troops to attack the Northern Han Dynasty, and Liao Jingzong also sent troops to rescue, but when the Liao army crossed the river, the Song army defeated the Liao army and killed Liao's five generals. In June, the Northern Han Dynasty was destroyed by the Song Dynasty.

The Northern Song Dynasty's War to Destroy the Northern Han Dynasty was triggered by the Northern Song Dynasty's attack on the Northern Han Dynasty. At this time, Liao Jingzong was carrying out internal reforms, adopting a defensive strategy against the Song Dynasty, and also instructed the subject country of the Northern Han not to cause trouble at will, and to maintain the status quo on the border.

In 969, when Jingzong first ascended the throne, Zhao Kuangyin, Taizu of the Song Dynasty, once personally conquered Taiyuan to eliminate the Northern Han, but was defeated by Liao's reinforcements. In September 976, Song Taizu sent Pan Mei and other generals to attack Taiyuan, the capital of the Northern Han Dynasty, but was defeated by the resistance of the Northern Han and Liao, and in November, Song Taizu died of illness, and his brother Zhao Guangyi ascended the throne, which was Song Taizong.

In the fourth year of Taiping Xingguo (979), just after the victory of destroying the Northern Han Dynasty, Song Taizong underestimated the strength of the Liao Dynasty and wanted to recover the Yanyun region in one go, but he hurriedly launched a war and was not well prepared, and ended up in a fiasco.

As soon as the Northern Han Dynasty was destroyed, Song Taizong transferred his army to Hebei and prepared to attack Liao's Nanjing (now Beijing). The generals said that the war had just ended, there should be a time to rest and prepare, and the food and grass were also scarce, making it difficult to support a long-term battle, but Song Taizong felt that Liao Gang had suffered a defeat and morale was in a low period, so he should take advantage of the victory to pursue and expand the results.

At the beginning of the war, Yizhou assassinated Shi Xiancheng and surrendered, marched to Zhuozhou, and accepted the surrender without blood, and the Song army marched straight to the capital. The Liao general Yelu Xidi, who was guarding Nanjing, and the Song army fought for the first time at Shahe, but were defeated by the Song army and retreated to the north of the Qing River. The Song army surrounded Nanjing, while the Liao army held out and waited for reinforcements.

Seeing that the situation was urgent, Jingzong sent the famous general Yelu Xiuge to lead a heavy army to rescue him. Yelu Hugo divided the army into two routes, with only 5,000 men on the way, and pretended to be the main force to lure the Song army into battle under the city of Nanjing. The main cavalry of 30,000 rounded the south at night, reached the back of the Song army, and under the order, 30,000 elites stormed the Song army with a sweeping momentum. Fierce fighting ensued between the two sides along the Gaoliang River in the southwest of Beijing. Yelu Hugo himself was wounded and pursued in a light car, and ordered the vanguard cavalry of the Liao army to pursue in the starry night with torches in both hands. When the Song army saw the torch flickering in Siye, they thought that the main force of the Liao army had arrived, and kept fleeing in a hurry. As a result, the Song army was defeated and retreated, and Song Taizong was hit by an arrow in the knee, fled alone, and was escorted by Yang Ye in Zhuozhou (now Zhuoxian County, Hebei), only to get a donkey cart to transport grain and grass to escape from the siege.

In the Battle of the Gaoliang River, although the Liao army was victorious, Jingzong sent troops to attack the Northern Song Dynasty in September shortly after the end of the Battle of the Gaoliang River, in order to avenge the siege of Nanjing by the Northern Song Dynasty. In October, the armies of the two countries faced each other at Mancheng (present-day Mancheng, Hebei).

Before the decisive battle, the Song army carried out a fraudulent surrender, Han Kuangsi believed it and wanted to surrender, and the accompanying Yelu Xiuge hurriedly dissuaded: "The Song army is neat and full of vigor, this must be unwilling to give in, this is using the fraudulent surrender to lure us into being deceived." We should be on the lookout and wait and see what happens. ”

Han Kuangsi couldn't listen, prepared to surrender, relaxed his vigilance, but was successfully attacked by the Song army, and the two formations attacked the Liao army, Han Kuangsi hurriedly responded to the battle, but could not resist the offensive of the Song army, and the soldiers also threw away their weapons and fled for their lives. The Song army was met with stubborn resistance from Yelu Hugo when they pursued the victory, and had to retreat, and the Liao army was saved from total annihilation.

In March 980, the year after the decisive battle of Mancheng, the Liao army began to engage the Song army again. The Liao army besieged Yanmen (now Yanmen Pass, Shanxi) with 100,000 heavy troops, and Yang Ye, the Daizhou assassin of the Song Dynasty, led his troops to defeat the Liao army in the north of Yanmen.

In October, Liao Jingzong personally went to Nanjing and led his troops to attack the Song Dynasty. First, he besieged Waqiao Pass (now Jiunanguan, Xiongxian County, Hebei), and was defeated by Yelu Huge, who had been prepared, when the Song army rescued. The Song army, led by the defender Zhang Shi, wanted to break through. Liao Jingzong personally supervised the battle, and Yelu Xiuge also personally commanded the battle, and finally Zhang Shi was killed, and the Song army was defeated and returned to the city.

The Song army confronted the Liao army across the river, and Yelu Hugo led the elite cavalry to force the crossing, crossed the river and fought a decisive battle with the Song army, the Song army was defeated and retreated, and the Liao army pursued to Mozhou (now Renqiu, Hebei), and the Song army fought a decisive battle again, the Song army suffered great losses, and several generals were also captured. The Liao army was also heavily defeated and could not win, so it had to retreat.

Yelu Xiuge made great achievements in the battle of Waqiao Pass and was promoted to Yu Yue of Liao.

Two years after the decisive battle of Waqiaoguan, in April and May of 982, Liao Jingzong once again personally led his troops to attack the Song Dynasty. This is the second battle of the city. In the end, he was defeated by the Song general Cui Yanjin and had to retreat. This was the last battle between Liao Jingzong and Song.

The evaluation of the Yuan Dynasty's official revision history "History of Liao" is: "For more than 60 years of Liaoxing, between the divine book and the meeting, there is no time to give; Tianlu, the king of the calendar, will not let it end; Boryeong comes, and everyone wants to be cured. With Jingzong's qualifications, let people be undoubted, and the reward will be punished, if it can be done. And with all the strength of the country to help Hedong, the army was broken and killed, and there was no salvation to perish. Although it was compensated by the Song Dynasty, the gains outweighed the losses. If you know the sins of Kuang, you will not be punished; Good Guo raids the advice, accept it and don't use it; Shamen Zhaomin is a left-handed mess and a servant. Confused? [

Great-grandfather: Liao Taizu Yelu Abaoji

Great-grandmother: Empress Qinchun Shu Luping

Grandfather: Liao Yizong Yelu Bei

Grandmother: Queen Rouzhen Xiao

Father: Liao Shizong Yelu Ruan

Mother: Huaijie Empress Xiao

Empress Xiao Xuan

Bohai Concubine a certain clan

Hu Yin, the imperial concubine of his son Liao Shengzong, whether he was his concubine is to be examined, may be the spouse of Liao Muzong's younger brother Taiping King Yelu Gong.

The first son, Liao Shengzong Yelu Longxu

The second son, King Yelu Longqing of Liang, Princess Chen Guo, the daughter of Yelu Longqing, discovered the tomb of Princess Chen Guo in Inner Mongolia in 1986, which provided rich material materials for in-depth study of the history, culture and living customs of Khitan society.

The third son, Yelu Longyou, the king of Chu

The fourth son, Yelu Zhengge, died early in August, not included in the "History of Liao", which can be found in the Song Dynasty's "Continuation of the Governance of Tongjian". However, the fourth son of Jingzong, Yelu Yaoshinu, recorded in the "History of Liao", also died early, but the biological mother is unknown.

Yelu Yaoshinu, also known as Yelu Hanba, died early and was buried in the prince's courtyard, and he was Yelu Zhengge recorded in the historical records of the Song Dynasty.

The first daughter, Yelu Guanyin, named "Guanyin Girl" in "History of Liao", and said to be "Brother Yan", the princess of Qi Kingdom, married Xiao Jixian, Xiao Xuan's cousin.

The second daughter, Yelu longevity girl, "History of Liao" recorded as "longevity girl", another said "longevity slave", named the princess of Weiguo, married to the prime minister Xiao Pai.

The third daughter, Yelu longevity girl, "Liao History" recorded as "longevity girl", another said "longevity slave", the princess of Yueguo, married to the prime minister Xiao Pai and his younger brother Xiao Hengde.

The fourth daughter, Yelu Shuge, mother Bohai Concubine. Somehow, without the title of princess, in the second year of Qianheng (980), he married Lu Jun, who was attached to the Northern Han Dynasty. In June of the first year of Tonghe (983), Yelu Shuge and Lu Jun, the commander of the horses, were not in harmony, and asked for divorce, and in October, he remarried Xiao Shennu.

1. Liao Qianling, the tomb of Empress Dowager Xiao. Sina.com[Citation date:2015-10-28]

2. Liao Jingzong, Emperor of Liao, died. Compilation of Chinese History[Citation date: 2015-10-28]

3. "History of Liao" Volume 8, Volume 9 Benji 8th and 9th: Jingzong Xiaocheng Kangjing Emperor, Xianxian, the word Xianning, and the small character Ming. The second son of Emperor Sejong, his mother was called Empress Huaijie Xiao.

4. "History of Liao" Volume 8, Volume 9 Benji 8th and 9th: In the spring of the nineteenth year of the calendar, in the second month of Wuchen, Mu Zong said: "My son is an adult, and he can pay for the government." "Jisi, Mu Zong was killed, and the emperor led the flying dragon maid, Xiao Siwen in the servant, and Gao Xun, the privy envoy of the Southern Yuan, led a thousand horsemen to gallop there. Dawn, to the line, weeping and mourning. The ministers persuaded him to advance, and the emperor was located in front of the coffin.

5. "History of Liao" Volume 8, Volume 9 Benji 8th and 9th: In the first month of the spring of the third year, Jiayin, Youyi left Bi Xidi to send people to sacrifice the enemy's martyrs, and gave meritorious soldiers. Gengshen, placed in the Dengwen Drum Courtyard.

6. Liao History, Jingzong Jixia: September Gengzi of the fourth year of Qianheng, Xingyunzhou. Jiachen, hunting in Xianggu Mountain, the emperor does not hesitate. Renzi, the second Jiao Mountain, collapsed in the line. He was thirty-five years old in Chinese New Year's Eve and reigned for thirteen years. The heir of King Longxu of Liang was edicted, and the military affairs were subject to the queen's orders. In the first month of the first year of unification, the emperor was honored with filial piety, and the temple name was Jingzong. In the twenty-first year of Chongxi, he became Emperor Kangjing.

7. Li Guizhi. A Brief History of Liaojin. Fujian:Fujian University Press,

8. Volume 9 of the Book of the Ninth Chronicle. Chinese Studies Network [Citation date