These are the notes of the "Tang Dynasty Crossing Guide", you can go to the Internet to read the whole book

The first chapter crosses the language barrier

1. Night curfew system

1. The Tang Dynasty implemented a night ban system. Taking Chang'an City as an example www.biquge.info the whole city is divided into 110 squares by 38 horizontal and vertical streets, each of which is surrounded by a square wall. At sunset, the street drums sounded, about 800 times in five waves, and then the city gate closed along with the square gate. There is a Wuhou shop on the street corner of each square, which is responsible for inspection. Except for the three days of Shangyuan Festival every year, ordinary people are not allowed to legally walk on the streets after sunset.

2. At three o'clock on the fifth watch of winter nights and two o'clock on summer nights, the first dawn drum sounded, and the drum towers on the north-south streets followed in turn.

3. The homes of princes and nobles and high-ranking officials of three grades or above can open the door to the street with the permission of the system; Generally, the door of the house can only be opened to the inside of the workshop.

4. There are no shops on the streets of Chang'an City, and the main commercial activities are carried out in the East and West markets. The east and west cities are managed by the municipal administration, and at noon every day, each city beats the city drum 300 times before opening. Seven quarters before sunset, the gong is struck three hundred times, and then the business is closed. In addition, each workshop also has its own small commercial service facilities.

5. Pingkangfang, which is adjacent to the west side of Dongshi, is the most famous red light district in Chang'an City. In the Tang Dynasty, there was no rule that officials were not allowed to engage in prostitution. As for the literati who participated in the imperial examinations, visiting confidants in Pingkangfang was a semi-official event.

6. Chongrenfang, northwest of Dongshi, is a concentration of hotels.

2. Middle Chinese

7. In ancient times, the post station has always been official, and even military institutions have been specially used to receive public officials. In the Tang Dynasty, post stations could only be used under thirteen circumstances, such as urgent reports on military affairs, the need to use them in Beijing, the urgent and important events in the prefectures, the congratulations of the states during state events, the dispatch of post posts by the provincial rents, the arrival of surgical personnel in Beijing, the greeting and send-off of government officials, and the return of government officials to their hometowns to take care of them when they died in the line of duty. Moreover, they have to collect a voucher from the competent authority before they can check in.

3. Salutation

8. In the Tang Dynasty, the more popular person-in-person titles for the emperor were "sage", "lord", "everyone" (used by the emperor's side), etc., and the traditional "Your Majesty" could also be used, but the word "emperor" seemed to be a written term in the Tang Dynasty.

9. The title "elder brother" referred to both the father and the elder brother in the Tang Dynasty. Therefore, the safe title of the elder brother in the Tang Dynasty was "Brother" and "(Ranking) + Brother".

10. As a face-to-face verbal salutation, "adult" was only used to address parents in the Tang Dynasty, and in some cases it could be used to address direct blood relatives and elders, and should never be used to address officials. Similarly, "eldest brother", "eldest sister", "uncle", "aunt", etc. cannot be used casually to refer to non-relatives.

11. The people of the Tang Dynasty called the county order "Ming Mansion", and called the Zhongshu Sheren and the high-ranking officials of the province under the door "Ge Lao".

12. The crown prince officially ordained in the Tang Dynasty would be called "His Royal Highness the Prince", and the prince who was crowned king was generally called "Great King". The prince called himself "son" instead of "son".

13. The combination of "Rank + Lang/Niang" is the most common and affectionate honorific title for men and women in Tang Dynasty society. From the royal family to the untouchables, there is no obstruction to the passage.

14. When you are close enough to your friends, you can use "surname + rank".

15. Call people with a lower status than yourself, such as children and nephews, you can directly call them by name, and use "er", "you", etc. when speaking to your face. Note that the word "slave" is not used when addressing slaves and maids, and that slaves and maids do not use this word when calling themselves.

16. Male modesty is "so" with the characteristics of the Tang Dynasty, and the tone is neither humble nor arrogant, and it is common to the whole society. Women humbly call "son" with the characteristics of the Tang Dynasty, and they don't have to face their parents, and they also call themselves so to ordinary elders and ordinary guests. In addition, the self-pronoun "slave" could be used in the Tang Dynasty for both men and women.

Fourth, slang

17. In the Tang Dynasty, scolding others as peasants was popular, namely "Tian Shehan", "Tian Sheer", "Tian Shelang", etc. According to the order of Shinong industry and commerce, you can continue to be scolded according to your professional status, such as "market x". Even more degrading is to scold the other party as a "beggar", that is, called Hanako.

18. In the Tang Dynasty, it was not popular to scold a person to piggyback on the other party's female relatives, but to call the other party (whether male or female) as a "woman" was an insult in itself.

19. "XX Han" was for the most part derogatory in the Tang Dynasty.

20. Scolding each other "Hu", "Lu", and "Rong Di" is outdated, and the favorite use in the Tang Dynasty is "fang" (generally referring to the ethnic minorities in the southwest).

Chapter 2: How to be a qualified foodie in the Tang Dynasty

1. Government canteen

21. Dumpling is noodle soup, which was also called soup cake, suo cake, water cake, and Butuo in the Tang Dynasty, and the shape is similar to a cat's ear.

22. The steamed cakes mentioned by the Tang Dynasty people include steamed buns, steamed buns, flower rolls, siu mai, steamed dumplings and so on in the modern sense.

23. A large part of the oil eaten by the people of the Tang Dynasty was made of animal fat, fatty pork, and occasionally mutton oil. In addition, it is also used to refine oil from soybeans, flax and other plants.

24. The court is the day when it is stipulated that you should enter the palace to meet the emperor. The Tang law stipulates that officials below the third rank (excluding the third grade) should go to the court on the first and fifth days of every month, and those above the third rank should also visit the court on the ninth day.

25. Starting from the Zhenguan period, after the end of the court, officials should sit on the ground under the eaves of the palace and on the corridor to have lunch, that is, "eat under the corridor". Food is prepared by Guangrokuji Temple. If you go to court on a special day, such as the Cold Food Festival, you will be given sweet rice porridge to drink; Pancakes are given on the seventh day of the first month (human day) and the third day of the third month of March; On the fifteenth and thirtieth day of the first month, cakes are given; Dragon Boat Festival to give zongzi; On the seventh day of the seventh month, he gave bread; Chongyang cake; On the first day of October, yellow rice soup and so on.

26. The Tang Dynasty implemented the group phase system, that is, more than one high-ranking official in the three provinces could be recognized as equivalent to the prime minister by being awarded the official title of "Tongzhongshu Menxia Sanpin". Compared with the military ministers of the Qing Dynasty, the rulers of the Tang Dynasty had much greater power and were of a completely different nature.

27. The prime minister's working meal is eaten in the government hall, so it is called "hall kitchen". Other officials' working meal supply system is called "public kitchen". The budget of the public chefs of various departments in the capital is almost entirely in the form of the capital given by the imperial court and the profits of each department to operate on its own.

2. Meat food

28. Until the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, there was no paper menu in the restaurant, and at most there was a water sign on the counter to indicate today's special offer.

29. "Tang Law Volume 15 Stables": "The master commits suicide of horses and cattle, and he will be imprisoned for one year." That is, the state prohibits the slaughter of these two large animals without permission. But "manslaughter, don't sit." ”

30. From the prince down to the second-rank officials, twenty sheep and sixty catties of pork are provided every month. The third-grade official gave twelve sheep every month, and the fourth-grade, five-grade, and nine-headed sheep, but there was no pork. It can be seen that mutton is much more popular than pork.

31. The way to eat "sheep in the hall" is to slaughter it on the spot in front of the main hall steps, and the guests themselves take a knife to cut off the parts they want to eat, and the next person wraps them with colorful brocades of different colors and sends them to be steamed.

32. The habit of eating meat with ingredients is that the lamb is sprinkled with pepper, and the pork is garlic.

33. The technique of performing "cut squirt" in front of guests is a fashion trend.

34. In the "Li" Tang Dynasty, the government ordered several times to ban the eating of "fish with the surname of the country", but with little effect.

35. In the Tang Dynasty, sugar crabs were popular when eating crabs, that is, they were pickled with molasses to make them sweet and then eaten.

3. Vegetables

36. Sweet potatoes, corn, tomatoes, and potatoes were introduced to China during the Ming Dynasty. Green peppers and onions were introduced to China during the Qing Dynasty.

37. The technique of "frying" that is customary in modern times was not clearly recorded until the Song Dynasty. The people of the Tang Dynasty still mainly boiled, steamed, and roasted.

38. The most common vegetable in the Tang Dynasty was sunflower (winter amaranth), followed by shallot, woad (the predecessor of Chinese cabbage), and weed (bean leaves). Common root vegetables include radish, cranberry, taro, eggplant, gourd, etc.

Fourth, tea culture

39. "Doctor" was the name given to service industry practitioners or middle and low-level technicians in the Tang Dynasty.

40. In the Central Plains, tea existed only as a traditional Chinese medicine before the Western Han Dynasty; And the Sichuan people in the Western Han Dynasty have already drunk tea for the whole people. Due to the inheritance of the political power, value orientation and living habits of the Northern Dynasties in the Sui and Tang dynasties, the popularity of dairy products was much more popular than that of tea beverages in the early Tang Dynasty. It was not until the Kaiyuan Tianbao period that tea drinking began to become popular on a large scale.

41. At this time, tea will be boiled into a pot of porridge before drinking, adding ingredients such as green onions, ginger, flower watering, jujube, cinnamon, orange peel, mint, crisp cheese, beef, sheep and pork. Lu Yu scoffed at this way of eating, and in the "Book of Tea", he advocated the Tang-style sencha method represented by adding salt, three boiling, and competing foam punching shapes.

Fifth, wine culture

42. The initial product of Tang Dynasty liquor is turbid liquor. In order to obtain a higher grade product, it is necessary to pour a small amount of lime, plant ash, etc. into the jar to end the process of microbial fermentation in the jar. Cloudy sake is filtered and is called sake. During the sake brewing process, various microorganisms often mix into the wine, resulting in a green color of the finished wine. This is also the origin of the name "bamboo leaf green" in later generations.

43. Distillation was not introduced until the Yuan Dynasty. Prior to this, the wine with the highest alcohol content in the Tang and Song dynasties would not exceed 20 degrees. Most of the grains that react with koji are saccharified, and only a few continue to be alcoholized. Therefore, the main taste of Tang Dynasty wine is sweet rather than spicy.

44. The people of the Tang Dynasty liked soju, that is, the wine was burned to about sixty or seventy degrees with a slight fire.

45. The "yogurt" of the Tang Dynasty was usually called "cheese", which was made from the milk of cattle, sheep, horses and other livestock. Depending on the processing method, the finished product also has different names such as pastry, cheese, and daigo.

46. The name of fruit juice in the Tang Dynasty is generally called plum pulp, grape pulp, peach pulp, etc., according to the raw materials used. The most popular at that time was cane pulp.

Chapter 3 Follow the customs of the locals, and have basic life knowledge

1. Seating

47. After entering the Tang Dynasty, the meal system gradually became a meal sharing system, which has remained to this day.

48. The Tang Dynasty was an era of transition from low-footed furniture such as couches, seats, and low desks to high-footed furniture such as tables and chairs. In the later period, when the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms were approaching, chairs with backrests and long-legged tables were popularized in the whole society. However, social etiquette still generally believes that the most dignified and formal sitting posture is kneeling, followed by sitting cross-legged, and finally hanging feet to show the leg line.

2. Household registration system

49. Only by waiting for the imperial court to amnesty "the world's fugitives" can they go to the local area to hand over their "hands". After verifying the contents of the handiwork, each household must also pay taxes according to the law as labor material costs. Three copies of the household registration need to be copied, one to Chang'an, one to the state and county, and one to the county.

50. The people of the Tang Dynasty, as long as they went out of the county, needed to open a "letter of introduction from the unit", that is, a public inspection. There are many kinds of public inspections, such as the "confession" used for official appointments, the "general calendar" used by militia promotion, and the "charm coupons" used by post station staff. Even the vouchers for buying and selling land and property, as long as they are stamped with the official seal of the government, can be called public inspection. Breaking through the customs without a public examination is called the crime of "illegally crossing the Guanjin" and is punishable by one and a half years in prison.

51. Generally speaking, adult males who are rich in tax and military responsibilities are not allowed to leave the county at will, and the local government will not issue a "passing office". In some special circumstances, it is also necessary to find a close relative of the male or head of the household, and promise to bear the tax if the male does not return on time. The application for the transfer was submitted to Li Zheng, and then to the county governor at the county level and Hu Cao at the state level. The validity period of the transfer is generally 30 days from the date of issue, but the application for extension is not complicated.

3. Currency

52. During the Tang Dynasty, the annual silver production of the whole country was only about 15,000 taels. These silver collars are usually cast into rectangular silver collars and engraved with the silver's weight, fineness, origin, and tribute. Due to low production, silver was not used as a currency in most parts of China before the Song Dynasty.

53. In the Tang Dynasty, copper coins were used for ordinary transactions, and gold was available for bulk transactions, and one tael was about equal to the current 42 grams. At the highest, one tael of gold can be exchanged for 8,000 copper coins, and at the lowest, it can only be exchanged for 3,500 coins.

54. During the Han and Tang dynasties, the ratio of gold to silver was only 5:1.

55. With rice as the equivalent, before the Anshi Rebellion, a penny was about equal to one yuan. After the Anshi Rebellion, it depreciated 10 times.

56. Tang Dynasty 1000 Wen is consistent money. However, in reality, due to the serious "money shortage", the phenomenon of "short mo" among the people is very common, that is, there may only be seven or eight hundred yuan in the consistent money, but everyone still admits that it has the purchasing power of the consistent money.

57. The unit of measurement "money" commonly used in later generations is based on the copper coins of the Tang Dynasty.

58. Four years after the founding of the Tang Dynasty, it began to cast Kaiyuan Tongbao, which means "opening up the era". Later, there were also real year money, such as Qianyuan Tongbao, Dali Yuanbao, etc., but they did not occupy a major position.

59. Due to the low copper production in the early Tang Dynasty, the government also stipulated that private transactions should be "used with money and silk". When the transaction amount exceeds 10 yuan, it must be paid with silk.

60. A horse of silk is worth about 500 yuan, one foot eight wide, and forty feet long. Due to the high cost of ready-to-wear (such as 1,000 wen for a cloth shirt), people in the Tang Dynasty were more likely to buy their own cloth to make clothes or hire tailors.

61. The Tang Dynasty stipulated that the monthly rent of each residential room near a prosperous commercial area should not exceed 500 yuan.

62. Name some of the prices of the Tang Dynasty. A sturdy male slave is about 50,000 yuan, and the hired car is about 1 yuan per catty and li. In the peaceful and prosperous era, a bucket of rice was 3 wen, and after the Anshi Rebellion, it was 150 wen. The standard ration of the Zhuang Ding in the Tang Dynasty was "two liters a day, six buckets a month". In addition, the official stipulates that 3 buckets of rice = 5 buckets of millet, and a bucket of wheat in the Western Regions was 35 Wen in the Tang Dynasty. A pound of salt is 40 Wen, and a liter of vinegar is 5 Wen. 11 yuan can buy three eggs, 30 yuan for a chicken, 500 yuan for a pig, and 25,000 yuan for a horse. A large pot costs 700 Wen, a bowl costs 30 Wen, and a kitchen knife is 80 Wen. 100 sheets of ordinary paper 60 texts, a brush 20 texts, and one or two ink 15 texts.

4. Residence

63. The high-ranking mansions of the Tang Dynasty were first surrounded by rammed earth exterior walls. In the middle of the earthen wall there is an aconitum gate, which is made of three pieces of wood in the shape of a grass head. The two capitals protruding above the beams are usually carved and painted black, hence the name "Aconitum Gate".

64. The Tang Dynasty stipulated that officials and princes and nobles of the third rank or above could arrange a long halberd outside the main gate, and the top of the halberd was often tied with a flag.

65. In the Tang Dynasty, there were strict rules about what grade of people lived in what kind of house. Therefore, many descendants of high-ranking officials in the middle of the road often donate their mansions to religious believers because they cannot live in them and cannot sell them. When used for sale, in order to avoid overstepping the system, the gate is often not opened in the middle but on the "Xun" position in the southeast corner.

66. The common decoration of the gate, the copper-headed nipple nails and the doorknob of the auxiliary head ring, all appeared in the Sui and Tang dynasties.

67. A typical courtyard house in the Tang Dynasty has a main hall in the middle of the courtyard that does not lean on all sides.

68. In the Tang Dynasty, there was little room for real estate sales to increase in value, but the rental benefits were high.

Chapter 4 Entertainment life should be stepped up

1. Scenic spots

69. Baqiao is located on the Bahe River more than 10 kilometers east of Chang'an City, connecting the traffic arteries in the east of Chang'an. The Bahe River is one of the eight rivers of Chang'an, which traverses the eastern suburbs of Chang'an, flows into the Chanshui in the northwest, and flows into the Weishui in the north. The Baqiao Wind and Snow is one of the eight scenic spots in Guanzhong. According to the customs of the Tang people, to send friends to Baqiao, fold willows to say goodbye.

70. The Tang Dynasty had three palace districts in Chang'an, namely Taiji Palace (west inside), Daming Palace (east inside) and Xingqing Palace (south inside).

71. The Big Wild Goose Pagoda was built in the third year of Yonghui of Tang Gaozong (652), after Xuanzang returned from learning scriptures, according to the legend of Indian legend that "monks bury geese to build a tower". The Big Wild Goose Pagoda had only five floors at the beginning, but it was repaired and increased to seven floors during the Wu Zetian period, and then repaired and increased in height several times. During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, the remaining seven floors of Tang Pagoda were wrapped with a brick layer of 60 centimeters, which became what it is today.

72. After the talents of the Tang Dynasty were admitted to the Jinshi, they held a flower feast in the apricot garden west of Qujiang Pond. Originally, Tanhua only referred to the two Jinshi who were selected to pick early spring flowers. In particular, they have to pick peonies, peonies and other famous flowers.

73. The Fan River at the foot of Zhongnan Mountain is located between the Shaoling Plain and the Shenhe Plain, and is formed by the long-term alluvial accumulation of the Weihe River that runs through it. Since the Han Dynasty, Fanchuan has been a place where dignitaries built villas. Generations of nobles of the Wei and Du clans gathered here.

Second, the brothel of the green house

74. Chang'an's Lifang, which is very close to the imperial city, is not allowed to build high-rise buildings privately.

75. The architecture of the Tang Dynasty, in color and style, was simpler and more generous than that of later generations. It is generally black-gray with black and gray roofs, red pillars, and white or earthy yellow walls. Red walls and green tiles are not something that ordinary people can use.

76. The brothels of the Tang Dynasty were not called "XX Building", "XX Pavilion", etc., but "XX Family", such as "Yang Wujia".

77. The rule of Pingkang Fang is "the bridegroom and the gentleman double the prostitution".

78. On the eighth day of every month, prostitutes from Pingkangfang can go to the Baotang Temple in the workshop to listen to the nuns' lectures and tell stories, which is also an opportunity for the literati to enjoy spring for free.

79. Pingkangfang is dominated by Han prostitutes. Most of the orchids are concentrated in the western Li Fang such as Xishi, Yiningfang, and Gudefang.

80. The top famous prostitutes of the Tang Dynasty were called "Duzhi", and they were judged by their ability to do "Xi Jiao" and compose poems.

81. When the Tang Dynasty issued a liquor order, a famous person was first elected as a supervisor, also known as the "Ming Mansion". Then choose the "Law Record" and the "Law Record". The former is Xi Jiao, who is responsible for announcing orders, drinking, and refereeing. The latter is also called the "chief penalty record" and is responsible for running errands and pouring alcohol.

3. Noble hunting

82. The people of the Tang Dynasty raised harriers to catch quails and some bush birds.

83. The falcon is a bird one size larger than the harrier, and is used to catch large birds such as herons, wild ducks, and waterfowl.

84. The royal family has a "leisure stable" dedicated to raising royal animals, which is divided into five squares: "Dog Workshop", "Harrier Workshop", "Falcon Workshop", "Eagle Workshop" and "Carving Workshop".

85. When the Tang Dynasty hunted, it first surveyed the terrain, selected a place with many wild beasts, and then sent advance personnel to surround the area and gradually narrow the encirclement. In the end, the uncle and boy appeared.

86. In the Tang Dynasty, the Pekingese dog was called "Fulin Dog", and "Fulin" was the name of the Byzantine Empire at that time. Later, this kind of dog was almost extinct in the place of origin, and was reintroduced from China, so it was first called "Peking dog".

Fourth, the dance culture of aristocratic men

87. During the Tang Dynasty and before the Tang Dynasty, it was a very elegant and tasteful activity for aristocratic men to sing and dance at banquets. But aristocratic women generally did not dance in public.

88. Guests are invited by the host to dance together, which is called "beating order", which was called "belonging to dance" before the Tang Dynasty.

89. In the Tang Dynasty, it was popular to "step on the song", that is, young men and women holding each other's arms and stepping on the ground rhythmically and neatly.

5. Polo

90. The cane of polo is composed of a handle, a cane and a cane head, and the cane head is naturally bent into a crescent shape, so it is also called a "moon cane".

Chapter 5 Chang'an Tide Girl Guide

1. Women's travel

91. The styles of women's clothing in the Tang Dynasty did not differ much between classes, but the fabrics were very different. The imperial court stipulated that the precious silk brocade, red and purple colors, gold and silver jewelry, could only be worn by women of high-ranking officials. Civilian men and women can only wear coarse cloth and linen, and the colors can only be light yellow, blue, black, etc.

92. In the era of Wude Zhenguan, palace ladies and noblewomen wore a kind of hat with a wide brim when they went out to ride a horse, and a long veil (called "power fence") hung down on the brim to cover the whole body. By the time of Gojong, the veil was shortened to the neck and changed to a "hat". As for the Xuanzong era, the veil was completely omitted. However, the most unaccustomed thing for the old Confucians is that women simply dress up as men to travel. Of course, this is easy to recognize, because in the Tang Dynasty, except for eunuchs, men grew beards.

2. Women's fashionable clothing

93. In the tenth year of Kaiyuan (723), the full-breasted skirt was finalized.

94. The belt is a kind of belt introduced to the Central Plains by the nomads of the steppe, with an open-hole ring, and various objects for personal use. The Tang Dynasty once stipulated that officials in the Shang Dynasty must wear this kind of belt, and bring seven items such as hanging abacus, knives, stones, deeds, needles, and flint bags, commonly known as "Seven Things". After the opening of the Yuan Dynasty, ordinary officials can no longer wear it, but the belt itself is particularly popular among women among the people.

3. Makeup

95. The ancients burned incense by burying spices in the incense burner, and then using "incense chopsticks" to take care of the spices and ashes.

96. At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, the finest thrush stone was the "Lingnan Shidai", which is said to come from the stream and is naturally warm and soft.

Chapter 6 If you marry a Tang Dynasty man

1. Marriage customs

97. The man needs to give the woman a wild goose in the steps of natting, asking for a name, najib, and asking for a date.

98. After Najib, the man's family selects two men with official positions and talents as "messengers" and "deputy messengers", and submits a "marriage letter" to the woman's family, and the woman accepts it and returns the "marriage agreement". After this step, the woman officially becomes a member of her husband's family.

99. A very popular newcomer costume in the Tang Dynasty was that men wore red and women wore green, which was also the origin of red men and green women.

100. The Tang Dynasty stipulated that at the time of marriage, the bridegroom could wear a dress one level higher than that allowed by his family's official rank, called "Sesheng", indicating the government's attitude of encouraging marriage.

101. "Laying geese" is the most important part of the Tang Dynasty's personal greeting ceremony. The bridegroom took a wild goose that he had brought with him and threw it through a curtain outside the bride's boudoir. Someone in the woman's family catches the wild goose, wraps it in red luo, and then wraps the goose's beak with five-colored silk brocade. Wait for the wedding to be over, and the wild goose will be released.

102. The Tang Dynasty did not have the so-called "red hijab". The bride is not masked during the first half of the wedding, when she is in her own home. Only on the wedding car going to the man's house will the face be covered with a "knee cover", and there is no written rule on the color. This custom only became popular during the Northern and Southern Dynasties.

103. The newlyweds' round house is not in the house, but in the "Hundred Sons Tent" prepared in the southwest corner of the compound. When the tent is set up, the woman's family should send someone to participate in the "tent spreading" ceremony.

104. The ceremony of marriage is carried out in the "Qinglu", which is the same place as the "Hundred Sons' Tent". It is worth noting that during the Wu Zhou period, the groom had to kneel down on both knees during the ceremony, but the bride did not have to kneel on the ground. The marriage ceremony is roughly as follows: eating three mouthfuls of rice in the "same prison plate", closing the toes, tying the toes together with silk threads, combing the hair and so on.

105. If the woman's family is richer and more powerful than the man at the time of marriage, or if the man's family is not in the place where the marriage is made, then the whole wedding will be held at the woman's house, and the couple will live in the woman's house for a long time after marriage. In this case, the man will not be considered a door-to-door son-in-law with no status.

2. Life after marriage

106. Civilians are not allowed to use the post station to send private messages, and generally entrust the person who is going to the destination to deliver the letter.

107. The Tang Dynasty attached great importance to the "good and lowly system", and intermarriage was never allowed between "good people" such as nobles and commoners and "sluts" such as slaves and maids. A lowly woman can only go through the procedures of "letting go of goodness" in order to be a "concubine" one level higher than a servant. If the husband is accepted as a concubine without formalities, the man will be sentenced to one and a half years in prison. If a lowly woman is appointed as a wife, the man is sentenced to two years of hard labor and the woman is sent back to her place of origin. The concubines after the "release of goodness" cannot be corrected after the death of their main wife.

108. The head of the family shall not be punished for the death of a slave or maid in the household due to his negligence.

109. During the Tang Dynasty, it was very popular for friends to give prostitutes to each other.

3. Divorce procedures

110. In ancient China, it was basically common to use "seven outs and three non-gos". The "seven outs" are: childlessness (the wife is considered childless when she reaches the age of 50), adultery, not caring for her aunt, tongue, theft (taking something that does not belong to her dowry in her husband's house or giving it to others), jealousy, and evil disease. The "three no-outs" are: the funeral of the uncle, the cheap and expensive when marrying, and the nowhere to return. According to Tang law, if you commit two "evil diseases" and "adultery", even if you meet the "three no-out" conditions, the husband's family can divorce his wife.

111. In the Tang Dynasty, even if neither husband nor wife wanted to divorce, the government could intervene, which was called "righteousness". These circumstances include, but are not limited to, the killing and injury of a wife to a member of her husband's family, the adultery of a husband with his mother-in-law, and so on.

112. In the Tang Dynasty's divorce by agreement, the man had to write a "letter of release of his wife". After the divorce, the man returns the dowry to the woman and pays enough alimony to last three years.

113. Women in the Tang Dynasty could not marry for life under the pretext that "their parents need to serve in old age". After the death of a parent, the brother in charge of the family is obliged to continue to provide for him.

Chapter 7 Comrades who are interested in entering politics pay attention

1. Income of civil servants

114. The official ranks of officials in the Tang Dynasty were divided into two systems, one was called "Sanguan" and the "Jilu Official", which was used to determine the level of salary. One is called "minister," which indicates the actual office. In the salary items of the Tang Dynasty, "Lu Mi", "Yueyi" and the early "Li Class" were calculated according to the grade of scattered officials; "Career field" is calculated according to the grade of the ministry officer.

115. Lu rice is distributed once a year, mainly rice, and in some places, due to geographical constraints, only other grains can be distributed, which are converted according to the rates set by the imperial court. The treatment of Lu rice of the Tang Dynasty Beijing officials was about 10% higher than that of foreign officials of the same level.

116. Vocational land is the land given to officials by the imperial court, allowing them to hire peasants to cultivate the land and collect their own rent. The salary of foreign officials in the Tang Dynasty was about 10% higher than that of Beijing officials. In addition, the Tang Dynasty stipulated that the rent collection of vocational fields could not exceed six buckets of millet per mu per year.

117. At first, the monthly stipends were distributed in kind such as fish, meat, fruits and vegetables, pen and ink, and later cash equivalent to these goods.

118. Men of the common people of the Tang Dynasty were required to serve every year. The part that comes to work in the official's house is the official's "power class". The number of personnel assigned before Gaozong is calculated according to the scattered officials, and after Gaozong, it is calculated according to the ministry officials. If a man is unable to come for any reason or is unwilling to serve, he may be exempted from paying a fee.

119. The low-level officials of the Tang Dynasty only had two official titles: loose official and ministry official, while high-ranking officials also had the addition of "knighthood". If there is a "food seal xx household" for the knighthood, it means that the taxes originally handed over to the government by these families are now all transferred to the lord. The Tang Dynasty royal prince's food seal was no more than 1,000 households. Wei Chi Jingde's 1,300 households and Qin Qiong's 700 households are both top-notch. Officials who have food and food seals no longer receive rice and fields.

120. In terms of rice equivalents, during the prosperous period of the Tang and Song dynasties, the income of civil servants was the highest in ancient Chinese history. Among them, the high-ranking officials of the Song Dynasty had the highest income, and the middle- and low-level officials of the Tang Dynasty had the highest income.

Second, the career of civil officials in the late Tang Dynasty

121. In the second half of the Tang Dynasty, the imperial examination system was already quite mature. However, those who pass the Mingjing and Jinshi examinations generally cannot be ordained immediately, but have to wait for three or five years in Chang'an. This period of time is called "Keeping the Election". During the election period, most of the Ming Jing and Jinshi will complete their marriage and increase their influence in the "literary world". If you urgently need to be an official, you can take the "Erudite Vocabulary Course" or "Book Judgment and Exocesan Subject", which is more difficult, but you can be awarded an official if you pass the exam.

122. The Tang Dynasty scattered officials were divided into nine grades, each grade was divided into two levels, and each level was divided into two levels, upper and lower.

123. If the word "inspect" is preceded by the title of the position, such as "inspecting the school", it indicates that he has not done this position, but has only been an official equivalent to this position in other places.

124. In the Tang Dynasty, the best official position for the literati who were admitted to the imperial examination was "School Shulang", which was found in many departments such as the Secretary Province, the Department of Economic Affairs, and the Hongwen Museum, and was responsible for sorting out and proofreading the collection of books in the department, which belonged to the Nine Grades. On the other hand, if they were given the rank of lieutenant in a more remote county, they would be despised by the literati of the Qing Gao, because they were responsible for a lot of practical and trivial work. After being awarded the title of county lieutenant, many people would rather "keep the election" again than become officials.

125. The term of office of Tang officials was generally four years. During the term of office, there will be an evaluation of officials, called "examination courses", and the standards are "morality, prudence, public service, and diligence". Those with high ratings can be increased and promoted cumulatively, while those with poor ratings will be fined salaries and dismissed. After the expiration of the term, it will automatically enter the state of laid-off redistribution, and wait for the ministry to arrange the position again.

126. The Imperial History Supervision Officer, the Emperor of the Menxia Province who collected the relics and supplemented the Que.

127. Five grades or more in the Tang Dynasty was a high-ranking official. In the Tang Dynasty, there were only three highest officials with real power, such as Shizhong (the head of the province under the door), Zhongshu Ling, the provincial Shangshu, and the Sixteen Wei generals. And the positions of the first and second grades are honorary titles.

3. The career of a military general in the early Tang Dynasty

128. When men in the Tang Dynasty served in the military, they needed to prepare their own corresponding equipment. At the same time, there are additional equipment requirements for a "fire" of ten people and a "team" of five fires.

4. International students in Tang

129. Tang Guozijian had six branches, namely, Guozixue, Taixue, Simenxue, Law, Calligraphy, and Arithmetic. Among them, the four disciplines, Taixue and Guozi are mainly based on Confucian classics, and their relationship can be roughly understood as undergraduate, master's and doctorate. The four schools recruit the children and grandchildren of low-level officials and outstanding non-governmental talents, with a maximum of 1,300 people. Taixue recruits the children and grandchildren of officials above the fifth grade, and the maximum number of students is 500. Guozixue recruits the children of officials above the third grade, with a maximum of 300 people. They all have to take the tenth, monthly, quarterly, annual and graduation exams.

130. In the nine-year study of Taixue, the main content is the "Nine Classics" of Confucianism. The major classics are "The Book of Rites" and "Zuo Chuan", the middle classics are "The Book of Songs", "Zhou Li" and "Etiquette", and the small classics are "Zhou Yi", "Shangshu", "The Legend of the Ram" and "The Biography of Gu Liang". Students can choose to study according to the regulations, and the standards are "Two Classics" (one major classic, one minor classic, or two middle classics), "Three Classics" (one for each of the large, medium, and small classics), and "Five Classics" (the Great Classics and the Book of Poems), while the "Book of Filial Piety" and "The Analects" are compulsory for the public. Each sutra also stipulates the number of years of study: one year for the Book of Filial Piety and the Analects, one and a half years each for the Ram and Gu Liang, two years each for the Poems, Yi, Zhou Rites and Rituals, and three years each for the Book of Rites and Zuo Chuan.

131.It is also permissible to observe the study of law, calligraphy, and arithmetic.

132. The Tang Dynasty did not confuse his name when judging the papers of the imperial examination, so how to improve his popularity in the literati circle was particularly important.

Fifth, the government soldiers and three guards system

133. Knowing that during the Xuanzong period, a pool for indoor hot springs was built.

134. Yiwei, Xunwei, and Qinwei are collectively called the three guards. Yiwei is the eighth grade of the upper rank. If your father is a fourth-rank official, or your grandfather is a six-rank official, you can apply for a military guard. If it is the son of a third-rank official or the grandson of a second-rank official, he can be a personal guard.

135. During the Zhenguan period, Li Shimin selected a group of outstanding talents from the three guards to form a "flying horse". During the reign of Emperor Gaozong, the scale of the flying cavalry expanded and became the emperor's private army.

136. The guards with swords in front of the Tang Dynasty were called "Qianniu Wei", and the highest level was called "Qianniu Beishen", which was the lower rank of the six grades, with a total of 12 people. "Senniu Sword" is the name of the emperor's imperial sword.

6. Laws

137.In the Tang Dynasty, there were five types of punishments: flogging, caning, imprisonment, exile, and death (divided into hanging and beheading). Fifty or less spanking strokes are called flogging, and sixty to 100 strokes are called cane punishment. The cane punishment can be doubled to a maximum of 200 strokes, not more, otherwise it is called "whipping corpse". You can't hit a non-whole number either.

138. The most severe punishment in the Tang Dynasty was the beheading of the principal offender, the hanging of the father and adult son of the principal offender, and the confiscation of property or exile of relatives within the remaining three clans. There is no practice of "punishing the nine clans". Male family members over the age of 80 and female family members over the age of 60 may take away part of their family property without punishment.

139. There are thieves in the square, and the house is about to be flogged fifty. If the case is solved within 30 days, the penalty can be waived.

Chapter 8 We Celebrated the Feast Like This More Than a Thousand Years Ago

1. Sanyi Religion

140. Christianity in the Tang Dynasty, known as Nestorianism, was a heretical sect that was excommunicated by the traditional Roman Church. Their Catholic church is called the Boshu Monastery.

141. The most powerful foreign religion in the Tang Dynasty was Zoroastrianism, also known as Zoroastrianism, which was the state religion of the ancient Persian Empire. Most of the Hu merchants who came along the Silk Road believed in this religion.

142. The influence of Manichaeism on the Tang Dynasty was mainly manifested in the later period, as the main opponents of the Tang Dynasty, the Uighurs, embraced Manichaeism.

Second, the Dragon Boat Festival

143. The ancients called the fifth day of May "the evil day", believing that on this day, evil people were in power, and the five poisons came out together, so every household hung wormwood, inserted a sword in the door, wore pomegranate flowers, and drank realgar wine.

144. During the Dragon Boat Festival in the Tang Dynasty, there was a popular "shooting dough" play that is said to be flowing from the court: peel off a few yellow rice horns soaked in mugwort ash juice, cut them into small pieces and put them in lacquer plates, so that the guests can shoot the dough with special bows and arrows, and those who shoot will be fed.

3. Tanabata

145. Since the beginning of the Han and Wei dynasties, there has been a custom of drying books and clothes at noon on the seventh day of July.

Fourth, the Spring Festival

146. On Chinese New Year's Eve, a large fire is lit in the yard of every house, called "Ting Liao". Brooms and shoes that have been damaged in the past year should be thrown in and burned, not outside the courtyard, so that the warehouse can be "well served" in the new year. As for the old shoes, they are buried in the courtyard, which is said to be a good way for the children and grandchildren.

147. Before the Tang Dynasty, firecrackers were thrown into the fire. Firecrackers with gunpowder did not appear until after the Song Dynasty.

148. Similarly, the New Year's money (or pressure money, pressure money) did not appear until after the Song Dynasty.

149. Cotton cloth has been around in the Western Regions since the Han Dynasty (and is still an important source of high-quality cotton), while cotton was not cultivated in the Central Plains before the Song Dynasty. In general, close-fitting clothing is made of linen. Warm clothing can be sheepskin or other higher animal skins. When wearing fur, the hairy side should be worn outside, and then covered with a silk coat called "裼" to conform to the etiquette system. The sandwich of an ordinary winter coat is the scrap of various textiles.

150. On the first day of the Lunar New Year, the people of the Tang Dynasty would erect flags in the courtyard to pray for blessings. Other New Year's customs include changing peach charms, sticking door gods, and sticking spring couplets. The peach charm is a pair of peach wood chips, and there is really no money to replace them, so they also need to be painted with a new layer of red paint. The earliest peach talismans were written with "Shen Tu" and "Yu Lei" respectively. In the middle and late Tang Dynasty, the royal family took the lead and replaced it with the more famous Qin Qiong and Jingde of the dynasty. In the end, the people simply painted the images of the two as door gods.

151. The data unearthed in Dunhuang show that there was a custom of pasting Spring Festival couplets in the Kaiyuan period of the Tang Dynasty.

152. The New Year's dinner is to drink first and then eat. The must-have drinks are Tusu wine and pepper cypress wine. The former is actually a kind of traditional Chinese medicine, which is made by a mixture of seven kinds of medicinal herbs: rhubarb, atractylodes, bellflower, Shu pepper, cinnamon, aconitum and sarsaparilla. Pepper and cypress wine is a wine steeped in peppercorns and cypress leaves. On the first day of drinking Tusu wine, the rule is to start with the youngest.

153. During the Chinese New Year, you should eat "Wuxin Plate", which is composed of garlic, small garlic, leeks, brassica, and coriander. It is said that it can diffuse the depression of the five internal organs and prevent epidemics.

154. After the Wuxin plate, you will eat gum tooth dumplings, which are roughly equivalent to the current maltose, and are made from barley, wheat or glutinous rice. Since the sugarcane sugar production method of the Tang Dynasty was just introduced, sucrose was not popular, so maltose was already quite advanced.

155. The dumplings of the Tang Dynasty were called "Tangzhong Prison Pills".

156. Officials of the Tang Dynasty had to attend a court meeting on the morning of the first day of the Lunar New Year. Officials who were favored by the emperor would enter the palace for a banquet on Chinese New Year's Eve. The New Year's Day is the most solemn of the year. Not only the civil and military officials in Beijing must attend, but also the local officials and even the vassal countries must also send envoys to send gifts and congratulations.