Yelu Chucai was born in Yanjing (now Beijing) on June 20 (July 24, 1190) in the first year of Jin Zhangzong Mingchang, he was born in a Khitan aristocratic family, and was the ninth grandson of Liao Taizu Yelu Abaoji, the eighth grandson of Yelu Bei, the king of Dongdan, and the son of Yelu Lulu, the right of Shangshu of the Jin Dynasty. Its name and words are taken from the "Spring and Autumn Zuo's Biography" in the allusion of "although Chu has materials, Jin is practical", and the Mongolian name Wu Tusa Heli means "long-haired people".

In June of the second year of Mingchang (1191), Yelu Lu died, Yelu Chucai was two years old at the time (there is also a saying that the first year of Mingchang and the third year of Mingchang died), and settled in Yizhou Hongzheng (now Yixian County, Jinzhou) with his mother Yang, and received a comprehensive education from his mother, and entered the Lushan Xianzhou Academy at the age of 12 [12], and studied poetry and books at the age of thirteen.

Since Yelu Chucai's grandfather, their family has been in the Jin Dynasty for generations and often lives in Yanjing. At that time, Yanjing had a deep foundation of Han culture, which made the Yelu family influenced by Han culture for generations, forming a family style of reading and knowing etiquette. Yelu Chucai was influenced by Confucianism from an early age, and his ideal was to govern the world according to Confucian doctrines. Yelu Chucai adheres to the family tradition, learns Chinese since childhood, is proficient in Chinese, and has been "well-read and knowledgeable at a young age, bypassing astronomy, geography, legal calendar, mathematics and interpretation of the old doctor's divination.

In the sixth year of Taihe (1206), according to the Jin Dynasty system, the son of the prime minister could be given the post of provincial peng, but Yelu Chucai did not arrive. Wanting to participate in the imperial examination, Jin Zhangzong asked the participants about many things about the trial. At that time, seventeen people participated in the examination, and only Yelu Chucai's answer was excellent, so he was recruited to confer the position of Peng, and later served as the Tongzhi of Kaizhou.

In the second year of Zhenyou (1214), Jin Xuanzong moved south to Bianjing, and Yelu Chucai's brothers Yelu Zhicai and Yelu Shancai accompanied him. And Yelu Chucai stayed in Zhongdu and was appointed by Wanyan Chenghui, the prime minister who stayed in Yanjing, as the left and right division members.

In the tenth year of Genghis Khan (1215), the Mongol army captured Yanjing, and Genghis Khan learned that he was talented and full of wealth, so he sent someone to ask him about his plan to govern the country. According to Grusser's "Steppe Empire": "After the capture of Beijing, among the captives willing to support Mongol rule, Genghis Khan selected a Khitan prince, Yelu Chucai, who won the favor of Genghis Khan with his 'eight feet long and beautiful beard' and was appointed as an auxiliary minister.

In the fourteenth year of Genghis Khan (1219), with Genghis Khan's westward expedition, Chang Xiao made many miraculous feats with the way of conquest, governing the country and reassuring the people, and was highly valued.

In the twenty-first year of Genghis Khan (1226), he accompanied Genghis Khan to conquer Western Xia, and advised that state and county officials were forbidden to levy and kill without authorization, so that the wind of greed and violence would be slightly reduced.

After Ogedai Khan ascended the throne, Yelu Chucai advocated the establishment of a court ceremony and persuaded Prince Chagatai (Brother Taizong) and others to perform royal and courtesy to respect the Khan's power. Since then, it has been increasingly reused, and is known as the "minister of the society". At the beginning, he was in charge of taxation in the Central Plains, and proposed to promulgate the "Eighteen Cheap Things" and set up prefecture and county governors to divide the military and the people; enacted a preliminary decree opposing the conversion of Han land into pasture; Establish a tax collection system and set up 10-way tax collection offices in Yanjing and other places.

In the third year of Ögedai Khan (1231), he served as the prime minister. After that, he actively restored the rule of culture, and gradually implemented the plan of "governing the country with Confucianism" and the political proposition of "establishing the system, discussing rituals and music, establishing temples, building palaces, establishing schools, setting up imperial examinations, pulling out seclusions, visiting the elderly, promoting virtue, seeking righteousness, persuading farmers and mulberries, suppressing laziness, punishing punishments, collecting thin endowments, honoring names, reprimanding vertical and horizontal personnel, removing redundant personnel, deposing cool officials, advocating filial piety, and helping the poor and the poor".

He has made great efforts in political, economic, and cultural aspects, and has made many innovations. The main ones are to protect agriculture and implement a feudal tax system; reform the political system and promote and reuse Confucian ministers; oppose the massacre of lives and protect the lives of ordinary people; It is forbidden to plunder the people, and the household system is implemented; oppose the taxation of buying and selling, and prohibit the abuse of power for personal gain; He advocated respecting Confucius and re-educating and sorting out Confucian classics. As a result, the emerging Mongolian aristocracy gradually abandoned the backward nomadic way of life and adopted the traditional ideas and systems of the Han nationality centered on Confucianism to govern the Central Plains. It turned the chaotic era of constant war into a prosperous era of peace, so that the advanced feudal agricultural civilization of the Central Plains could be preserved and continued to develop, and also laid the foundation for Kublai Khan to establish the Yuan Dynasty.

Yelu Chucai also advocated the use of the way of Confucius and Mencius as the principle of governing the country, and also used Confucian scholars to serve as officials at all levels. Yelu Chucai deserves to be called the "craftsman who rules the world", made important contributions to the development of Mongolia, and was the first person to promote the Mongolian aristocracy to accept traditional Chinese culture. In order to commemorate the merits of Yelu Chucai, the Mongols built a shrine for him, which is still preserved in the Summer Palace in Beijing.

Yelu Chucai served in the two dynasties of Genghis Khan and Ögedei Khan for nearly 30 years, and he has many contributions. When the queen was in charge, she was gradually excluded because of the repeated impeachment of the queen's favored Odu.

On the 14th day of the fifth month (June 20) of the third year of the reign of Naima Zhen (1244), Yelu Chucai died of grief and anger at the age of fifty-five. "The pillar was broken, and the Tibetan boat moved in the middle of the night", when the news came out, the whole country was sad, and many Mongolians wept bitterly, as if they had lost their relatives. The Han scholar even shed tears to pay tribute to this highly decorated Khitan politician. Great Mongolia did not hear music for several days. As his contemporary, Du Zhiqian, said in the "Elegy of Yelu Gong in the Chinese Book": Ignoring the news of the stars of the platform, it is still new and new, and the people feel the sky, and shed tears and call Cangmin.

After Yelu Chucai's death, Empress Naima Zhen, in accordance with his last wishes, transported his body back to his hometown in Yanjing, and buried it on the shore of Wengshanbo (now Kunming Lake) at the foot of Yuquan Mountain, which Yelu Chucai was very attached to during his lifetime, and was buried with his wife who died before him. And build a temple statue for it, the ceremony is extremely grand.

In the first year of Shun (1330), Yuan Wenzong posthumously presented Yelu Chucai as the meritorious hero, Taishi, and Shangzhu of the state system, and posthumously crowned the king of Guangning, nicknamed "Wenzheng".

At the beginning of the founding of the Mongol state, the system of integration of military and government was implemented, and there were only 10,000 households, 1,000 households, 100 households, and other commanders who commanded the army, and there was no governor who governed political affairs. In order to change this situation, Yelu Chucai suggested: "Officials should be set up in the localities to rule the common people, and 10,000 households should be set up to be in charge of the army, so that the military and the government can contain each other and prevent arbitrariness and independence." "Wokotai adopted. According to his suggestion, Wokotai also established the highest administrative body in the central government, Zhongshu Province, and appointed Yelu Chucai as the Zhongshu Order.

When the Mongol army invaded Asian and European countries and conquered various ethnic groups in the country, it carried out a brutal policy of slaughtering cities. Under the persuasion of Yelu Chucai, the slaughter of the city gradually decreased.

Genghis Khan did not make a complete law, and the "Zazahei" was only a customary law applicable to the steppe. After the scope of Mongolian control was expanded to the Central Plains, the number of criminal cases increased greatly, and the situation became much more complicated, Yelu Chucai proposed the "Eighteen Cheap Things" as a temporary law, strictly prohibiting local officials from killing ordinary people without authorization, prohibiting businessmen and rich people from embezzling public property, cracking down on ruffians and hooligans from murdering and stealing, and prohibiting landlords and rich landlords from seizing peasants' fields, so that social order gradually stabilized.

In addition, at the suggestion of Yelu Chucai, Wokotai changed the sub-feudal system of the "ripping soil division" in the past, set up ten roads to collect taxes in various places, and established the "five silks" system (five people pay 1 catty of silk), and the power to collect taxes was returned to the central government.

Economically, in view of the fact that the hinterland of the Central Plains has suffered from years of war damage, production has withered, and the people are in hardship, Yelu Chucai advocates lightly repaying the meager endowment, cherishing the people's strength, and developing production.

Militarily, Yelu Chucai proposed to reform the governance method of integrating the Mongolian military and the people, advocating the separation of military and civilian governance, the establishment of prefectures and counties, and the management of civil affairs; set up 10,000 households to be responsible for military and political affairs; The tax collection office is responsible for collecting and paying taxes. In this way, military power, political power, and financial power will be separated, and each other can be restrained and supervised. It reconciled the contradictions between the Han landlords and the Mongolian aristocracy, consolidated the foundation of Mongolian rule, accelerated the pace of Mongolia's unification of the whole country and the establishment of centralized politics, and had a far-reaching and tremendous impact on the history of Mongolia and the Central Plains

In terms of education, Yelu Chucai vigorously advocated Confucianism and respected Confucius. With the consent of Taizong, he repaired the Confucian Temple, gave preferential treatment to the descendants of Confucius, established Guozixue, and educated the people with feudal culture. In 1237 A.D., Yelu Chucai proposed to restore the imperial examination. In the second year, the Yuan Dynasty opened a course for the first time, and more than 4,000 people were admitted at one time. The resumption of the imperial examination improved the status of Confucian scholars in the Central Plains, recruited a large number of talents for the country, and accumulated strength and laid the foundation for the development and prosperity of the Mongol Empire during the period of Kublai Khan.

When the Mongols destroyed the Jin Kingdom, Tubo, Dali and conquered the Southern Song Dynasty, many famous people such as Yuan Haowen, Zhao Fu, Dou Mo, Wang Pan and others were protected and used. This had a great impact on the prosperity of the study style in the north. In 1237, with the fall of the Jin Dynasty and the expansion of the ruling territory, the country needed a large number of talents to govern the country. Yelu Chucai said: "Those who make instruments must use good work, and those who keep them must use Confucian ministers." Wo Kotai listened to his advice, "He ordered Xuandezhou Xuanjiao to make Liu Zhong take the examination with the county, and divide it into three subjects with scriptures, dictionaries, and treatises. and there were four thousand and thirty men, and one of the four who were exempted from slavery. ”

There are many talents selected this time, such as Yang Huan, Zhang Wenqian, Zhao Liangbi, Dong Wenyong and others, who were later famous ministers in the Kublai Khan era and made great contributions to the completion of the sinicization of Mongolia. This examination enabled a large number of Confucian scholars to improve their status and receive preferential treatment in academic service, and played an important role in the fields of culture, education, politics, and economics.

Yelu Chucai also taught Confucianism to the Mongol aristocracy. He started with Confucius, and after the fall of Jin, he "sent people into the city, begged Confucius, and got fifty-one generations of Sun Yuanxi, and played the Fengyan Holy Prince, serving in Lin Miaodi." He also lectured to the ruling group, and the wind of lecturing gradually rose, and Guozixue was also set up in the capital.

He also made contributions in terms of literature, Yelu Chucai set up a scripture office in Pingyang and an editing office in Yanjing to organize and edit scriptures; Important documents on the history of Liao have been preserved. As a descendant of the Khitan, Yelu Chucai attaches great importance to the preservation of the culture of the Liao Dynasty. The longest existing Khitan poem of the Liao Dynasty, "Drunken Righteous Song", was translated by Yelu Chucai into a long poem in Chinese seven-character song style and preserved in the "Zhanran Jushi Anthology". In terms of its cultural contributions, Yelu Chucai is a giant that can shine in the annals of history.

[17] Yelu Chucai also resolutely opposed the brutality of the war. It was a Mongol custom to slaughter a city that resisted desperately when it was broken, as a retaliation. Yelu Chucai tried his best to persuade Taizong to change this barbaric practice and save the lives of ordinary people. Taizong took his advice, and a catastrophe that destroyed the agricultural civilization of the Central Plains was prevented, and millions of living beings in the Central Plains were saved. This is Yelu Chucai's greatest contribution to Chinese history and Chinese civilization.

In order to make the Mongolian upper class accept Han culture, Yelu Chucai used the pragmatism of the Mongolian aristocracy, called the rule according to customs, mainly from the protection and appointment of Confucian talents, and the spread of Confucian etiquette, but it was basically not adopted. Yelu Chucai knew that in order to rule the Central Plains, he had to use the system of the Central Plains, and it was the Han Confucian scholars who were familiar with the way of Han law rule. So when he was in power, he vigorously protected the Han Confucian scholars and introduced them to the official career.

In 1230, Yelu Chucai set up ten roads in the Central Plains, and each road appointed a chief and deputy tax envoy, all of whom were Confucian scholars. The details are as follows: Yanjing Chen Shike, Zhao Fat, Xuande Liu Zhong, Liu Huan, Xijing Zhou Li and Wang Zhen, Taiyuan Lü Zhen, Liu Zizhen, Pingyang Yang Jian, Gao Tingying, Zhending Wang Jin, Jia Cong, Dongping Zhang Yu, Wang Rui, Beijing Wang Deheng, Hou Xian, Pingzhou Jiagu Yong (Jurchens), Cheng Tai, Jinan Tian Muxi, Li Tianyi (Yuan History: Baiguan Zhi) This is the beginning of the mass appointment of Han Chinese by the highest ruling group of Mongolia.

The Mongols were a nomadic people and were in a slave society. His institutions and forms of social organization were based on tribal chieftains. This kind of system was undoubtedly extremely backward for the Central Plains, which ruled the advanced Central Plains, and could not meet the social requirements of the time. Yelu Chucai saw this and carried out reforms in all aspects

In the autumn of 1229, the kings and ministers of the Mongol kingdom held a meeting in the Qulu Lianhe Qudiao Alan area. The question of succession was discussed for forty days at the General Assembly, and it was not until the forty-first day that a result was reached, and Ogedei ascended the throne. When the Great Khan of Ögedei ascended the throne, Yelu Chucai formulated the canonization ceremony in accordance with the tradition of the Central Plains Dynasty. This kind of ritual requires all the royal elders to bow to the class, which is very different from Mongolian customs. Yelu Chucai started his work from the prince Chagatai. He said, "Although the king is a brother, he is a minister, and he should bow down." If the king worships, don't dare not worship. "The king is deeply remarkable. and ascended the throne, the king led the royal family and ministers to worship the tent, and after retreating, Wang Fu Chucai said: "Zhenshe Jichen also." 'The royal family has prostrated from this point on. ("Yuan Shi Yelu Chu Cai Biography")

Since the Qin and Han dynasties, there have been contradictions in the relationship between the central and local governments. In order to consolidate a feudal dynasty with a vast territory, it was necessary to have a viable administrative system to facilitate the central government's control over the localities. Yelu Chucai was no exception, and one of the biggest goals of his administrative reforms was to weaken local power and strengthen centralized power.

In 1231, Yelu Chucai was appointed as the Zhongshu Order, and was given full authority to establish the Zhongshu Province (the Zhongshu Province did not exist in the Jin Dynasty, and in the Tang Dynasty it was only an institution in charge of issuing edicts and documents, but had no administrative power. In the Jin and Tang dynasties, it was Shangshu Province that managed the administration. The Mongol Empire began to have a central administration. Although the Ministry of Books is only a team such as the Secretariat, it still has a lot of actual power because it is related to important affairs such as issuing documents and handling documents.

In the process of the rise of the Mongols and the conquest of the Jin State, a large number of Jin officials and landlord armed leaders were attached to the Mongols, mainly Han Chinese, but also Khitans and Jurchens. From the twenties of the thirteenth century onwards, they gradually became the new magnates of the Mongol regime, forming a local power on the side of the autocracy. During the Mongol period, the feudal system was also implemented. The ruler divided some northern states and counties to the kings, heroes, and horses as "casting". Yelu Chucai's fiefdom is Zhending Road, Gucheng, Anping, Raoyang, Wuqiang and other places. The official positions and territories of these magnates were hereditary.

In their jurisdiction, they combine military, civilian, and financial powers, and are both military governors and administrators, and they can appoint their own subordinates, appoint subordinate officials, set their own taxes, and collect them. This is very similar to the feudal towns of the Tang Dynasty. Although their contributions and armies were the main sources of the Mongol treasury and military, their dominance was fundamentally unfavorable to Mongol rule. In addition, the Han princes had a group of dependent populations and a large number of slaves, and this phenomenon of strengthening the dependency relationship of life was actually a kind of regression, which was a kind of tribal chieftaincy and slavery-style management, and it was also a special combination of the early Mongolian feudal system and the feudal production relations in the Central Plains.

In 1230, Yelu Chucai wrote a letter suggesting that the military, civilian, and financial affairs be separated, which was another attempt to implement Han law. However, this policy was resisted by the elite, and at that time Mongolia was still in the situation of conquest from all sides, so it was not well implemented, but basically "the tax is in charge of the money valley", and the plan of separating the civilian and military positions had to be shelved.

In 1235, the Grand Judge of the Central Plains Household Register, which obtained more than 1.1 million households, according to Mongolian tradition, distributed 760,000 households to the kings and nobles, which were called "subordinate households" or "subordinate households", and the rest belonged to all levels of government. Yelu Chucai tried his best to object, saying, "Splitting the land and dividing the people is easy to cause dislikes, so it is better to use more gold silk with it." Wokotai said, "What has you promised? He said: "If the court places officials, they receive their tribute, and they are awarded in the middle of the year, so that they do not have to be good at taxation, but they can also." So the "five households silk" system was determined, that is, every five households paid one pound of silk to the recipient. In addition, one pound of silk for every two households is given to the government as a national tax. So he took back the right to tax. It prevents the strengthening of local forces.

The Mongols expanded outward, with the aim of plundering. After arriving in a certain place, he always robbed his property, and used the captured people and craftsmen as slaves, and distributed them to nobles and generals according to the size of their merits. This mode of plundering caused great damage to the social productive forces and was not suitable for the agrarian economy, which was not conducive to the domination of the Central Plains. At that time, for the Mongolian rulers, they did not know what taxes were, let alone the huge role of taxes in the management of the Central Plains. But Yelu Chucai has seen this and has a preliminary plan for governance.

As a nomadic people, the Mongol rulers were not yet aware of the importance of the agricultural economy to the economy, and some ministers suggested: "The Han people have nothing to do with the country, but they can empty their land for pasture." Yelu Chucai resolutely opposed it, grasping the psychology of Ogedai wanting to increase fiscal revenue in order to better promote the expansion of the army, he said: "Your Majesty will go on a southern expedition, and the military needs should be funded, and the profits of the Central Plains land tax, commercial tax, salt, wine, iron smelting, and mountains and rivers will be determined evenly, and 500,000 taels of silver, 80,000 horses of silk, and more than 400,000 stones of millet will be obtained in a year, which is enough to supply, what is the meaning of nothing?" ("Yuan History: The Biography of Yelu Chucai")

So Wokotai adopted Yelu Chucai's opinion and divided the country into ten roads, each with a chief and deputy tax collector, who were directly subordinate to the Khan, and the civil officials in charge of civil affairs and the ten thousand households in charge of military affairs in various places were in charge of each other, and each had nothing to do with it. These ten roads are: Yanjing, Xuande, Xijing, Taiyuan, Pingyang, Zhending, Dongping, Beijing, Pingzhou, Jinan. The system of tax collection has been constantly improving, and after 1236, the tax system of the Central Plains was roughly determined:

1.

Land tax: 3 liters per mu in the upper field, 2 and a half liters per mu in the middle field, 2 liters per mu in the lower field, and 5 liters in the paddy field

2.

Ding tax: check the number of households into Ding, each Ding per year to pay 1 stone, 5 liters of slaves and maids, half of the new household slaves and maids, the old and the young do not pay. Those with few people in the field shall be counted according to the land tax, and those with few fields and many people shall be counted according to the Ding tax.

3.

Household tax: The household is paid as a unit, and there are two kinds of silk materials and silver. (A Brief History of the Yuan Dynasty, Qiu Shusen)

In order for the tax system to be carried out smoothly, two issues must be taken into account in the era of war and chaos: first, to preserve as many people as possible and to stabilize them rather than to go into exile. In terms of retaining a sufficient number of people, Yelu Chucai mainly changed the old custom of the Mongol army to massacre the rebels. When Subutai was about to capture Bianliang, he reported to Wokotai that he was preparing to slaughter the city. Yelu Chucai said: "If you have no people in the land, will you use it?" So Ogedai ordered the slaughter to be spared, saving the lives of 1.47 million people.

As soon as the example of Bianliang was opened, many of the cities that resisted since then were spared a massacre. The preservation of the population has prevented the Central Plains from being uninhabited for thousands of miles, and the potential of the Central Plains' economic development has been preserved. In addition, the aristocratic local forces at that time imposed taxes and forced labor, usurers exploited the common people, and a large number of people fled. Yelu Chucai borrowed the power of the central government to control local taxes and restructure the usury debt, which eased the contradictions to a certain extent.

However, in the course of implementation, the Mongols' taxation was very irregular, and they were often levied many times a year or temporarily levied and apportioned, which made the people miserable, a large number of peasants fled, and the number of displaced people increased greatly. During this period, Yelu Chucai had to take measures to collect the displaced people, resettle them on the spot or repatriate them to their places of origin; The tax collection system was reorganized, and the supervision of local tax collectors and ministers was strengthened.

Mongolia's backward form of social organization determines that its legal system is inevitably extremely naïve. With the expansion of the area under the rule of Mongolia, problems such as social security and bureaucracy became increasingly serious. Genghis Khan's "zasa", which resembles the internal rules of the tribal alliance, cannot adapt to the complex social situation at all. At that time, the governor of the prefecture and county was greedy and rampant, the rich arbitrarily annexed land, and the phenomenon of ruffians and hooligans killing people and extorting goods was very serious. In view of the social reality, Yelu Chucai put forward the "Eighteen Cheap Things" as a temporary law based on some legal principles of the Central Plains. Specific provisions were made on the problems of local officials doing errands without authorization, merchants embezzling official goods, Mongolian nobles not paying taxes, embezzling official goods, and death sentences. This made the social situation at that time somewhat better.

The level of civilization of the Mongols determined that they could not formulate laws that were in line with the Central Plains, and due to the deep degree of sinicization of the Jin Dynasty, its "Taihe Law" was a relatively perfect law and was more applicable to the Central Plains, so the Mongols were lazy and adopted the "Taihe Law" in the occupied Central Plains. Later, when the Yuan Dynasty was established, Kublai Khan barely re-enacted any laws, but changed them on the basis of the Taihe Law and promulgated the Yuan Dian Zhang, which in addition to the structure of Han law, also added legal provisions adapted to the ethnic hierarchy, and its provisions had obvious traces of the customary law of the Mongols.

Yelu Chucai's political aspirations were fulfilled during the time of Kublai Khan. During the reign of Kublai Khan, he re-established the feudal centralized system of rule and the corresponding various rules and regulations.

The military and political ruling organs of the central government are mainly composed of the Zhongshu Province, the Privy Council and the Imperial Historical Observatory. Zhongshu Province is equivalent to Shangshu Province of the Jin Dynasty, leading six ministries and taking charge of national government affairs. The Privy Council "is in charge of the secret affairs of the world's armour". Yushitai "pickets the good and evil of hundreds of officials, and political gains and losses." "The central institutions also include the Hanlin National History Academy, the Dasi Agricultural Division, etc., and the ad hoc institutions also include the Xuanzheng Yuan, the Dazong Zhengji, etc.

The highest local administrative body, in the case of Kublai Khan, was the Ten Roads Xuanfu Division, and they were independent and had greater autonomy, which was much smaller than that of the khanates, but was much larger than the central-local relations in the Han system, and some officials (mainly Han Chinese) wanted to strengthen their control over the localities, so they made suggestions to Kublai Khan (which of course was in line with Kublai Khan's wishes). As a result, the central government "commissioned important ministers to go to various places to do things and exercise the functions and powers of Zhongshu Province, referred to as the province". Later, it became a fixed institution and an effective link between the local and the central. The administrative agencies below the provincial level are: roads, prefectures, prefectures, and counties. The kings and lords still retained considerable privileges in the fiefs of the provinces in the interior, but they were also included in the county system in terms of their administrative structure.

To sum up, it can be seen that during the period of Kublai Khan, the central local administrative institutions were more perfect, basically inheriting the administrative model of the Central Plains Dynasty since the Han and Tang dynasties and adding some institutions adapted to the characteristics of their own ethnic groups (such as the Xuanzheng Yuan, present-day Tibet, Nepal and other places). The organization is centered on Zhongshu Province, and the subordinate administrative institutions at all levels are directly subordinate to the emperor through Zhongshu Province, which shows that the skeleton of the administrative organization actually inherited the conception and setting of Yelu Chucai. In addition, the various levels of institutions under the control of the Privy Council, such as the Wanhu Prefecture, were separated from the local state capitals and counties, and there was a special supervisory body, the Imperial Embassy and its subordinate units, to inspect the gains and losses of officials, which followed a number of political ideas of "separation of military and government, centralization of power, and independence of judicial inspection". This system was obviously very efficient for the rule of the Central Plains.

After Kublai Khan ascended the throne, he basically inherited the tax system of the Yelu Chucai period. Only the amount of taxes has been adjusted, and on the basis of the old system, the period of payment, the method of receipt, the prohibition of sealing, and the method of accounting have been clearly stipulated, so as to make it more perfect. The perfection of the tax system marks the recognition of the Mongol rulers with the agricultural economy (the economic model of the Central Plains), and it also shows that Yelu Chucai's contribution to taxation is unprecedented.

However, in the territory of the Mongols, the economic components were diverse, including an agrarian economy (mainly in the Central Plains), a commercial economy (spread throughout the country, mainly managed by the Semu people, and the royal family and princely ministers were happy to invest) and a nomadic economy (mainly in the Mongolian plateau and steppe areas), and the Mongolian aristocracy did not value the agrarian economy, but was enthusiastic about the huge profits brought to them by overseas trade, which was very different from the agricultural ideas of the various dynasties.

During the Yuan Dynasty, the above-mentioned indiscriminate expropriation was still serious.

The selection system is the selection system for officials. At the beginning of the Central Unification (Kublai Khan), "the system of Dingdu Province and the three left and right departments, the officials, households, and rites are the left three departments, and the workers, soldiers, and punishments are the right three departments." By 1264, the princes kept the world, cut and merged the officials of various prefectures and counties, and carried out the relocation and transfer of the law. At this point, the power to appoint and transfer officials at all levels was returned to the central authorities, and the system of electing a generation was initially determined.

The first attempt at the imperial examination in the Yuan Dynasty was the "Wuxu Selective Examination" (described above). However, the Yuan Dynasty never really promoted Confucianism, as mentioned above, to promote Confucianism was to improve the status of the Jin Dynasty and the Southern Song people, which was not something that the Mongol aristocracy was willing to do. Therefore, they adopted the way to adapt to the situation, and during the Yanyou period (Renzong, the middle and late Yuan Dynasty), the main content was Confucian classics, and its scale was not as good as that of the Tang and Song dynasties, but it was just a form of ruler to settle the hearts of the people in the world, and it was very difficult for the southerners to enter the ranks. So we have to say that the imperial examination system of the Yuan Dynasty was just a formality, and it did not go far on the basis of Yelu Chucai.

The role of talents: Yelu Chucai once networked many talents, and they were all wise men and capable ministers of reform during the period of Kublai Khan. Among them, the famous and more important ones are Zhang Wenqian and Wang Pan.

Zhang Wenqian served as the secretary of the Zhongshu Zuocheng, "Establish a program of discipline, explain the benefits and diseases, and take the convenience of the people in the country as the task." "Mainly involved in the affairs of taxation, and "to the second year of the household account as a cut, the slave is not occupied, the power of the family can also, the rest of the good people as slaves, the reason, agreed, abide by the law." ("Yuan History: The Biography of Zhang Wenqian") prevented a large number of people from becoming domestic slaves. Wang Panren senate and act, bachelor of Hanlin. "The palace has not been built, and the court has not been established. Whenever you meet the congratulations, the subordinates are mixed in front of the tent", Wang Pan said: "It is advisable to order the Xuanhui Academy, from the two provinces and down to the hundred customary names, each according to the order of the class, listen to the people of the Tongshi House to call and praise and lead the way in." So the ritual system was determined. And he also played a sparse advice when the imperial court cut the organization, and it was impossible to stop the inspection. and "the ministers think that those who have merit should be relocated and dispersed or given titles such as kings, such as the system of Han and Tang feudal marquis, but also." It is not appropriate to be in a position. ("Yuan History: The Biography of Wang Pan") opposes the establishment of officials because of people, and the aristocracy is easy to enter the office because of the family.

In addition, there are many talents: such as Dong Wenyong, who is committed to the standardization of local administration; Zhao Liangbi was a general at that time, and he fought in the east and west; Dou Mo has made certain achievements in culture and education, and once served as a bachelor of Hanlin Chamberlain, which had a great impact on the style of learning in the royal family.