In 231 AD, Zhuge Liang led his troops north to attack Cao Wei for the fourth time, but was blocked by Sima Yi, and Li Yan in the rear was not well supplied, and finally failed to conquer Qishan, and retreated with all food. Pen | fun | pavilion www. ｂｉｑｕｇｅ。 ｉｎｆｏ

【Han Jin Spring and Autumn Period and Jin Book】

The Book of Jin is one of the 24 histories and has a pivotal position in Chinese history, but this book was edited by the Tang Dynasty according to some materials that have been handed down, so the Book of Jin is not a first-hand material for the study of the Three Kingdoms era, but because of the lack of first-hand materials about the characters of the Jin Dynasty, the Book of Jin is already the main material for the study of the characters of the Jin Dynasty.

Relatively speaking, the status of "Han Jin Spring and Autumn" is not as high as "Jin Shu", the book is orthodox in Shu Han, so the position is very clear, and the record is not very objective, but the record in "Han Jin Spring and Autumn" is mainly based on the Three Kingdoms era, and the time when the book was written is much earlier than that of the "Book of Jin", and it is relatively close to the Three Kingdoms era, so it can barely be regarded as a first-hand material.

Because there are very few records about Zhuge Liang's Fourth Northern Expedition in the "Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms" and other materials, but these two books have considerable records, they are already the second main materials for studying this operation.

Most of the records in the Book of Jin can see the shadow of the "Three Kingdoms" and the "Spring and Autumn Period of the Han and Jin Dynasties", that is to say, many of the records of Sima Yi and Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition in the "Book of Jin" are based on the "Three Kingdoms" and the "Spring and Autumn Period of the Han and Jin Dynasties".

[Some other details]

"Han Jin Spring and Autumn Period" has a record of Zhuge Liang's alliance with Kebineng, which is corroborated in other materials, and later recruited troops to defeat Kebineng, after Zhuge Liang retreated, Kirbineng also retreated.

As for the Liangzhou recorded in the Book of Jin, it was impossible at that time, because Liangzhou was established by Cao Wei more than 30 years later, and this record may refer to Liangzhou by mistake, of course, it is not excluded that the editors of the Tang Dynasty at that time took it for granted, after all, the Wei Dynasty had Liangzhou.

In history, Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition also appeared for the first time as a means of transportation, and used it to transport grain. Moreover, Zhuge Liang's lack of grain and grass later had a lot to do with Li Yan's failure to transport grain in time and the order requiring Zhuge Liang to withdraw from the army.

Zhang He pursued after Zhuge Liang retreated, and was hit in the thigh by a stray arrow, so he died. In history, the reason why Zhang He pursued Zhuge Liang was recorded was because of Sima Yi's order.

【Restoration Operation】

Through the integration of relevant information, we can roughly restore the confrontation between Zhuge Liang and Sima Yi.

Beginning in the spring of the ninth year of Jianxing (231), Zhuge Liang carried out the Northern Expedition again, transporting grain with wooden oxen and besieging Qishan. He also recruited Xianbei people Kebineng, and Kebineng raised troops to Shicheng to respond to the Shu army. Due to the serious illness of Cao Zhen, the general of Cao Wei, Cao Rui sent Sima Yi as the commander to Chang'an, leading Zhang He, Fei Yao, Dai Ling, Guo Huai and others to resist.

After learning that Sima Yi sent troops, Zhuge Liang divided his troops to continue to attack Qishan on the one hand, and personally led his troops to Shangtai to try to seize grain, Sima Yi took the initiative to attack in order to keep the grain and grass in Shangqi, and also got Cao Rui's follow-up support, and finally only roughly kept the wheat land in Shangtai, Zhuge Liang's grain and grass supply began to be insufficient, and Cao Wei's army food also had a little problem, but it was finally solved with the help of Guo Huai.

Zhuge Liang retreated to Lucheng, Sima Yi also pursued here, and the two sides engaged in a confrontation in this area, which ended in Zhuge Liang's victory, but Sima Yi's losses were limited. Because Li Yan failed to bring supplies in time and ordered Zhuge Liang to withdraw from the army, Zhuge Liang finally chose to return to the army, and he should not have been able to conquer Qishan.

After that, Sima Yi sent Zhang He to pursue Zhuge Liang, and Zhang He died in an ambush.

[After the fact]

With Zhuge Liang's retreat, the fifth confrontation between Shu and Wei came to an end, although Sima Yi suffered a small loss in the confrontation with Zhuge Liang, but on the whole repelled the Shu army, so in July of the same year, Cao Rui praised those who had meritorious service in resisting the Shu army.

After the Shu army retreated, Sima Yi's military advisor Du Xi and the overseer Xue Yi both expected Zhuge Liang to invade when the wheat was ripe in the second year, and suggested that grain and grass should be transported in winter to solve the problem of lack of grain in Longyou. Sima Yi thinks: "Zhuge Liang went out of Qishan twice and attacked Chencang once, but he was frustrated and returned. Even if he will send troops in the future, he will no longer attack the city, but seek a field battle, and the location will be in Longdong, not in the west. Zhuge Liang often hates the lack of food, and after he goes back, he will inevitably accumulate grain and grass, and I estimate that he will not send troops after three years. ”

So Sima Yi made a table to Cao Rui, the son of Wei Tianzi, and migrated the peasants of Jizhou to Shangtai to farm, and set up government-run iron smelting industries in Jingzhao, Tianshui, and Nan'an, and actively prepared for war. In the first year of Qinglong (233), the Wei State successfully dug a national canal, built a Jinpi area, irrigated thousands of hectares, and greatly enriched the national warehouse.

On the Shu Han side, after the defeat in this battle, Li Yan framed Zhuge Liang, and Zhuge Liang finally made up his mind to liquidate Li Yan.

【Impact】

Cao Wei because Cao Zhen was seriously ill, turned to Sima Yi to lead the Western Front troops against Zhuge Liang, and since then began the era of Sima Yi and Zhuge Liang, Cao Wei and Shu Han's two major military commanders competing against each other, this is also the first official confrontation between Sima Yi and Zhuge Liang, a year ago Sima Yi was not the supreme commander of the Cao army, and because of the rainy season, he finally withdrew without results.

Cao Zhen died soon after, that is, he withdrew from the stage of history, and Sima Yi took advantage of the confrontation against Zhuge Liang to expand his influence and have a stronger foundation in the army.

Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition, not only showed a fresh means of transport such as wooden cattle, but also took the first time to pull foreign aid countermeasures, before Zhuge Liang sent troops several times, all of his own Northern Expedition, did not seek the help of allies, it can be seen that at this time Zhuge Liang has understood that although under his own leadership, Shu Han's several Northern Expeditions are also quite meritorious, but it is still difficult to pose a substantial threat to Cao Wei with the power of one country and one state alone, so Zhuge Liang has no choice but to find someone to help.

And this time is also the first time that the coaches of Cao Wei and Shu Han have faced each other head-to-head, so although the record in the Book of Jin is that Sima Yi won a big victory, it should actually be Sima Yi who lost, and he suffered a slight loss, but this also led to Sima Yi's jealousy of Zhuge Liang later. Because Sima Yi did not have the confidence to defeat Zhuge Liang in a frontal battle, he later adopted a delaying countermeasure, and he did not confront Zhuge Liang head-on, so Zhuge Liang was finally boiled to death by Sima Yi.

From Cao Rui's military transfer, it can also be seen that Cao Wei Group attaches great importance to Shu Han. After Cao Xiu's death, Cao Zhen was basically the supreme commander of Cao Wei, and after Cao Zhen's death, with Sima Yi's highest official position, these two people personally led the troops against Zhuge Liang, and it can also be said that Cao Wei has taken Shu Han as the first threat and the first target.

However, getting Cao Wei's attention is not a good thing, which also means that Zhuge Liang has fewer opportunities.