Li Yuanhao is violent by nature, suspicious, and cruel. Such a character has caused a lot of undue damage to his career. After Li Yuanhao succeeded to the throne, in order to eliminate dissidents and prevent his relatives from usurping power, he implemented the policy of "killing and killing" to clear the way for the founding of the country and the title of emperor. In October of the first year of Yuanhao's fortune (the first year of Song Jingyou, 1034), Wei Mu Shanxi, the leader of the Wei Mu clan of the maternal clan, plotted to kill Li Yuanhao, but was detected by Li Yuanhao, and the Shanxi clan was drowned in the river. Li Yuanhao poisoned his mother's guard Mu clan with medicinal wine, and punished the Mu clansmen.

In September of the second year of Yuan Hao's Daqing (the fourth year of Song Jingyou, 1037), Li Yuanhao's uncle, Wei Mingshan, the envoy of the Left Chamber, was not accepted because he persuaded Yuan Hao not to attack the Song Dynasty, so he defected to the Song Dynasty and was sent back to the Xia State, and Yuan Hao executed his father and son. Yuan Hao is suspicious by nature, and he makes good use of suspicious tactics when he sends troops, and he is easy to fall into the enemy's discord. Yuan Hao's henchmen Yeli Wangrong and Yeli Yu beggar brothers, are the elder brothers of Yuan Hao Yeli, who are divided into the left chamber of Xia Guomingtang and the right chamber of Tiandu, Yeli Wangrong is called Yeli Wang, and Yeli Yu beggar is called Tiandu King. The two generals are good at using soldiers and have strategies, and the "mountain boundary" soldiers under their command are known for their good fighting. In the two major battles of Sanchuankou and Haoshuichuan that Yuan Hao fought against the Song Dynasty, defeated the Song generals Liu Ping, Shi Yuansun, Ren Fu and others, and there were many plans of the two generals. The Song general Chong Shiheng cleverly set up a divisive plan, so that Yuan Hao easily killed the second general.

In the tenth year of the Heavenly Rite Law (the seventh year of Song Qingli, 1047), Song Renzong gave Yuan Hao the surname Zhao again, but Li Yuanhao did not have the surname Zhao, so he changed his surname back to Li. In addition, in his later years, he indulged in wine and rejoiced in his achievements, which led to the increasing decay of the Western Xia and the rebellion of his relatives. It is said that he ordered the people to build a mausoleum every day, and built 360 of them as his tombs, and then killed all the people. Yuan Hao is lustful, has a group of wives and concubines, and likes to forcibly take other people's wives. It is rumored that the wife (concubine) has seven marriages, and there are actually as many as eight people. Abolish the queen Yeli's family, the prince Ning Lingge, and the prince betrothed to the Wuzang clan (another said that there is no Tibetan clan) as the new queen, causing the disaster of killing, in the eleventh year of the heavenly rite law Yanzuo (Song Qingli eight years, 1048) for Zining Lingge killed, at the age of 46, the temple name Jingzong, the name of the Wulie Emperor, buried in Tailing. Li Ning Linger was later executed for the crime of killing his father. [13] His youngest son Lang Zuo succeeded to the throne, and he was called Emperor Wulie, and the temple name was Jingzong.

for political initiatives

The name of the era in which the party regime was created. Li Deming has been using the Northern Song Dynasty name, in 1032, the first year of the Northern Song Dynasty Ming Dao, Yuan Hao in the name of avoiding his father, in the country changed the name of the second year of Xiandao, the following year changed the name of the luck, because some people pointed out that the luck is the number of the destruction of Shi Jin, and changed to Guangyun. From then on, Yuan Hao began to use his own era name and abandoned the Song Dynasty era name.

Repair the palace and ascend to the mansion

Shengzhou Mansion, camp palace Yuan Hao in order to prepare for the founding of the country, changed the capital Xingzhou to Xingqing Mansion. The palace was also expanded, "its name is imitated by China", and the towns of Shenghong, Ding, Wei, Long and Huaizhubao are states.

Improve the official system

In accordance with the Song system, a hundred officials were set up, and a state apparatus under the rule of the party slave-owning class was established. Yuan Hao set up two bureaucratic systems, Fan and Han, and the official system titles are: Ning Ling, Mo Ning Ling, Ding Lu, Ding Xuan, Su Gui, Zu Ru, Lu Ze, and Shu Ming. The institutions of the Han official system include: Zhongshu, Privy Council, Three Divisions, Yushitai, Kaifeng Mansion, Xuwei Division, Official Training Division I, Acceptance Division, Farmland Division, Qunmu Division, Feilong Academy, Mokan Division, Wensi Academy, "From the Zhongshu Order, the Prime Minister, the Cardinal Envoy, the Doctor, the Servant, and the Taiwei Below, all of them are divided into the Han people." Later, the 24 divisions of the Song Dynasty were changed to 16 divisions, and the six divisions were divided. According to the Song system, he also set up a Shangshu order and was in charge of the affairs of the sixteen divisions. Its Han official system was basically the official content of the Song Dynasty.

Uniform Maker

Yuan Hao set the court clothes for the hundred officials, according to different ranks, the civil officials wore puffs, wore boots, wore purple clothes, and scarlet clothes, which was basically the style of the Song Dynasty. Military attachés wore gilt, silver, and black lacquer crowns, purple robes, and gold-coated silver bands. The people are dressed in green clothes, so as not to be expensive and cheap. Referring to the Song Dynasty's rituals: "All officials and subordinates take six days as their regular participation, and nine days as their daily life." All ordered the prime minister to take the class, and the hundred officials danced in order to be thirsty and bowed three times. Those who are stubborn and misbehaving, who are not right, and who tend to worship and lose their manners, will be punished. ”

military

Regrouping tribes

The reorganization of the tribes, soldiers, party and tribes has one account for one family, hundreds of accounts for small clans, and thousands of accounts for large clans. The military organization that integrates the army and the people is the most important social organization of the party. Over 15 years old, under 60 years old for Ding, wartime out of Ding to help, not wartime engaged in production, they bring their own weapons and food, combat with the point of collection, "Yuan Hao system, rate two Ding to take one of the main army, each burden of one person for a copy." Those who bear the burden are also miscellaneous with the army. Four Ding for two copies, the rest of the empty Ding, the original subordinate to the army, have to shoot him Ding as a burden, if there is no to shoot the weak of the army, so the strong have to be the army for more. The strong Ding was organized into the "regular army", and the weak were organized as auxiliary soldiers, and Yuan Hao made a total of about 500,000 tribal soldiers. [14]

Build a captive army

Establish a "captive army" that specializes in capturing slave populations. There are 100,000 in total, of which 30,000 are elite and 70,000 are deputy soldiers. The establishment of the Su Guard Army selected the Hao clan good bow horse 5,000 people to straighten up, called "the six classes in the Imperial Garden", divided into three Su Wei royal family, the month to Mi Ershi, the Su Guard is also a hostage group, Yuan Hao can control the tribal leaders, nobles.

There are 12 military divisions

The ruler of the party collects the army, summons the chiefs of the tribes with silver medals and is restrained, and the tribal leaders command the soldiers of their headquarters, which is called "Yiyu". According to the location of the soldiers of each tribe, Yuan Hao set up 12 military supervision divisions (equivalent to today's military region), namely: Shenyong in the left chamber, Xiangyou in Shizhou, Jianing in Youzhou, Jingsai in Weizhou, Baotai in Xishou, Zhuo Luo and Nan, Chaoshun in the right chamber, Gansu in Ganzhou, Xiping in Guazhou, Yan in Heishui Town, Baimaqiang Town, and Weifu in Montenegro. "All armies shall have a commander of the army, a deputy commander of the army, and a member of the supervising army. With the noble Qi Hao right to lead his position, Yu commanded the envoys, coaches, and dozens of left and right guards, regardless of the Han Dynasty. ”

Expand your territory

In the sixth year of Song Tiansheng (1028), Li Yuanhao led his troops to attack the Uighur regime in Ganzhou (now Zhangye, Gansu), when Yuanhao was twenty-four years old. In order to consolidate and develop the Western Xia regime, Li Deming, the father of Yuan Hao, first adopted the strategy of capturing the Hexi Corridor, and his son Yuan Hao assumed the important task of attacking the west. After Yuan Hao accepted the important task of attacking the Uighurs from the west, he adopted the tactics of surprise attack, so that the Uighur khans did not have time to mobilize their forces, and the city of Ganzhou was breached. After that, Guazhou (now Anxi, Gansu) and Shazhou (now Dunhuang, Gansu) successively fell into summer. Yuan Hao was canonized as the crown prince by Li Deming because of this outstanding military exploit. Then, according to his father's intention, on the way back to the division with the army, Yuan Hao adopted the method of attacking the east and the west, taking advantage of the situation to break through Xiliang and succeed in one fell swoop.

In the first year of Ming Dao (1032), after Yuan Hao succeeded to the throne, Song wanted to use the power of the Gang to contain Yuan Hao, so he awarded Jiao Gang Luo as the general of Ning Yuan and the training envoy of the Aizhou regiment. Awarded Wen Qiqi the title of naturalized general. In the second year, he entered the corner of the seal and stayed behind for the observation of the Baoshun Army. In order to consolidate the rear and punish the Jiao Gang for annexing to the Song Dynasty, Yuan Hao launched an attack on the Tubo River Huang area.

In the second year of Ming Dao (1033), Yuan Hao defeated the Tubo Nuoluo (Nganyin Valley) and broke through the Ox City. In the first year of Yuan Hao's Daqing (the third year of Song Jingyou, 1036), he attacked the Uighurs in the west, captured Guazhou, Shazhou and Suzhou, and occupied the Hexi Corridor. The territory of the rule is "the Yellow River in the east, Yumen in the west, Xiaoguan in the south, and the desert in the north", including the vast areas of Xia, You, Yin, Hui, Sui, Jing, Ling, Yan, Sheng, Wei, Ding, Yonghegan, Liang, Gua, Sha, Su and other prefectures.

economy

An important reason why Li Yuanhao founded the country and became emperor was that the social and economic development of the Western Xia was the material basis, and the reason why the social economy of the Western Xia achieved relatively rapid development and completed the transformation to the feudal system in a short period of time was inseparable from Li Yuanhao's efforts to strengthen economic ties with the Central Plains, absorb the advanced economic system of the Central Plains, and change the original social and economic structure of the Western Xia. The heart of the Xia Kingdom is located on the rich Yinchuan Plain on both sides of the upper reaches of the Yellow River. "The Yellow River in the world is rich in Ningxia" is the honorary name of this region in history. After the founding of Yuan Hao, on the basis of dredging the original channel, the water conservancy project of more than 200 miles long from Qingtongxia to Pingluo County was built, and the descendants called it "Haohuang Canal" or "Li Huang Canal", the remains of the ditch still exist. The construction of the "Haowang Canal" and other buildings made the area around the capital Xingqing Mansion one of the main grain production bases of the Xia Kingdom, and Yuan Hao also set up the "Farmland Division" in the state agency to manage agriculture.

The Dangxiang people have always taken animal husbandry as their economic foundation, and after Yuan Hao conquered the Gan and Liang areas of the Hexi Corridor that had been "the best animal husbandry in the world" since ancient times, the foundation for the development of animal husbandry economy was more solid. The famous "Dangxiang horse" and other livestock and livestock products were the main commodities of the trade exchange between the Dangxiang and Han areas. Frequent wars, massive consumption and loss of livestock, and it is difficult to sustain without the development of animal husbandry. It is precisely because animal husbandry has a special position in the society of the party and the Xiang nationality that Li Yuanhao attaches great importance to it, and in order to continue to develop the traditional economy of his own nationality, after the founding of the People's Republic of China, he set up a group animal husbandry department dedicated to the national animal husbandry industry.

ethnic group

Internally, Li Yuanhao implemented the national policy of uniting Ye and Tibet, and consolidated and expanded the foundation of his rule. In the area ruled by the Dangxiang regime, there are many ethnic groups such as Qiang (Dangxiang), Han, Fan (Yefan), Huique, Tata (Mongolian), Khitan and so on, among which Dangxiang and Yefan are the most closely related. “

In terms of the guiding ideology of rule, Li Yuanhao abandoned the "etiquette and righteousness" of Song Confucianism and adopted the utilitarian ideology that adapted to the current situation of the party and society and the "rule of law" theory of the pre-Qin Legalists.

diplomacy

Liao-Song policy

The foreign policy of the Yuan Hao period was different from the consistent alliance with the Liao to resist the Song Dynasty during the Jiqian period, and different from the peaceful coexistence with the Song and Liao during the Ming Dynasty, but according to actual interests, it was improvised. Resisting the Song and Liao, depending on the "strength and weakness of the two countries" as similarities and differences. This is a very flexible foreign policy. After Yuan Hao succeeded to the throne, he married Liao and was given the title of Liao. Once a dispute broke out between the two countries over the issue of party defection and caused a war, Yuan Hao immediately sued for peace with victory and restored the friendship between the two countries after inflicting heavy losses on Liao. Treating the Song Dynasty, allied with Liao, had no fear, and brazenly launched a war of attack and plunder.

When Yuan Hao saw that Liao had profited from the interests of the Xia State, he immediately decided to make peace with Song and made concessions to Song on the issue of status that he had always insisted on. This step not only freed Yuan Hao from the predicament caused by the long war that he wanted to end long ago, but also avoided the danger that Liao might sacrifice the Xia State in order to get economic benefits from the Song Dynasty, and the Xia State would be attacked on both sides; Compromising with the Song Dynasty and negotiating peace between the two countries can also get economic benefits from the Song Dynasty, which can be described as killing three birds with one stone.

and the Song Dynasty

Main article: The Battle of Sanchuankou, the Battle of Haoshuichuan, and the Battle of Dingchuanzhai

Battle of Sanchuankou (northwest of present-day Yan'an, Shaanxi). In March of the third year of the Heavenly Rite Law Yanzuo (the third year of Song Baoyuan, 1040), Yuan Hao began to attack the Song Dynasty because he was not recognized as emperor. On the one hand, Yuan Hao led his army to feint an attack on Jinmingzhai (now south of Ansai, Shaanxi) in the Northern Song Dynasty, and on the other hand, he sent a letter to Fan Yong, the governor of Yanzhou (now Yan'an, Shaanxi) in the Song Dynasty, expressing his willingness to negotiate peace with the Song Dynasty and create a false impression to paralyze Fan Yong. Fan Yongxin thought it was true, and immediately wrote to the imperial court, and the defense of Yanzhou was also relaxed. In July of the same year, Yuan Hao sent a large army to besiege Yanzhou. The generals of the Song Dynasty, Liu Ping and Shi Yuansun, were ordered to reinforce them. When they reached Sanchuankou (northwest of present-day Yan'an, Shaanxi), they were attacked by the Western Xia army and were surrounded by the Western Xia army.

Liu and Shi led their troops to fight hard with the Xia army, and the Western Xia army suffered heavy losses. However, because they were outnumbered, they had to retreat to the slopes near Mikawaguchi. Western Xia reinforced a large number of troops. Yuan Hao wrote many times to persuade Liu Ping to surrender, but Liu Ping would rather die than give in. Finally, the Western Xia army stormed the hillside where the Song army was stationed. Due to the small number of Song troops, Liu Ping and Shi Yuansun were captured. Later, due to the successful attack on Yuan Hao by the Song general Xu Dehuai, the Western Xia army was forced to withdraw from the territory of the Song Dynasty, and the siege of Yanzhou was relieved.

In February of the fourth year of the Heavenly Rite Law Yanzuo (the first year of the Song Qingli calendar, 1041), Li Yuanhao led 100,000 troops from Zhejiang to the south and arrived in the Haoshuichuan area. In order to give full play to the superiority of the cavalry, Li Yuanhao adopted the tactics of setting up an ambush to encircle and annihilate him, ambushed the main force at the mouth of the Haoshui River, and sent a force to the area of Huaiyuan City (now a partial city in Xiji County, Ningxia) to lure the Song army into an ambush. When Han Qi heard that the Xia army was coming, he ordered the deputy capital of Huanqing Road to deploy Ren Fu to lead tens of thousands of troops, and after leaving the Xia army, he waited for an opportunity to break the enemy. On 14 February, before the Song army could form a formation, it was attacked by Xia cavalry. After a long period of fierce fighting, the Song army was chaotic and tried to resist according to the danger. In the Xia army's array, there were more than two zhang of banners, waving left and left, waving right and right, condescending, left and right, the Song army was killed and wounded, and Ren Fu was killed. After the Xia army won, Song Huanqing and Qin Fenglu sent troops to help, so they returned to the division.

In the fifth year of the Heavenly Rite Law (the second year of Song Qingli, 1042), Li Yuanhao's adviser Zhang Yuan offered him advice. It is believed that all the elite soldiers of the Song Dynasty were gathered in the Song-Xia border area, and the military strength of the Guanzhong area of the Song Dynasty was very weak, if the Western Xia army contained the army in the border area of the Song Dynasty, so that the Song Dynasty had no time to estimate the Guanzhong area, and then it could send a strong army to take the opportunity to attack the Guanzhong Plain and capture Chang'an (now Xi'an, Shaanxi). Yuan Hao adopted Zhang Yuan's suggestion and sent 100,000 troops to attack the Song Dynasty on a large scale in two ways.

One route from Liu Liaobao (present-day Longde, Ningxia) and all the way from Pengyangcheng (present-day southeast of Guyuan, Ningxia) to launch an attack on Weizhou. The Song general Wang Yanwen hurriedly sent Ge Huaimin and others to lead the army to reinforce Liu Liaobao, and the Song army fell into the siege of the Western Xia army in Dingchuan Village (now northwest of Guyuan, Ningxia), the Song army was defeated, Ge Huaimin and other 15 generals were killed, and the Song army of more than 9,000 people was nearly wiped out. However, the other way of the Western Xia encountered the stubborn resistance of Jingtai, the governor of Yuanzhou (now Zhenyuan, Gansu) of the Song Dynasty, and the Western Xia soldiers were annihilated. The dream of Li Yuanhao, the Western Xia Jingzong, to go straight to the pass was shattered.

The Song army was defeated in three battles, which frightened the Song Dynasty and declared that they wanted to negotiate peace again. The Western Xia also won three wars, and the plundering and gains were not worth the attrition in the war. After the interruption of civil trade in Song and Xia, the prices of Western Xia rose, and the people were very poor and complained. and various reasons such as the contradictions between Western Xia and Liao, and finally had to negotiate peace with the Song Dynasty. In the seventh year of the Heavenly Rite Law Yanzuo (the fourth year of the Song Qingli Dynasty, 1044), the Western Xia and the Northern Song Dynasty reached an agreement. Stipulation: Western Xia declared himself a vassal to Song and cancelled the emperor's title, and Yuan Hao accepted Song's title and called Xia the lord; The Song Dynasty gave 50,000 taels of silver, 130,000 horses of silk, and 20,000 catties of tea to Xixia every year; In addition, 22,000 taels of silver, 23,000 horses of silk, and 10,000 catties of tea are given to Xixia every year on various festivals. Song Renzong agreed to Yuan Hao's request, so Song Xia officially reached a peace agreement, which is known as the "Qingli Peace Conference" in history.

culture

Respect the old customs, implement the bald Yuan Hao to enforce the traditional hairstyle of the party, and prohibit the knotting of Chinese customs.

The production has a different ritual system from the Han people.

Creation of the native ethnic script (Tangut script).

Set up the Fan and Han Eryu Courtyards, and respect the Xia character.

Establish a school of science and cultivate talents for party leadership.

(End of chapter)