Chapter 441: The royal power is higher than the clerical power

When William ordered the implementation of the land inventory order and compiled the "Last Judgment Book", there was a group of people who strongly resisted William's order to inventory the land and assets.

The Church of England declared their monarch to be Pope Clement II of Rome, not William, whom they had sworn allegiance to at the coronation, claiming that William had no authority to dictate to the Church.

William's conflict with the Church of England was long-standing, and Guy had been trying to bring the Church of England under his control, while the Church of England was very resistant to William's control.

William's control of the bishop's ordination, that is, the power to appoint the bishop's successor, was even more difficult for them.

The power of bishop ordination refers to the power to confer fiefs and powers on bishops and abbots. There are usually two kinds of objects as symbols: the power ring symbolizes religious power, and the power mark symbolizes secular power.

In the Holy Roman Empire, until the middle of the 11th century, bishops were appointed by the emperor, who granted bishops precepts and titles, and bishops owed allegiance to the emperor and provided taxes and services.

After the middle of the 11th century, the power of the Church increased, and Pope Gregory VII demanded that the Church be freed from the control of secular power and that bishops and abbots should be appointed by the Pope, thus breaking out a struggle with the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV for the right to appoint bishops.

Due to the remoteness of England from the Holy See, the Pope's control over the Church of England was very weak, and the royal power of England was strong, and William was a strong monarch, so the Church of England was in William's hands, and they swore allegiance to the king and provided taxes and services.

But William's clearance undoubtedly moved the bishops, and if before William's inventory, the bishops had to provide only a few hundred pounds and one or two hundred militiamen each, then after the land inventory was completed, the taxes and soldiers that the assistants needed to provide were even more than tripled.

This time the Church of England resisted William's purge, which was a joint counterattack against William.

To say that the bishops of England did not have the support of the Holy See and Pope Clement II, William absolutely did not believe it, and without the support of the Pope, they could not have had the courage to rebel against him and the Normans.

William saw the Church's counterattack as an act of provocation to his authority, and he issued orders to the bishops of the dioceses, parishes, and monasteries to come to Winchester to receive William's punishment for breaking their oath of allegiance.

William, on the other hand, was also prepared to use force, and if they once again resisted his orders, he would lead his legions against the Bishops' territory.

In the Kingdom of England, the local bishops owned a large number of territories, not only the counties of Worcester and Durham as archdioceses, but also large territories in each county, and these bishops even owned half of the direct territories of William's royal family.

William had a thirst for land, coveted the vast amount of land held by the Church of England, and at the same time was a monarch with a strong desire to control, and he could not tolerate any instability in his territory that was not under his control.

In his view, the Church of England is the greatest destabilizing factor, they are not under William's control, and they may be helped by the Pope and the Holy See to fight their monarch at any time, which is not equivalent to the separatist forces and foreign interference in the 21st century, and this kind of separatist forces supported by foreign countries cannot be tolerated even in the Celestial Empire.

During the Middle Ages, the secular government and the church in Western Europe were two major political forces that coexisted, sometimes colluding, cooperating, and sometimes conflicting.

At the beginning of the feudal system, the church was attached to and supported the secular government, and from the 10th century onwards, the power of the church grew, and the pope began to fight with the secular monarchs for the supremacy of Western Europe.

In order to achieve centralized power, the monarchs of various countries still wanted to see the church as a tool of rule, between the "city of God" and the "secular city", so a long-term political conflict was launched, and this struggle continued throughout the feudal society.

In England, the struggle between clerical and secular power was also long-standing, and the relationship between the feudal monarch and the church was very complex, with cooperation and frequent conflict and confrontation.

The English feudal monarchy in the early Middle Ages was born from the Anglo-Saxon "barbarian" monarchy with the legacy of the primitive military democracy of the Germanic tribes, and gradually formed with the spread of Christianity and the expansion of social feudalism. The English feudal monarchy began to be conceived in the 9th and 10th centuries, and finally established in 1066 with the "Norman Conquest", and was further strengthened in the 12th century.

In the theocratic cultural tradition of Christianity, there is a strong theocratic concept of "divine authority of kingship". The Christian concept of divine kingship began to spread widely and deeply in Western European society in the early Middle Ages.

At that time, wars of annexation between kingdoms and conflicts between nations and tribes broke out one after another, and class divisions and antagonism deepened. In the turbulent social environment, in order to survive and develop, the "barbarian" royal power and the church cooperated closely and supported each other, striving to build a ruling order dominated by the "divine mandate" of the royal power, thus advocating the preaching of the divine right of the king.

With the continuous accumulation of Christian theocracy and cultural traditions, the king's oiling coronation planned by the royal power and the church came into being. Since the introduction of Christianity at the end of the 6th century, England has gradually been impregnated with its theocratic cultural traditions, and the coronation of kings has become popular and popular.

The theocratic and cultural traditions of the Church have effectively promoted the transformation of the primitive and weak "barbarian" kingship into the sacred "Christian kingship".

This major historical change in the political history of Western Europe in the early Middle Ages was most notable in England at the time, which opened the way for the rise of feudal kingship in England.

With the spread of the Church's idea of divine kingship and the implementation of the King's anointing coronation, the weakness of the English monarchy gradually disappeared.

Through this ceremony, the king became the "Divine King" who ruled the country "by the grace of God", and everyone was required to obey him, and to oppose the king was to oppose God, and to be severely punished by God.

With the apotheosis of the king, the power of the English crown was strengthened from the 9th century onwards. The king's public political authority was gradually established, and was confirmed and protected by law.

The great legal power of the kingdom was also vested in the king, and the provisions of the "peace of the king", which had the force of general public law, brought crimes that undermined the stability of the kingdom to the royal courts, and the local administrative system of the country was established by the county system.

In addition, the king formed the kingdom's armed forces, which included feudal vassal service units, local militias, and mercenaries.

It can be said that it was with the help of the theocratic political and cultural tradition of the Church that the "barbarian" kings of England were able to constantly break through the shackles of the primitive military democracy of the Germans, initially establish the sacred authority and dignity of the monarch, and create a rudimentary state system.

In this way, a solid foundation was laid for the establishment of the feudal monarchy in England after the "Norman Conquest".

In 1066, the "Norman Conquest" launched by William, Duke of Normandy, against England, William obtained the dual political identity and status of the king of a country and the feudal suzerain, and built a strong feudal royal power.

Subsequently, the theocratic political and cultural tradition of the Church also played an important role in the consolidation and development of the feudal monarchy in England.