After thinking about it carefully, Zhou Nan suddenly realized that his memory was wrong. Camus was indeed the first person to explicitly elevate absurdism to the level of philosophy, and it was only after Camus that absurdism officially appeared in various philosophical schools and forms of literature and art.

Prior to this, Camus put forward his own views on the absurd based on the philosophical ideas of Nietzsche, Heidegger, Kierkegaard, Pascal, Sartre and others. But people still only think of this as a type, not an ism.

It can be said that absurdism has existed for a long time, a long time ago, but it is a branch of other disciplines, and no one thinks it makes sense.

Camus studied the subject, but it was only after he wrote the absurdist trilogy that it really took shape, and it was not until after his death in a car accident that it really flourished.

Zhou Nan was too excited for a while, and directly said the word absurdism, making Camus think that he already had a mature theory.

Sartre and Beauvoir, including Favre, looked at Zhou Nan with interest, wanting to hear what Zhou Nan would say. Zhou Nan turned to introduce Stolko and Audrey, who came with him.

took advantage of the introduction of them to know and greeted, and organized their own thinking. The day before yesterday, the mature theory of the Annals school was used to fool the founder Fèvre, and today it is going to use the mature philosophy of absurdism to fool Camus, a grandmaster-level figure.

However, Zhou Nan did not have a sense of stealing, because he would only promote them more by taking out these mature theories, rather than robbing them of the fruits of their labor.

This time, Audrey did not sit next to Zhou Nan, but sat next to Beauvoir, who had a charming temperament. Watching the two women laughing, Zhou Nan was also worried for a while, afraid that Beauvoir would train Audrey to be a feminist.

But then I thought about it, with Audrey's simplicity and weakness, I am afraid that she would never become a woman like Beauvoir. What's more, living in Switzerland, where the conservative is terrible, there is no feminist soil at all, so there is no need to worry at all.

Zhou Nan sat down next to Favre, and across from him was Camus, who was the most concerned, waiting for Zhou Nan to speak with some anxiety.

Zhou Nan pondered the words for a moment before he spoke: "Maybe you have also seen some information about me in the media, I am a person who believes in Taoism. More than 2,000 years ago, Taoism had the "Tao Te Ching" and "Nanhua Jing" and other philosophical masterpieces in the true sense. Although these books are not very literal, they are so rich in content that we cannot say that they have been thoroughly studied for thousands of years. Why? For these books are clearly identified at least twenty philosophical disciplines that are now being studied. ”

"Today we are talking about absurdism alone, what is absurdism? Personally, I believe that the core meaning of absurdism is to turn life to death into life and death. This is actually similar to the Taoist emphasis on sheng. ”

Among these people, except for Favre, who studied the Tao Sutra, the others probably did not have any research in this area, so when they heard Zhou Nan say this, they immediately asked about the Tao Te Ching and the Nanhua Sutra. Zhou Nan also told them a few small stories, especially the story of Zhuang Zhou Mengdie.

Although this story is only about 60 words, it is a masterpiece of Zhuangzi's poetic philosophy. Through the description and discussion of the events of the transformation into a butterfly in a dream and the reintegration of a butterfly after waking up from a dream, it is possible to accurately distinguish between the real and the illusory and the materialization of life and death.

And what is absurdism? It is the belief that there is no transcendent meaning in this world. But there is something in this world that is meaningful, and that is man, because man is the only creature that proposes to be born and meaningful.

In this world, there is at least the truth of man, and man exists to give meaning to this world and fight against its fate.

Zhuangzi is indisputable, and the West is a struggle. This is due to the difference between Eastern and Western cultures, but in some ways, the two are actually similar in meaning.

The birth of absurdism is very old, and the word absurd has appeared since the ancient Roman period. But the theory that really summed up is still modern, after Camus's death, and summed up the four elements of absurdity.

Zhou Nan analyzed and said one by one: First, the mechanical nature of daily life makes people doubt the value and purpose of their existence, and question the state of existence. But daily life is often interrupted, and people feel insecure.

So, philosophers have suggested that when a series of familiar, constructed meanings surround themselves, people develop a skill to avoid further thinking, thereby distancing themselves from the dark side of the human condition.

But when the unknown surrounds humanity, humanity learns to think about deeper meanings, but it is filled with an unsafe sense of absurdity.

Second, it is self-deceptive to live by looking forward to the future, because it deprives the meaning of the "present". The value of human existence and the meaning of life are precisely created by human beings through their actions in the concrete situation of the "present".

Therefore, it is time for people to base themselves on their present situation and act positively. Rejecting the future and rejecting "tomorrow" is man's rebellion against "meaninglessness". But most people always hope for the future, this kind of collision between ideal and reality, this kind of painful resistance, is absurd.

The third point is that people are familiar with the fate of mortality, and time is like a long sickle wielding in the hands of death, mercilessly harvesting the ears of human life, and bringing people to death step by step.

The point that "man must die" is absolute, eternal, and essential, and it has become the common encounter of mankind and the collective destiny of mankind.

Death makes people aware of the fragility and suffering of life, and it destroys any "fundamental certainty" in life. ”

It is absurd that people are born to die, but this is existence.

In fact, existentialism and absurdism are actually the same in terms of the exploration of human life and the struggle against fate.

Fourth, people will have the feeling of being abandoned in a different world, that is, the world and people are strange, and people and the world are broken.

There is a chasm between man's desire for clarity, rationality, harmony, and balance on the one hand, and the mysterious, irrational reality of the world on the other, and the world is forever closed to man, the harmony between man and the world is broken, and man no longer feels that he is a part of the world.

This is also something that Zhou Nan has always experienced, not only him, but all patients with mental illness are the same.

Like Jean Nord's son Noble, who is autistic, I am afraid that the world is extremely absurd.

Because of the torn relationship between man and the world, there is no resonance between man and the world, which is also extremely absurd.

The absurd is common, it's all around everyone, but you don't necessarily notice it, or realize it.

But Camus is not interested in discoveries, but in finding solutions to all discoveries. Of course, there is some extravagant hope to solve it, and it makes sense to be able to face it.

Therefore, there is the core theory of absurdismism of living to die and dying to life.

This is not pessimism, but real optimism.

The same is true of Taoism, which is really about allowing people to experience the present and enjoy the present, rather than putting hope in the unpredictable future.

Then when it comes to Buddhism, the reincarnation of Buddhism is completely for the sake of the position of ruler and fooling the common people. You know, the founder of Buddhism was a prince.

He changed the name and surname of those gods of Hinduism to become Buddhist gods, so most of the gods of Buddhism are actually demons and monsters.

Buddhism was then introduced into their own countries by other rulers who did so in effect to deprive the common people of their sense of resistance.

You have to be kind to others, don't fight, so that you can have a good birth in the next life, so that in a flash, ordinary people who have received little education will believe it, and their position will be stable.

When Zhou Nan analyzed these theories to Camus and them one by one, everyone was excited, and even Stolko kept nodding his head as if he didn't understand.

Only Audrey almost didn't understand it at all, but she saw that everyone else was listening with relish, and Camus even trembled with excitement. also looked at Zhou Nan with an expression of adoration that although I don't understand what you're talking about, it looks powerful.

Well, although she didn't understand it, several other people did. But the few of them combined, none of her worship could satisfy Zhou Nan's vanity.

Sartre and Beauvoir may have questioned Zhou Nan's youth at first, because his historical research is not like a young man's ability to sort it out, and those analytical methods are not something that a young man can study thoroughly, but now they don't doubt it at all.

As for Camus, he has already turned into a fan of Zhou Nan, and he can't wait to kowtow to his teacher immediately. Because the theories summarized by Zhou Nan have always been the direction of his research, and some of them have been thoroughly studied by him, but there are still many blind spots.

But Zhou Nan helped him pierce the window paper at once, allowing him to see a new world, how could he not be excited?

Focusing on the ultimate meaning of living towards death, Camus discussed with Zhou Nan in depth.

As for Zhou Nan's academic research, several of them, like Fèvre, have been completely conquered. and agreed that when Zhou Nan returned to Switzerland, he must go back with him and get a sneak peek of the last two books of "General History of the World".

Because the conversation was very in-depth, he was very devoted, and it was not until midnight that Zhou Nan sent away a few guests. They also promised Zhou Nan one by one to speak for Zhou Nan in their own media.

The three of them are now the hottest national treasure thinkers in France, and with them on Zhou Nan's side, at least at the academic level, not many people will doubt Zhou Nan's level.

However, Audrey was a little unhappy. Lying in Zhou Nan's arms, he pouted and coquettishly said: "Jonas, I feel so stupid, I can't understand a lot of things you say, which makes me feel so bad." ”

Zhou Nan kissed her and smiled: "I am looking for a harbor where my soul can be comforted, and you are the destination of my soul." ”

"But I also want to be your comrade-in-arms, your comrade, your friend, like Miss de Beauvoir and Monsieur Sartre. It's just your lover, I'm afraid you'll look down on me in the future. ”

It was the first time that Zhou Nan heard her say that she was worried about the unequal relationship between the two people, thinking about the other life in her dream, not hiding in the corner and secretly stumbling, and somewhat understanding her thoughts.

hugged her and comforted her, saying, "No, since you want to, let's study together and make progress together in the future!" ”

"Hmm!" She nodded firmly and hugged Zhou Nan's waist with her backhand. "Jonas, I have converted to Taoism with you, unlike Catholicism, premarital sex is strictly forbidden!"

"Ah......h

(It feels like a thankless job, writing such a theory, a large number of brain cells will die...... ）