readx; The secondary cannon of the "Julius Caesar" class is four triple 152-mm turrets, which were also produced jointly by Ansaldo and Otto, of which the "Julius Caesar" uses the Ansaldo 1935, while the "Octavian" and "Alexander" are equipped with the Otto 1936. The total weight of the pen ~ fun ~ pavilion www.biquge.info Ansal multi-type gun is 8.9 tons, the total length is 8840 mm/L58, the barrel length is 8382 mm/L55, the rifled part is 7300.5 mm/L47.9 long, and the length of the medicine chamber is 1005 mm, and the volume is 25.19 liters. The gun body consists of an internal bore barrel, an equal-length reinforcing tube wrapped around the outer layer, a movable quilt barrel, and a vertical wedge tail with a manual switch.

The Otto 1936 had a thicker conical reinforcement layer, a brake bushing and a reinforced front slanted shoulder, and the total weight of the gun was 12.7 tons, with 40 equal-level right-handed rifling wires and a 30 times the diameter of the winding pitch. The armor-piercing projectile weighs 50 kg and has a muzzle velocity of 910 m/s, while the grenade has a muzzle velocity of 44.4 kg and has a muzzle velocity of 945 m/s. 16.35 kg ** - nitrocellulose propellant, using a chamber pressure of 327 megapascals, the maximum firing range of the gun at an elevation angle of 45 degrees 25740 meters. The total weight of the triple turret is 135.4 tons, the diameter of the turret ring is 6 meters, and the outer diameter of the base is 7 meters. The high and low firing range is -5-+45 degrees, each gun has an independent electric loader, and the gun is loaded at an elevation angle of 20 degrees.

The "Julius Caesar" class was armed with 24 Anshardo 1938 and Otto 1939 90-mm single-barreled anti-aircraft guns. Anshardo's original design of the prototype barrel barrel was 48 times the diameter, but when it was finalized, it was changed to 50 times the diameter. The gun body is a single-meat self-tightening tube, and the semi-automatic vertical wedge gun latch is mounted to the body barrel with a threaded gun tail ring, and the total weight of the gun body is 1.21 tons. The total weight of the fixed ammunition is 18 kg, the muzzle velocity is 860 m/s, the maximum firing range is 16,000 meters, and the maximum firing height is 10,800 meters. The high and low firing range of the artillery is +75-3 degrees, and under normal circumstances, the firing commander can fire remotely, and the gun can also be operated manually. Ammunition is automatically fed by a 2-horsepower electric loader under the turret with adjustable reload rates of 12, 16 or 30 per round. The stabilizer tray is equipped with 90 rounds of spare ammunition.

The 90-mm caliber anti-aircraft gun was mounted on a stabilized gun mount. ** San Giorgio has designed and produced a complete stabilization system, the stabilization reference system consists of a total of 11 electric gyroscopes, the main gyroscope of the system rotates vertically, powered by a dedicated 60 volt 120 Hz three-phase alternating current, with a speed of 7200 rpm. The gyro-gimbal suspension rings are also rigidly fitted with two smaller horizontal gyroscopes, which are powered by a special three-phase AC power supply of 90 volts and 250 Hz. The stabilizer has a stabilization range of plus or minus 14.5 degrees and plus or minus 5 degrees, respectively, and can correct the angular velocity and angular acceleration of the relative motion of the gun body at the same time. In this way, the warship guaranteed effective fire from anti-aircraft guns even in the rotation.

The close-range anti-aircraft fire configuration system of the "Julius Caesar" class consisted of a 37-mm gun, a 20-mm gun and an 8-mm anti-aircraft machine gun, all of which were produced by the Bleda company, of which the Type 1935 machine gun had a stabilized gun mount. The "Julius Caesar" and "Octavian" were commissioned with 16 twin Type 1938 and 8 single-barreled Type 1939 37 guns (arranged on the bow deck), as well as 24 twin Type 1935 20-mm guns and 12 8-mm machine guns, and after the conversion in 1942, the two ships were equipped with a total of 4 20-mm twin guns on both sides of the No. 2 main gun and on top of the two front auxiliary turrets. Compared to the battleships of other countries, the number of anti-aircraft guns of "Julius Caesar" was significantly smaller. Moreover, the machine guns of "Julius Caesar" did not have a command instrument, and could only rely on the gunner's manual visual aiming and shooting, and the probability of damage to high-speed targets was very poor.

The vast majority of the fire control devices of the Noodle warships were produced by two companies, Galileo and San Giorgio, and the "Veneto" class was no exception. At the top of the front mainmast of the "Julius Caesar" class is the main gun firing tower, followed by the main gun firing tower and the second reserve firing tower, each with a 7.2-meter rangefinder. The electromechanical ballistic solver of the command system is arranged in a separate bilge armored chamber. On both sides of the chimney of the superstructure was arranged a secondary artillery firing conning tower with a 5-meter rangefinder. The 90-mm anti-aircraft guns were fired remotely from 3-meter ranged conning towers arranged on both sides of the front of the bridge. Each main turret has a 12-meter stereo rangefinder in the aft compartment, and the secondary turret also has a 6.5-meter rangefinder. All rangefinders are equipped with stabilizers, which allow normal use in the event of a shake of the hull. Unlike other battleships, the two main gun commanders of "Julius Caesar" were arranged on the front superstructure, while other countries chose to arrange auxiliary commanders separately on the rear superstructure. The vision of the auxiliary commander of the "Veneto" is better, but the distance between it and the main commander is too small, and the two commanders may be destroyed together with one hit, and the vitality of the system is relatively poor.

Italy began to study radar in 1935, and it was not too late to start, and Professor Tiberto of the Institute of Radio and Communications came up with several prototypes in the following years: the 4-meter wavelength and linear frequency modulated radar from 1936 to 1938, the 4-meter wavelength radar with technology from 1938 to 1939, and the 140 cm and 4-meter wavelength radars designed at the end of 1939, all using pulse operation mode.

The test results of the 140-centimeter prototype were the most encouraging, as it could detect surface targets at a distance of 24,000 meters and aircraft at a distance of 60,000 meters. But for some reason, after the successful development of the radar, it was not finalized and put into production. It was not until the night of March 28, 1941, when the Italians had paid a heavy price for their sluggishness (3 heavy cruisers were sunk at close range by radar-equipped British battleships), that they hurriedly loaded Tibeto's radar onto the "Beautiful" torpedo boat for practical testing. Later the radar received the official designation EC-3 (EC is an abbreviation for the Institute of Communications), and the nickname "Owl" indicated that the Italian Navy was expecting it to detect a cunning enemy at night. In September-October 1942, Octavian became the first Italian warship to be equipped with the Owl radar. Subsequently, "Julius Caesar" and "Alexander" were also successively installed with EC-3 radars. Due to many technical shortcomings, the Italian electronics industry did not complete the scheduled production of 50 units, and except for three "Julius Caesar" class, only nine other Italian ships were equipped with "Owl" radar. In desperation, Italy had to import 7 radars from Germany, most of which were FUMG24/40G type, whose performance was much more stable than that of the "Owl", but it could not be used for firing command.

The power of the "Julius Caesar" class fire system is very powerful, but due to the lack of radar, it does not have the ability to fight effectively at night. The 90-mm anti-aircraft gun had advanced performance, but because of its technical shortcomings and the lack of radar command, it did not play its due effectiveness in battle.

The "Julius Caesar" class is an Italian capital ship with a design speed of 30 knots. Since the Italian Navy believed that it was only active in the Mediterranean Sea and did not have too high requirements for endurance, the designers were relieved to prepare a relatively powerful power plant for the "Julius Caesar" class, without worrying about excessive fuel consumption.

The "Julius Caesar" class uses a high-temperature and high-pressure steam turbine unit, 16 Yarrow type three-boiler tube water-tube oil-fired main boilers with superheaters, arranged in parallel in 8 divided watertight compartments, but there is no mediastinal wall in the boiler compartment, which can reduce the lateral tilt caused by water ingress in one side of the compartment, but the water ingress of one boiler compartment may cause all 4 boilers to go out. The superheated steam produced by the boiler has a temperature of 325C and a pressure of 25 atmospheres, and the working parameters are comparable to those of the "Yamato" class, but they are lower than similar products in European countries such as Germany, Britain and France. Eight Berizzo geared steam turbines with staggered engine nacelles and boiler rooms, i.e. 4 engine rooms in front of the boiler room and 4 engine rooms behind the boiler room. The staggered layout is of great help to improve the vitality of the power system, but the arrangement of various pipelines and control devices is more complicated. Each steam turbine includes two high-pressure turbines, two medium-pressure turbines, two low-pressure turbines and two high-pressure cruise turbines, with the high-pressure and cruising units in the front and the medium- and low-pressure units behind. Each main engine drives a 4.8-metre-diameter Apennine-type three-bladed propeller. The total power of the main engine is 260,000 shaft horsepower, and the short-term overload power is 280,000 horsepower, which fully meets the design requirements, and the trial results are as follows:

"Julius Caesar" and "Octavian" have a displacement of 168552 tons and 164488 tons, the main engine power 269232 horsepower, 279122 horsepower, speed 34.428 knots, 31.292 knots, propeller speed 238 rpm and 239 rpm

Strangely, the Octavian had a smaller displacement and a higher propulsion power, but its speed was lower, probably because of the poor sea conditions during sea trials, the poor finish of the underwater part of the hull, or the slight bow tilt of the warship.

During the war, the "Less to Many" class once reached a speed of 196,000 knots with a displacement of 29 tons.

Compared with the battleships of other countries, the endurance of the "Julius Caesar" class is significantly smaller, with a design endurance of 9,160 nautical miles/16 knots, 7,840 nautical miles/20 knots, and 3,540 nautical miles/30 knots at different speeds. The actual endurance is 9,400 nautical miles/14 knots and 7,800 nautical miles/20 knots for Octavian, 9,740 nautical miles/14 knots for Alexander, and 8,100 nautical miles/20 knots.

The auxiliary equipment of the "Julius Caesar" class is 16 22-volt DC turbine generator sets, each with a power of 450 kW/2020 amps, the front 8 generators are arranged above the nose engine room, and the rear 8 generators are in a similar position; The total power of the main generator set is 3600 kW / 16160 amps. 8 sets of Fiat MS368220 volt DC emergency diesel generator sets, arranged outside the armored capsule, two front and two rear, each with a power of 800 kW/2020 amps; The total power of the diesel generator set is 3200 kW / 8080 amps. Six Ansal A625/4 oscillators are used as AC power sources, each with an output power of 62.5 kW, 164 amps, 62.5 volts/50 Hz. The capital ships of other countries are always equipped with alternator units, and the auxiliary configuration of the "Julius Caesar" class is very distinctive.